Biochemical measurement
1 blood: blood urea
Urea is the end product of protein and amino acid metabolism in human body. Detect the recovery of athletes in long-term sports.
The changes of blood urea in the early stage can help us understand the energy supply, protein synthesis and amino acid metabolism, so as to evaluate athletes.
Physical function and fatigue degree. The change of blood urea is more closely related to exercise load than load intensity. When load
The bigger, the more obvious the increase of blood urea, and the slower the recovery.
2. Blood: Serum creatine excites each unit.
Serum creatine kinase (CK), also known as phosphocreatine kinase (CPK), is an energy supplement during short-term strenuous exercise.
The recovery of ATP after exercise is closely related to the energy balance and transfer during and after exercise. safe
At rest, serum CK mainly enters the serum from skeletal muscle and myocardium through cell membrane, male: 10 ~ 100 u/L,
Female: When 10 ~ 60U/l exercises, skeletal muscle suffers from local hypoxia, accumulation of metabolites, increase of free radicals and cell membrane damage.
Injury and permeability increase, CK in muscle cells enters blood through cell membrane, which leads to the increase of serum CK after exercise. because
The increase of CK in serum is related to cell injury, which is an important index to evaluate the degree of fatigue and recovery process. serum
The change of CK is influenced by the load intensity more than the load quantity. Generally, 5 to 6 hours after short-term extreme intensity exercise, blood
Serum CK increased, reaching the peak at 8 ~ 24 hours, and gradually recovered after 48 hours. The greater the load intensity, the slower the recovery. sports
Serum CK activity increases after fatigue, reaching 300 ~ 500 u/L at rest, but there is no quantitative evaluation standard at present.
Quasi. When serum CK is used for evaluation, it is necessary to determine CK isomorphism and serum GOT and Mb (myoglobin
), combined with other clinical diagnosis and differential diagnosis of serum CK elevation in myocarditis.
3. Blood: serum testosterone/cortisol ratio
Testosterone helps to accelerate anabolism in the body, and cortisol can accelerate catabolism. Determination of serum testosterone
Cortisol ratio, we can understand the state of anabolic and catabolic balance in the body. When the ratio is high, it is anabolic.
The process is dominant; When the proportion decreases, catabolism is greater than anabolism, and the body is still in a state of dominant consumption.
State, fatigue can not be effectively restored, long-term will lead to overtraining. At present, people think that the change of this ratio is 30% greater than the original value.
Time is the warning value of overtraining.
4. Urine: urinary protein
Normal people have little protein in their urine when they are quiet (daily output
The detection method cannot be detected, so it is usually called negative. Exercise can increase urinary protein output to a positive value, which is called.
Exercise-induced urinary protein. Exercise-induced urinary protein belongs to functional urinary protein, which generally disappears within 24 hours. sports
The excretion of protein in urine after exercise varies with the functional state and exercise load of the body, so it can be determined according to the situation after exercise
Urine protein excretion and composition to evaluate athletes' physical function or adaptability. Generally speaking, after exercise
Urine was tested the next morning to assess the degree of fatigue and recovery. If the morning urine protein content is high or higher than normal.
This may be a sign of fatigue or overtraining. Exercise urinary protein varies greatly among individuals, but individuals
Relatively stable, we should pay special attention to individual characteristics and evaluate the body when applying urinary protein index.
When restoring the functional level of the process, it needs to be compared with other indicators.
5. Urine: Urine urobilinogen
Uridine is a metabolite of hemoglobin decomposition. Under normal circumstances, people are released by destroyed red blood cells every day.
About 8 grams of hemoglobin is produced, and after metabolism, about 280 mg of final product bile pigment is produced. Urinary bile excretion and exercise load
, liver function, renal function and pH value of renal tubular cavity. When an athlete bears a great sports load, his body
Hemolysis increased, and urine urobilinogen excretion increased. When the athlete's hemoglobin decreases and the urine urobilinogen increases, the functional level decreases.
The performance of.
6. Saliva pH value
After a long period of strenuous exercise, lactic acid production increases and blood pH decreases, so measure saliva pH value.
It can be used to judge exercise fatigue.
Physiological measurement
1. Muscle strength
When you are tired, the strength of the muscles (or muscle groups) involved in the work will decrease. So it measures the muscle strength before and after work.
Quantity, you can judge whether the muscles involved in the work are tired and the depth of fatigue.
2. Muscle hardness
When skeletal muscle is tired, not only the contraction function but also the relaxation ability of muscle decreases, which is manifested as muscle fatigue.
When working, muscles can't be fully relaxed, and muscle hardness increases. Muscle contraction and relaxation can be measured by a muscle hardness tester.
The hardness of the state, or the hardness of the tissue near the muscle.
