1, Xianhada

Hada is an indispensable item in Mongolian daily salute. Offering Hada is a courtesy used by Mongolian herdsmen in welcoming guests and daily communication. When offering Hada, the host held Hada with open hands, sang auspicious greetings or hymns, exaggerated the atmosphere of respect, and turned Hada's folded mouth to accept Hada's guests. Guests should stand up and face the toaster, listen attentively to the toast and accept the toast. When accepting Hada, the guest should lean forward slightly, and the person who offers Hada will hang Hada around the guest's neck. Guests should put their hands together on their chests to express their thanks to the people who presented Hada.

Step 2 serve tea

When going to herdsmen's homes or tourist attractions, the host or waiter will first give the guests a bowl of milk tea. Guests should get up slightly and pick it up with their hands or right hands. Never pick it up with your left hand, or it will be considered impolite. When the host or waiter pours tea, if the guest doesn't want to drink tea, please gently touch the spoon or spout with the edge of the bowl, and the host will immediately understand the guest's intention.

Step 3 bake

Pour wine is a traditional way for Mongolian to entertain guests. They believe that wine is the essence of food and the crystallization of grain, and offering the most precious food is to express the respect and love of grassland herders for their guests. Usually, the host pours wine into a silver bowl, a gold cup or a horn cup, puts it on a long Hada and sings a touching traditional Mongolian toast song. If the guest refuses to drink, it will be regarded as contempt for the host and unwilling to treat the host sincerely. Guests should immediately catch the wine, dip their ring fingers in the wine and point to the direction of heaven, earth and stove to show their respect for heaven, earth and Vulcan. Don't be reluctant to drink, but touch your lips to show that you have accepted the pure friendship of your master.

Step 4 worship god

Mongolian people have the custom of worshipping God at banquets. According to the Mongolian custom guide, the chef cut the sheep into nine equal portions of meat, "The first is heaven, the second is earth, the third is Buddha, the fourth is ghost, the fifth is man, the sixth is mountain, the seventh is grave, the eighth is land and water god, and the ninth is emperor". Sacrifice to heaven and throw meat on the yurt; Sacrificial land was thrown into the fire; Sacrifice Buddha statues in front of shrines; The ghost sacrifice is placed outside the bag; The mountain is hung on the branches of the sacred tree, and the grave is dedicated to the ancestors of this nation. Put it outside the bag, throw it into the river park to worship the water god, and finally sacrifice it to Genghis Khan and put it in front of the shrine. This custom can be traced back to ancient Shamanism, which worships many gods. Later, Lamaism, a Mongolian belief, absorbed its ancient folk beliefs and brought many gods into the track of Lamaism.

Step 5 entertain guests

Since ancient times, Mongolians have been known for their straightforward temperament and warm hospitality. Be enthusiastic about visitors at home, whether they are regular customers or strangers. First of all, offer fragrant milk tea, and serve plates of snow-white milk skin and cheese. After drinking milk tea, the host will offer mellow milk wine and invite guests to drink koumiss in midsummer. In some areas, there are certain rules for entertaining guests with hand-grabbed meat. For example, eating with a pipa with four long tendons; Beef is served with a spine with half a rib and a fat sausage. Before or after marriage, the girl goes back to her mother's house to treat her with lamb breast. The calf bone, chin and neck meat of sheep are all for the younger generation and children. Receive distinguished guests or put a whole sheep mat on a festive day.

6. Respect the old and love the young

Mongolians have a sense of security for their old age, respecting the old and loving the young. Go to the Mongolian herdsmen's house and greet the old people. Don't pass by the old man, don't sit in his superior position, and don't sit side by side with the old man without permission. When addressing the elderly, you should be called "you", and you are not allowed to be commensurate or call them by their first names. Don't shout when you see the herdsmen's children, let alone fight. Don't talk about your child's physical defects in front of your family. Being good to children and being good to children is considered as respect for parents.

7. Singing

The persuasion of Mongolian people is often expressed through sincere singing. Singing and persuasion go hand in hand. Often after a lead singer, everyone raises their glasses and sings together, and then everyone cheers together. So many times, the wine is overflowing. Singing is ritualistic, impromptu, one person or several people, and chorus, and its singing is often hearty and sleepless all night.

Hospitality: Mongolian people have a traditional virtue of attaching importance to hospitality, which has been circulating since ancient times.

