At the end of 19, with the rise of the fourth industrial revolution marked by power technology, the economy developed rapidly, the labor productivity was greatly improved, the lives of workers were improved, and people's lifestyles also changed greatly. Schools have included sports in the curriculum, women have gained more freedom of activities, community parks and entertainment projects have attracted cities, improved traffic has made it possible for people to participate in sports activities, and the increase of publications has spread sports information. Rich time and money make people more and more interested in recreational activities and sports activities.
189 1 year, American james naismith invented basketball at Springfield College.
Four years later, William G. Morgan, a graduate of Springfield College who had just left the university for one year, took up the post of YMCA Sports director in Holyoake, Massachusetts, USA, only 10 miles away from the place where basketball was invented. At work, he found that basketball is too strong for people who often sit in offices and older people. They don't want to run around on the court and get out of breath. They need a new kind of exercise to meet their needs of sweating, relaxing and not being too tired. Morgan, a proud disciple of james naismith, lived up to the expectations of people and teachers. According to people's needs, he hung a tennis net in the gym and played back and forth on the net with basketball courage. Some techniques of tennis and handball are used in the play, and the rules are similar to baseball. It consists of 9 innings, winning 3 points in a row 1 inning. The number of players on both sides is unlimited, but they must be equal. Morgan gave this form of exercise an interesting name "Mintonette", which means "small net".
The activity of "Little Net" meets the entertainment and sports needs of middle-aged people and is welcomed by people. Therefore, volleyball developed from playing basketball.
1896, the YMCA Sports Guidance Meeting in Springfield, Massachusetts, USA was held in Holyoake. During the conference, the earliest "small net" competition in history was held, with five people in each team. The captains of the two teams were respectively the Mayor of Holyoke Kuran and the fire chief Lynch. Dr. A. T. hals, who watched the performance with great interest, felt that the meaning of the word "small net" was not finished, and proposed to change "Mintonette" into "volleyball", which means "flying ball in the air" This proposal vividly summarizes the essence of volleyball and has been unanimously agreed by the participants. From then on, volleyball-a kind of "flying ball" began to take off.
(b) The basketball bag floats lightly, and the rubber sheet is molded.
Basketball was originally used in volleyball court. But basketball is too heavy to play, which will hurt people's wrists and fingers. Basketball is no good, Morgan will try football again. But football has the same defects. So Morgan took the bladder out of the basketball. It was very light and floating after being inflated, which was much better than basketball and football. But the bladder is too light to control the direction. Morgan found a large sporting goods company in the United States at that time and asked them to design a ball made of soft cowhide, which won't hurt your fingers and run away. In this way, Spalding Company made the first batch of volleyball according to the design requirements of massage roots. The ball weighs 255g ~ 340g, and its circumference is 63.5 ~ 68.6cm. The bladder is covered with leather or canvas sleeve, which is similar to the current volleyball. The weight and size of volleyball today have evolved from this.
1897, the earliest published volleyball rules in the United States stipulated that the ball is a rubber bladder wrapped in leather or canvas, with a circumference of 63.5-68.6 cm and a weight of 340 grams.
1947, when FIVB was founded, the first international volleyball rules stipulated that the weight of volleyball was 250-300g, the circumference was 65-68.5cm, and the air pressure was 0.52-0.58kg/cm2.
Since then, block leather sewing has replaced leather cover or cloth cover, and gluing technology has replaced sewing technology, finally forming the current volleyball: soft leather for the shell and rubber or similar materials for the bladder.
(3) If the air pressure is too high, the ball will die, and deflation and decompression are easy to hit.
The weight of 250 ~ 300g and the air pressure of 0.52 ~ 0.58kg/cm2 make volleyball feel heavy. Moreover, due to the high speed of the ball, there are many interruptions in the game, especially the appearance of cushioning technology, which makes hitting the ball with your arm like hitting a stone with your arm. Therefore, FIVB constantly revised the rules to reduce the pressure on the ball. After the air pressure of the ball was reduced from 0.52 ~ 0.58kg/cm2 to 0.48 ~ 0.52kg/cm2, the ball was changed to: weight 260 ~ 280g, circumference 65 ~ 67cm, air pressure 0.40 ~ 0 in the rules implemented by 1982 1.00. This provision has been extended to 1996.