3. Muscle circumference
Long-distance walking, marathon running or standing for a long time will cause the circumference of lower limbs to increase, which is mainly caused by
Due to the action of gravity, the blood return of lower limbs is blocked, resulting in blood retention of lower limbs and increased interstitial fluid. For a long time,
After work, the increase of lower limb circumference is directly proportional to the degree of fatigue.
4. Heart rate: basal heart rate
Heart rate is the simplest index to evaluate exercise-induced fatigue. The basal heart rate is the heart rate in the basal state, i.e.
The heart rate in the morning, before waking up, and when lying still is generally expressed by pulse, and the basic heart rate is normal when the body functions normally.
The ratio is relatively stable. If you rest for one night after intensive training, your basal heart rate will increase by 5 ~ 5.
If it exceeds 10 times (per minute), it is considered that there is fatigue accumulation; If it continues to increase for several days, it is necessary to adjust the amount of exercise.
Load. When choosing basal heart rate as an index to evaluate fatigue, other factors such as fright, nightmare and sleep should be excluded.
The influence of.
5. Heart rate: Heart rate during exercise.
Telemetry can be used to measure the change of heart rate during exercise, or the heart rate immediately after exercise can be used instead of exercise.
Heart rate during exercise. According to the training-adaptation theory, with the improvement of training level, when completing the same exercise load,
The heart rate tends to decrease gradually. Generally speaking, if you are engaged in the same intensity of quantitative load, your heart will beat during exercise.
The increase in this ratio indicates poor physical function.
6. Heart rate: the heart rate recovered after exercise.
After a certain intensity of exercise, after a period of rest, the heart rate can be restored to the state before exercise.
When the body is tired, the function of cardiovascular system decreases, which can prolong the recovery time of heart rate after exercise. Therefore, it can be quantified.
Taking the recovery time of heart rate after load as the fatigue diagnosis index, such as quantitative load exercise for 20 squats for 30 seconds,
Generally, within 3 minutes after exercise, the heart rate can be restored to the level before exercise, but when the body is tired, this recovery time can be
Significantly prolonged.
7. Blood pressure posture reflex
After heavy exercise load, due to fatigue, the regulation function of autonomic nervous system decreases, leading to the regulation of vascular movement.
Dysfunctional blood pressure postural reflex mainly measures the regulatory function of cardiovascular system.
8. Reaction time
Reaction time refers to the shortest time for the body to react quickly after receiving stimulus signals (light, sound, etc.). ), divided into
For simple reaction time and the choice of reaction time. When you are tired, the reaction time is obviously prolonged, especially when you choose the reaction time.
The prolongation is more obvious, indicating that the analytical function of the cerebral cortex is decreased.
9. Skin spatial threshold
The skin space threshold, also known as the two-point threshold, refers to the minimum distance between two stimuli that can cause skin to feel two points.
. When tired, the ability to distinguish the minimum distance between two points on the skin decreases.
10. Flash fusion frequency
The lowest frequency at which a flicker light source merges into a continuous light source is called flicker fusion frequency. When you are tired, your eyesight
Fatigue can be evaluated according to the threshold of flash frequency fusion.
1 1. Knee jump threshold
With the increase of fatigue, the sensitivity of knee jerk reflex changes, and the slamming force required to cause knee jerk reflex increases.
In addition Therefore, the fatigue degree can be evaluated according to the sensitivity of knee jerk reflex before and after exercise.
12. Immune function
There is a perfect immune system in human body, which can repel "non-self" antigens, resist diseases and protect diseases.
Organism. Research shows that long-term moderate exercise training can enhance the immune function of the body, but it can not be recovered in time.
Degree or long-term endurance training can lead to immunosuppression and chronic fatigue (overtraining syndrome). Exercise fatigue
When the immune system is in crisis and confusion, overtraining will lead to changes in immune function during chronic fatigue. use
Immune indicators (such as CD4/CD8 ratio) can be used for early diagnosis of exercise-induced chronic fatigue, which is helpful to guide training and protect health.
It is of great significance to protect the health of athletes.
13. electromyography
Electromyography (EMG) is the bioelectrical change when one or more skeletal muscle cells are active.
Guide, enlarge, display and record the obtained one-dimensional time series graphics. According to the bioelectric activity guide
Different methods are divided into surface electromyography and needle electrode electromyography. Because it can reflect the degree of muscle excitement, because
This is usually used to evaluate the functional state of neuromuscular system. At present, EMG indicators used to evaluate fatigue mainly
Including the amplitude, integrated myoelectric value (iEMG), root mean square value (RMS) and frequency of time domain analysis in linear analysis of sEMG signal.
Frequency domain analysis of EMG spectrum, mean power frequency (MPF) and intermediate frequency (MF), etc. Nonlinear dynamic analysis.
EMG complexity, information entropy and Lyapunov exponent. The general characteristics of EMG during fatigue are: sEMG integral muscle
The electrogram decreased (lumbodorsal muscles) or increased (quadriceps femoris); SEMG Fourier spectrum curve moves to the left, and MPF and MF decrease linearly.