8. Wedding

Wedding is an important ceremony for Mongolian children to get married. Wedding (called "Haolimu" in Mongolian) is a grand wedding celebration held on an auspicious day chosen by lamas or elders. Weddings in pastoral areas usually last for three or four days.

On the wedding day, the man's family will hold a banquet to send the wedding team on the road. Wedding teams usually leave at night or before dawn, and some leave during the day, depending on the distance of the bride's home. The night in the grassland is always quiet and empty, and the already scarce villages are more scattered and far away. In order to dispel the loneliness along the way and not get lost in each other, they let go of their voices and galloped and sang all the way. ...

Before the bride gets on the bus, a farewell ceremony will be held. The bride and groom bow to the Vulcan first. After bowing down, the bride could not take the initiative to get on the bus, but cried and reluctantly left her parents. At this time, undertaker comforted the bride in the form of poetry.

Mother brought a bowl of fresh milk to comfort her, but the girl couldn't finish it, only drank a little, which showed that the girl left something delicious for her family. Then mother scattered the rest of her breasts in all directions. Then the groom came and pushed the bride into the caravan. When the line to pick up the bride is not far from the groom's house, it is necessary to stop and have a rest. At this time, the groom and the best man went back to report, and then the groom changed to a fast horse and led the wedding team to meet him.

Mongolian weddings are poetry and drama. Not only the marriage of the bride and groom and bridesmaids, but the whole nation. We can perceive a soul of china full of game spirit through lively, interesting and colorful plot ceremonies. Compared with weddings of various nationalities, Mongolian weddings are different. They value gifts more than wealth. Rites are etiquette and rules, with many symbols and props, full of dramatic and virtual questions and answers, full of poetic and romantic atmosphere. Spiritual life is definitely greater than material life, or artistic life. It seems that the whole nation is still in a lovely childhood. When the wedding was held, I planned to go back to ancient times and repeat the legend, history and some strange and little-known customs of this nation. The simple and ancient customs of many ethnic groups that disappeared yesterday are still intact today.

Mongolians attach great importance to weddings. Although different regions have different forms, they are all grand and lively. The wedding customs in pastoral areas are more distinctive. When they get married and return to the man's house, the bride and groom don't get out of the carriage. First, they went around the yurt three times. Then, the bride and groom have to go through the fire and be baptized by Vulcan, which indicates the innocence and firmness of love and the prosperity of their new life. When the bride and groom enter the yurt, they first worship the Buddha stove, then meet their parents, relatives and friends, and then comb their hair after the ceremony. There are sheep backs or whole sheep mats at the wedding banquet, and all kinds of milk and candy are available. Offering Hada, toasting, singing and dancing, often staying up all night, is very lively.

9. clothes

Mongolian costumes include robes, belts, boots and jewelry. However, due to different regions, there are also differences in styles. Take women's robes as an example. The Mongolians in Horqin and Harqin regions wear wide and straight robes with split sides, and the neckline and cuffs are decorated with flowers. Mongolians in Xilingol grassland wear Mongolian robes with large narrow sleeves and no slits; Buryat women wear robes with waist skirts and shoulders; Ordos women's robes are divided into three pieces, the first is a close-fitting dress with sleeves reaching to the wrist, the second is a coat with sleeves reaching to the elbow, and the third is a collarless double-breasted vest with straight flashing buttons. The robes worn by Mongolians in Qinghai are similar to those of Tibetans. Except Qinghai, there is little difference in men's wear. Wear double robes in spring and autumn, single robe in summer, cotton robe or fur robe in winter. Mongolians usually like to wear cloth clothes, and they usually wear brocade-rimmed clothes on holidays. Men's wear is mainly blue and brown, while women's wear likes to use red, pink, green and sky blue. Belt is an important part of Mongolian costume, made of satin or cotton cloth, three or four meters long. Men's belts are often decorated with knives, irons and snuff bottles. Mongolian boots are divided into leather boots and cloth boots. Mongolian boots are fine in workmanship and have exquisite patterns on their surfaces. Wearing jewelry and hats is a habit of Mongolians. Hats in different regions also have local characteristics. Mongolian hats in Inner Mongolia and Qinghai have a high top and a flat edge, lined with white felt, and decorated with leather or purple-green felt, which is thick in winter and thin in summer. The hat top is decorated with tassels, and the hat belt is made of silk, which can be worn by both men and women. In Hu Ba and Buryat Mongolia in Hulunbeier, men wear shawl hats and women wear pointed-brimmed hats. Precious raw materials such as agate, jade, coral, pearls and silver make Mongolian jewelry rich and luxurious. Men's colors are mostly blue and dark brown, and some people wrap their heads with silk. Women usually wrap their heads in red and blue headscarves and wear conical hats like men in winter.