However, with the development of volleyball skills and tactics and the improvement of volleyball players' physical fitness, the interruption in volleyball matches has also increased. According to the survey of FIVB Popularization and Promotion Committee 1995, the dead ball time accounts for 2/3 in volleyball matches. This greatly affects the appreciation of volleyball matches. In the survey of FIVB Popularization Promotion Committee 1995, volleyball ranks sixth after football, basketball, racing, track and field and skiing. This is far from FIVB's goal of pushing volleyball to be the first sport in the world. One of the main reasons for many dead balls in volleyball match is that the ball speed is too fast.
Therefore, the Rules Committee of the International Volleyball Federation, under the leadership of its chairman, Professor Ma Qiwei of Beijing Sport University in China, began to study the influence of balls with different air pressures on their flight speed and its application effect in competitions from 65438 to 0995. The experimental study found an interesting phenomenon that even scientists can't explain at present: when the air pressure of the ball is 0.30 kg/cm2, under the same hitting conditions, the ball speed is the slowest and the player feels the best. When the air pressure of the ball increases or decreases, the ball speed is greater than 0.30 kg/cm2. The competition test in the world-class top men's volleyball team also shows that the defensive success rate is 54% when playing with the ball with current air pressure, and 73% when playing with the ball with 0.30 kg/cm2, which is higher than 19 percentage points. This means that the defense is helped, the dead ball rate is reduced and the excitement of the game is increased.
According to the above experimental results, the International Volleyball Federation passed the revision of volleyball competition rules in Atlanta/KOOC-0/997 ~/KOOC-0/0 in August 2000, and the new rules were implemented from June/KOOC-0/997+/KOOC-0/0/day. According to the new rules, volleyball is made of soft leather with rubber or similar materials, with a weight of 260-280g, a circumference of 65-67cm and an air pressure of 0.30-0.325kg/cm2.
(4) With the spread of "religion" and the appearance of volleyball sailing with "war", it spread to all countries in the world through the communication activities of the church and the military and war activities of the US military.
Volleyball spread to Asia earlier. Through the spread of YMCA, volleyball was introduced to India on 1900; 1905 was introduced to China; 1908 introduced to Japan; 19 10 was introduced to the Philippines.
When volleyball was introduced into Asia, the rules were still in an imperfect stage. When American missionary Tu Brown introduced volleyball to the Philippines in 19 10, he saw that Asian countries often played volleyball outdoors and had a large population. Considering that more people can participate in volleyball, he introduced volleyball with 16 players serving. With the first Far East Games held in 19 13, this 16-a-side system spread to Asian countries. In this way, Asian countries have experienced the processes of 16, 12 and 9-a-side volleyball, and it was not until 1950s that 6-a-side volleyball was introduced. Up to now, nine-a-side volleyball matches can be seen in Asian countries.
With the activities of the YMCA, volleyball entered some countries in the United States in the early 20th century.
1900, Canada became the first country outside the United States to play volleyball. Then volleyball was introduced to South American countries. 1905 introduced to Cuba; 1909 introduced to Puerto Rico; 19 12 was introduced into Uruguay; 19 17 introduced to Brazil.
In American countries, people are used to seeing volleyball as a kind of entertainment without paying attention to its competitive nature. It was not until 1964 volleyball was listed as an Olympic event that the cold reception of volleyball in the United States was improved.
During the First World War (1914-1919) and in the years after the First World War, volleyball was included in the training plan of the US military training camp and extended to military camps at home and abroad. Thousands of volleyball and nets were given to American soldiers. At the same time, it was also given as a gift to the sports officials of the Allies. In this way, volleyball spread to the European continent and the Mediterranean coast with the military activities of the US military. 19 14 was introduced to Britain; 19 17 was introduced to France, Italy and Russia; 19 18 introduced to yugoslavia; 19 19 introduced to Czechoslovakia and Poland; 1922 introduced to Germany.
It is worth mentioning that in 19 19, the United States sent troops and distributed16,000 volleyballs to its troops and allies, which greatly stimulated the development of volleyball in Europe. 1925, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the former Soviet Union headed by Stalin, approved volleyball as a mass movement, and put forward the call of "Volleyball for One Million People", which made volleyball spread and developed rapidly in the former Soviet Union. After World War II, under the influence of Soviet soldiers, volleyball also developed in Eastern European countries.
(e) "Hua Libo" is a descendant, and "team ball" is named "volleyball"
In China, the history of volleyball can be traced back to the early 20th century. As a cultural and educational movement, with the invasion of China by imperialist intellectuals, American missionaries brought volleyball teams in when they preached. 1905 Volleyball was first promoted in Nanwu Middle School in Guangzhou and Ren Huang College in Hong Kong, and later it was mainly promoted by the YMCA Sports Department and international students. Foreigners spread through teaching, games, training courses and performances, and volleyball has gradually developed in some schools in some cities in China. According to the transliteration of volleyball, people call the flying ball in the air "Hualibo". In this way, "Hualibo" appeared on the land of China.