The complexity and entropy of surface EMG signal decrease; Peak-to-peak EMG induced by functional electrical stimulation,
PTP) drops.
14. Electrocardiogram
Electrocardiogram (ECG) is an electrical change curve of the heart recorded by an electrocardiograph.
It reflects the generation, conduction and recovery of heart excitement, so it is used to evaluate the function of fish heart. Postexercise myocardium
Fatigue can cause abnormal changes in ECG: T wave is reduced or inverted, S-T segment is reduced, EMG interference occurs, and other muscles
Meat will not disappear until it is relaxed. But generally speaking, the changes of athletes' ECG are mostly caused by the adaptation of the heart to sports training.
The manifestations of allergic reaction are not easy to distinguish from pathological changes. Therefore, when judging the significance of athletes' ECG, we must
Combined with its comprehensive inspection results.
15. EEG
Electroencephalogram (EEG) is a spontaneous reaction of nerve cells in cerebral cortex through electrodes.
Recording electrical activity on the scalp surface is to record the potential difference between two points on the scalp, or the scalp and unrelated electrodes or special.
Potential difference between different electrodes; It takes the potential of brain cell electrical activity as the vertical axis and time as the horizontal axis to describe the potential.
The relationship with time includes three basic characteristics: period, amplitude and phase. Walter classification commonly used in the world
According to the frequency, it is divided into δ wave (0.5 to 3.5Hz), θ wave (4 to 7Hz), α wave (8 to 13Hz) and β wave (14 to.
26Hz), gamma wave (above 26Hz).
EEG can reflect the functional state of the central nervous system. The fatigue state of the brain is closely related to α and θ waves, and
With the increase of working hours and the deepening of fatigue, the EEG-related energy parameters ((θ+α)/β) show an upward trend, α and.
The relative energy in θ band increases and that in β band decreases. In the fatigue state after strenuous exercise, slow waves
With a significant increase, the rhythm of α wave becomes unbalanced, slow and fast, and the amplitude decreases, and a slow wave of 1.5 ~ 6Hz can appear.
Its period and amplitude are very easy to change, indicating that the cerebral cortex inhibition process is dominant. The brain of an overtrained athlete
Electrogram has no rhythmic synchronous response to light stimulation, and the amplitude decreases after quantitative exercise load test, and most of them are exercise
Abnormal EEG power spectrum. When it is quiet, the relative energy of θ band in the central area increases, while the relative energy of α band decreases.
Less; After hyperventilation, the relative energy of δ and θ bands in the central region and occipital region increased, while the relative energy of α band decreased. get through
Before and after ventilation, the frequency difference of α peak between central area and occipital area increased. In addition, it was found that the athletes were overtrained.
The change of EEG activity is a temporary and reversible process. General EEG as a comprehensive functional examination
An index, combined with other inspection results comprehensive evaluation.
psychological measurement
Subjective feeling
Subjective body feeling and workload, cardiac function, oxygen consumption, accumulation of metabolites, etc.
These factors are closely related, therefore, the self-body feeling during exercise is an important symbol to judge exercise fatigue. 1962
Swedish physiologist Guenzel. Borg developed the Subjective Force Rating Scale (RPE) to judge fatigue, which made it rough.
Slight qualitative fatigue analysis becomes more accurate semi-quantitative analysis. In 1982, he proposed a new scale, which is more suitable for
Conscious reaction is needed when exercising without nutrition or hypoxia.
Reply: 1 Lin Siyou Date: March 20, 20031:1:49 from: 61.57.226.1
Excuse me, the stress and mental fatigue that modern people often experience should belong to non-sports fatigue.
Right? Are there any physiological or biochemical indicators suitable for judgment? What is the usual removal method?
Reply: 2 Wang Jian Time: March 25th, 2003 at 08:15: 31from: 218.108.163.17.
Mental fatigue caused by mental work or stress and muscle fatigue induced by exercise
The physiological performance is different. Exercise-induced muscle fatigue is caused by the muscle itself and the central nervous system.
The driving function of the system is insufficient, no matter whether the exercise is high intensity for a short time or low intensity for a long time.
So ... At present, it is believed that mental fatigue is mainly caused by central inhibitory neurotransmitters.
The physiological manifestations of mental fatigue mainly appear in the nervous system itself, and even involve plants in severe cases.
Sexual organ dysfunction, even changes in motor system function. Therefore, the detection of mental fatigue should include
Include the above three aspects. At present, a package of non-invasive detection methods for reflecting the functional changes of the central nervous system is under study.
Including brain electrical power spectrum topographic map analysis, EEG event-related potential analysis, sub-task performance analysis and so on. Of course, there are also
Including feelings of subjective fatigue. In addition, ECG change analysis is mainly used to judge the function of plant organs. but
The sensitive methods to evaluate the function of sports system should be MVC and central activation.
Level) level.