Mongolian men wear robes to tie their waists, women's sleeves are embroidered with lace patterns, and their coats are high-necked, which seems to be similar to ethnic groups. Women like to wear clothes of three different lengths. The first one is a close-fitting dress with sleeves reaching to the wrist, the second one is a coat with sleeves reaching to the elbow, and the third one is a collarless double-breasted vest with straight rows of flashing buttons, which is particularly eye-catching.

Mongolian costumes have a strong grassland style. Because Mongolians have lived in Saibei grassland for a long time, both men and women like to wear robes. Winter clothes in pastoral areas are mostly smooth leather, satin and cotton-padded clothes. Summer clothes are more cloth. Robe with big end, long sleeve, red, yellow and dark blue. The hem of men's and women's robes is not open Red and green ribbons.

Men's belts are often decorated with knives, irons and snuff bottles. I like to wear soft cowhide boots to my knees. Farmers wear cloth clothes, such as open robes and cotton-padded clothes. In winter, there are many felt boots and high boots are rare, and the custom of tying the waist has been retained. Most men wear blue and dark brown hats, and some people tie their heads with silk. Women usually wrap their heads in red and blue headscarves and wear conical hats like men in winter. Unmarried women split their hair from the middle of the front and tied two hair roots with two big round beads decorated with agate, coral and jasper. There is also a distinctive Mongolian wrestling suit.

Mongolian wrestling suit is a kind of Mongolian clothing technology. Wrestling clothes include vest, trousers, trousers, colored silk belts, etc. The vest shows the chest. Pants are very wide. Pants are rich in patterns, such as moire, plant pattern, longevity pattern and so on. The pattern is rough and powerful, and the color contrast is strong. Pants are big, 10 meter fabric. Conducive to heat dissipation and avoid sweat sticking to the body surface; Also adapted to the characteristics of wrestling, it is difficult for opponents to use leg wrapping. Pants are made of tough cloth or flannel. At the knee, a pattern is spliced and combined with fabrics of various colors, which is generous and solemn, indicating good luck. All parts of the clothing are properly matched and integrated, which has brave national characteristics.

10, dance

Sawuerdeng is the most important folk dance of Mongolian people in Xinjiang, which is widely spread in Mongolian inhabited areas and deeply loved by the broad masses of the people. Almost every Mongolian in Xinjiang, regardless of gender and age, can dance Sawuerdeng. Sawuerdeng is not only the name of Mongolian folk dance music and song and dance music in Xinjiang, but also the general name of folk dance. Savorden often dances in festive festivals, weddings of men and women, family dinners and other entertainment activities. There is no restriction on the venue and the number of people, and it is generally carried out in the felt house and the grass near the felt house. Sawuerdeng can be divided into unarmed dance, embrace dance, song and dance, and duet.

Traditional Mongolian folk songs and dances in Diane. It is the evolution and development of ancient group dance forms such as "stomping on songs", "arm-in-arm dance" and "dancing around trees". Diane's performances ranged from dozens to hundreds of people, forming a big circle in the yard. In the circle, two masters of singing and dancing are singing and dancing, and everyone's footsteps echo, shaking their skirts and singing and dancing, forming a warm and jubilant scene. After liberation, the vast number of dancers have developed the ancient Diane into a new art form that reflects life and shows the times through collection, arrangement, adaptation and innovation. There are basically two forms: one is self-entertainment group dance in the square, and the other is stage performance.