1913 In May, the first Far East Games was held in Manila, the capital of the Philippines. There was no volleyball at the conference, but in order to win more gold medals before the game, it was decided by the host to add this trophy. On the opening day, only one country signed up, so China is encouraged to participate. At that time, the American Brown Gray, who was the general manager of the China team, agreed to the request of the Philippine team and temporarily selected people from the track and field team and the football team to take the lead and kick the head. As a result, he lost two games in a row, with a score of 0: 2. This is the earliest international volleyball competition that China participated in.
19 14 At the Second National Games of Old China held in Beijing, volleyball was listed as an official event for men, and "Huali Cup" was renamed as "team ball", which means team competition.
192 1 There was a women's volleyball competition for the first time in the 8th Guangdong Provincial Games in old China.
1930 Before the 4th National Games in old China, according to the research of the All-China Sports Federation and the two characteristics that the ball shuttles back and forth in the air and the players stand in rows, the "team ball" was renamed as "volleyball".
Since then, the name and form of volleyball have spread in China, and it has been used ever since.
(vi) The establishment of ㈥FIVB has expanded its charm all over the world.
The nature of volleyball matches and the requirements of all countries in the world for hosting world volleyball matches led to the establishment of the International Volleyball Federation.
1947, a meeting attended by representatives of 17 national volleyball associations was held in Paris, and the International Volleyball Federation (FIVB) was formally established. Bauer Lieber, a Frenchman, was elected as the chairman and served until1984; Later, Mexican acosta was elected president of FIVB, and he has been in office ever since.
FIVB held the first World Men's Volleyball Championship in Prague on 1949.
It took half a century from the beginning of volleyball to the first world men's volleyball championship in 1949. In this half century, volleyball rules have been gradually formed, basic skills and tactics have become increasingly rich, and international exchanges have become more and more.
1952 The first women's volleyball championship was held in Moscow; 1964 Volleyball was accepted as an Olympic event in Tokyo Olympic Games; 1965 The first men's volleyball world cup was held in Warsaw; 1973 The first women's world cup was held in Uruguay. So far, three effective world competition systems have been formed: volleyball championship, world cup volleyball match and Olympic volleyball match, all of which are held every four years. Since then, the World Youth Men's and Women's Championships have been added to the World Volleyball Series (1977). World Championship for Boys and Girls (1989), World Volleyball League (1990), World Volleyball Grand Prix (1993).
By 1997, FIVB has become the largest single sports federation in the world with 2 13 countries and regions. The number of people participating in volleyball has exceeded 65.438+0.5 billion. Volleyball has become a popular sport in the world, second only to football, and is deeply loved by people all over the world.
1964 Tokyo Olympic women's volleyball final, Japanese TV ratings reached 9 1% of the national population.
198 1 In the annual "One-Day Volleyball Match" held in Kramer, a suburb of Paris, 275 teams and nearly 2,500 male and female athletes played 1 2,000 matches in 54 designated volleyball courts on the football field from morning till night. Among the players, men, women and children went into battle, and many of them came out with their children on their backs.
1July, 983, the men's volleyball team of the former Soviet Union visited Brazil, the football kingdom, and played a match with the Brazilian men's volleyball team in a football field with a seating capacity of 654.38 million. There were 96,000 spectators, but the game was interrupted for 45 minutes because of the downpour, and no one left.
1986 Malta, a Mediterranean island country, founded the annual volleyball marathon. The volleyball marathon officially starts at 22 o'clock on the first weekend of August every year. The game is played in turn among six teams. 1986: 100 hours, 1987: 120 hours, 1988: 144 hours,1989:/kloc-. The volleyball marathon attracted 85% of the city's population to watch the match, and was congratulated by international sports organizations such as the International Olympic Committee, the International Volleyball Federation and the European Volleyball Federation.
In order to further promote the development of volleyball, 1988 FIVB has formulated the world volleyball development plan: more than 20 volleyball development centers have been established in various regions of the world; Develop leisure and fitness volleyball; Giving volleyball equipment to developing countries; Provide technical teaching materials and video materials to countries. 1995 FIVB Launches World Volleyball Plan 200 1: Establish the image of volleyball as the top sport in all countries on all continents; Make volleyball one of the favorite sports of the audience; Let volleyball attract the interest of TV networks and sponsors of various programs; Make the volleyball management institution a modern and highly specialized institution; More and more countries have high-level teams.