Top Bowl Dance is a traditional folk dance handed down from Yuan Dynasty by Mongolian people in Ordos. Novel form, graceful movements, elegant temperament, unique style and strong national characteristics. It occupies an important position in the whole history of Mongolian folk dance development. There are 1 or 2 Ordos Mongolians who can sing and dance at wedding banquets and festive gatherings, with cups or bowls of oil lamps or bowls on their heads and water or milk wine in the bowls; Holding two handlebars or a string of bamboo chopsticks in one hand, dancing in singing and music. There is no fixed number of movements in the top light and the top bowl dance. Dancers improvise on the spot after mastering the basic movements and the rules of beating cups and chopsticks. The more passionate they are, the more colorful their movements and dances are, which fully shows the dancers' skills, wisdom and the rich, flexible and changeable characteristics of folk dance.

Chopsticks dance is one of the representative forms of traditional folk dance. The performer holds a pair of chopsticks in each hand, holding the thin head of chopsticks and hitting the thick head of chopsticks. Actions include crossing your hands on your chest and hitting chopsticks, or hitting your shoulders; Strike chopsticks with your hands crossed in front of your abdomen; Strike chopsticks on your chest with both hands, shoulder with one hand and cross your legs with the other; Landing with one hand and turning with the other; Chopsticks with your hands on your chest, then your legs with one hand, then chopsticks with your hands on your chest, then your shoulders with one hand crossed, and so on. The footwork steps include walking back and forth horizontally, marching backwards a little, or all kinds of turns and jumps are improvised by dancers. Slow dance is steady and deep, and fast dance is vigorous and powerful. When the mood is high, chopsticks fly around on the body, and all kinds of movements can hit all parts of the body. The scene was relaxed and warm. Chopsticks dance embodies Mongolian people's love for life and wisdom of beautifying life, and is an integral part of Mongolian people's spiritual life.

Zizi dance is a kind of dance that spreads in Ordos. On the occasion of festivals, celebrations and banquets, when people are full of food and wine, they pick up a small handleless wine cup on the table and dance to show their joy. Take two cups in each hand, and play fast, slow, broken, shaking and other sounds. The hands dancing with the music play various rhythms with the cups. The movements are as follows: hands are wrapped around the eight characters, and the upper body swings left and right with the left and right eight characters (Arabic characters); Hands cross the cup up and down and left and right, and the body rises and falls; Hands from inside to outside or from outside to inside in circles; When you shake the cup at two o'clock or eight o'clock on the stage, your body will go up and down with your face and eyes in the opposite direction to your hands. No matter which side the cup extends, your ears will bend over to listen to it. The law of circular motion is that one hand is raised above the head and the other hand is placed in front of the body to make circular motion from the inside out; Swing your hands slowly from behind to one side. When one hand is placed on the head, the range of motion is smaller in the hips, in the middle of the right side of the body, and larger behind the waist. Doing it from left to right in turn is called the yaw twisting method. At the end of some movements or when two movements are connected, beautiful cadenza movements often appear, which can be described as wonderful. The lower body movements are accompanied by various dance steps such as kneeling on the ground with legs and circuitous steps. The head can hold a bowl or a lamp. The dance is dignified and simple, with a steady charm and a combination of rigidity and softness.

Gladiator is a kind of simulated dance spread in Xilin Gol grassland, which is a famous hometown of wrestling and postscript in the autonomous region. It is very popular for one person to perform a vigorous struggle between two people, which is more vivid, dexterous, humorous and funny than wrestling in life. Performers should wear special clothes, put two small dummies wearing Mongolian robes into throwing posture (holding their waists) and sew them together, so that the two gowns are cylindrical and worn on their bodies, and the upper part of the belt is tied forward into a bow 180 degrees. The two fake heads stuck together are just supported on the back of the waist, and the hand with riding boots is used as one of the feet, doing all kinds of hugs, kicks and jumps while singing or drumming.

Puxiuer music dance is also known as the top Shore music dance. The Balat Mongols dance folk dances in Mongolian, which means the rhythm of the body. There are four tribes of Balat Mongols living in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and Alashan League in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region: Zhungeer, Taoerhut, Dorbert and Heshuote. Every tribe has an extremely rich folk dance. They have an ancient two-stringed instrument called Top Shor. According to the custom of Balat Mongols, when it rings, it is necessary to follow Ding Sauer. Bellebe. Beiyile will perform in the music of Top Sauer, so Balat Mongolian folk dance is also called Top Sauer music dance. Top Shor has 65,438+02-65,438+07 pieces of music, each capital has its own name and different movements and jumping methods, such as Black Island, the elderly, and slowly quitting Bourdon. The folk dance of Batra Mongolian reflects the life content of labor, such as shearing wool, catching felts and milking. Have the performance of daily life, such as combing your hair, looking in the mirror, wearing a hood and so on. There are imitations of birds and animals, such as eagles spreading their wings, goats running and jumping, riding horses, camels walking, etc. There are simulated natural scenery, such as water waves, water waves, grass waves and so on. There are two forms: unarmed and props. Props include a top bowl and jumping with a pair of chopsticks in each hand. He held Top Shore, skipping. In addition to hard shoulders, shrugging shoulders and turning around, his movements also include dancing and rebounding Top Shor. There are three ways to jump: Dalle Enbeile (waving, refers to the action of lifting and pressing on the wrist), Odele Enbeile (winding, refers to the action of arm winding) and Achabeyile (jumping with weight, with nails around B's waist, B holding nails, and two people jumping face to face). The whole dance runs through the winding movement law, and two vines tremble slightly. Typical movements are hard shoulder, shoulder and shoulder.

Circle dance is a popular dance among Mongolians. It consists of several movements, such as alternating feet and swaying steps, unrestrained jumping steps, bright and chic lower body or sideways running and jumping steps. The upper body movements include learning from each other, holding hands behind people's backs, holding hands and dancing in a circle, etc., so people usually call it Breija characteristic folk dance circle dance. Adagio is lyrical and soft, Allegro is cheerful and agile, and has strong jumping ability. Simple folk customs, with quaint colors and passionate feelings.

1 1, Festival

Traditional festivals include "White Festival", offering sacrifices to Aobao, Nadam, and the game of the brave on the grassland: bristle Festival.

The biggest festival of the Mongolian people in a year is the annual festival equivalent to the Spring Festival of the Han people, also known as "Baiyue". Legend has it that it is related to the whiteness of milk, which means wishing good luck. The time of the festival is roughly the same as the Spring Festival. On New Year's Eve, every family eats hand-grabbed meat, including jiaozi and pancakes. On the morning of the first day, the younger generation will offer "farewell wine" to their elders.

In Xilin Gol League, people not only celebrate the New Year's Festival, but also celebrate the "Horse Milk Festival" every summer. Before the festival, every household should slaughter sheep to make mutton or all-sheep feast, and also squeeze horse milk to make wine. On the festival day, every herdsman's family will take out the best milk powder, cheese, milk tofu and other dairy products and put them on a plate to entertain guests. Koumiss is considered as a sacred drink, dedicated to distinguished guests.

Nadam convention: held every summer and autumn in leisure time for grazing. "Nadam" means entertainment or games in Mongolian. The content includes wrestling, horse racing, archery, dancing and material exchange. In addition, many new contents have been added after liberation, such as track and field, ball games, cultural performances, photo exhibitions, film screenings, and exchange of production experience. This has become the favorite activity of the Mongolian people.

Luban Festival is a traditional Mongolian festival in Xicheng, Tonghai County, Yunnan Province. It is held every year on the second day of the fourth lunar month for one day. The Mongolians who live here have learned building techniques from other brothers. The houses they built are not only unique and beautiful, but also durable, which is praised by people of all ethnic groups nearby. In order to commemorate and celebrate the achievements of civil architecture, they designated the second day of the fourth lunar month as Luban Festival. On the day of the festival, masons, carpenters and masons who go out for construction, no matter how far or near, will rush home for the festival. Every village has to kill pigs and sheep, and it also has to do operas. People also picked up the Luban statue carved from sandalwood, beat gongs and drums and swam straight to the villages. Then, everyone gathered on the court to sing and dance. Their favorite dance is called "Dance Music". When jumping, the young men are the first to lead. They held the leading ukulele and danced while playing. The crowd behind them is divided into two rows, sometimes in a circle and sometimes interspersed with each other. The formation is changeable and the scene is very active.

Lantern Festival, the annual lunar calendar1October 25th, when night falls, everyone lights butter lamps to celebrate. Today, most Mongolians in Buksaier Mongolian Autonomous County and emin county have not celebrated the Lantern Festival; In Wusu County, Mongolians don't burn lanterns for days on end, instead, they have various forms of entertainment.

After the festival, the village is busy harvesting wheat and rapeseed, plowing and transplanting rice. After finishing these farm work, craftsmen went out to contract construction in droves.