Martial arts skills

The officer system and Wu Zetian's martial arts system promoted the popularization and improvement of martial arts. Wushu, which is mainly used in military affairs, is becoming a "Wushu sport" for fitness and entertainment. According to the system of officers and men in Sui and Tang Dynasties, officers and men in technical checkpoints are "twenty soldiers, sixty are exempted". Those who can ride and shoot are Yueqi, and the rest are infantry, Wu Qi, platoon rescue and step shooting (New Tang Book). Under this policy of "putting soldiers in the people". Folk Wushu is more common. Wu Zetian "In the second year of Chang 'an (702), martial arts began to be set up. Its system includes long stack, horse shooting, step shooting, flat shooting and barrel shooting, as well as carbine, warping shooting, weight bearing and posture selection." (Selected Records of New Tang Books). It can be seen that Wushu examination attaches great importance to martial arts and strength, and even lists figure and physique as conditions. This will promote the martial arts practice of the people and the army.

During the great turmoil at the end of Sui Dynasty, a group of people with high martial arts emerged, such as Wei Chi who had no virtue. He once played against Li Yuanji. According to Zi, "Yuan Ji, the king of Qi, is arrogant because he is good at horses (Zhang Ba pike) and can respect morality. Please go to the edge and compete with the school to win or lose. " "Yuanji prances, aiming at stabbing it, and respecting virtue wins it in three moments." This method of taking off the gun head and the skill of grabbing the gun empty-handed are all martial arts.

The reason why Shaolin Wushu is famous in the world is that at the end of Sui Dynasty and the beginning of Tang Dynasty, Shaolin monks helped the King of Qin capture Wang Renze alive and defeated him, thus clearing the obstacles on the way forward. Later, Li Shimin issued a commendation order for this purpose, giving Shaolin Temple a lot of silver coins and fields, and allowing them to practice martial arts and recruit monks. Tang Taizong was the heyday of the ancient Shaolin Temple.

play football

The Tang Dynasty (6 18-907) was a period of great development of ancient football in China. There has been a new development in the football match, and there has also been a major reform in the game method. Inflatable balls and nets appeared in the Tang Dynasty. The military function of cuju gradually disappeared and became a pure entertainment activity. Layman in Han dynasty: 26 flat, changed to vertical target in Tang dynasty. Each side has seven players, including a goalkeeper. In the Tang dynasty, the competition was fierce, the ball was like a projectile, and the moon was like a bright moon. The shell of the ball is made of "eight sharp skins", which was called "balloon" in the Tang Dynasty. Animal "cells" are used as bladders, and gas is blown in through the mouth. It was laborious to blow, and later it was improved to use the "slapping method", that is, a small blower was used to inflate the ball. In the Tang Dynasty, the invention of inflatable ball and the substitution of goal for "bow room" greatly promoted the development and improvement of kicking skills and increased people's interest in kicking. The Book of Beginners written by Xu Jian, a Tang Dynasty, said: Cuju's ball "was made of hair in ancient times, but now it is made of leather, with cells as the inside and can be closed." There is no such thing as "Balloon Fu", which says, "It's convenient to throw your feet in, and you know how to get started, but you don't have to." It clearly shows that China adopted equipment and methods similar to modern football as early as 1200 years ago. "Balloon Fu" also describes the fierce scene of "competing for the front, scrambling for the first place, screaming at the top"; And that sentence, "Let's walk a little. At first glance, the sky is full of the moon "is the scene of" dribbling "and kicking in the air.

The football reform in the Tang Dynasty led to various interesting ways of kicking the ball: (1) Football with a goal, with two bamboo poles at each end of the court, which were netted with bamboo poles to form the goal. The two teams play the game separately, and the outcome depends on the number of goals scored. (2) Football without goals, which is based on personal skills. In fact, it is the inheritance and development of kicking in the Warring States and fancy football in the Han Dynasty. Due to the light weight and strong elasticity of inflatable football in the Tang Dynasty, there are many kinds of kicking methods, which are more common:

(1) Juju, also known as an ordinary player, is divided into one-person field (well wheel), two-person field (playing second), three-person field (turning flowers), four-person field (meteor chasing the moon), five-person field (broken skin or small spikes), six-person field (big spikes), seven-person field (out of the water) and eight-person field (. One of them, the body part can play football instead of two feet. There is no limit to the number of people in the game. You can play alone, and sometimes you can perform alone. This kicking method was introduced to Japan in the Tang Dynasty.

(2) Beating in vain, two people kick each other, or many people (even numbers) kick each other. In the Tang Dynasty, most women didn't use the goal to play football, and most of them used this method.

(3) Kick the bow and see who can kick high. This kind of kicking spread to Japan in the Tang Dynasty.

Football developed widely in the Tang Dynasty and won the love of people from all walks of life. Including the royal aristocrats of the Tang Dynasty. Other famous literati, Fu, Wang Wei and Bai Juyi also like Cuju very much.

Women's football. It was developed in ancient China. It can be said that ancient China was the birthplace of women's football. The earliest record of women's football is the Sui and Tang Dynasties, which is the most prosperous period of feudal society in China. Especially in the Tang dynasty, foreign exchanges continued. At that time, businessmen from Japan, Korea, India, Iran and other countries visited Chang 'an, which further promoted the economic development and cultural exchanges in the Tang Dynasty. Women in the Tang Dynasty were less bound by feudal ethics and lived relatively freely. At that time, there was no foot binding and the collar of the clothes was relatively low. On major festivals, women often sing and dance on Chang 'an Avenue. Before and after the Cold Food Festival and Tomb-Sweeping Day, women's football was more active. Therefore, tracing back to the source, the hometown of women's football was in ancient China.

Juju

Also known as "hitting" or "playing", that is, polo. Polo was really popular in the Tang Dynasty. Since Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty, many emperors like polo and strongly advocate it. For example, in the third year of Yongtian (652), the emperor Li, who was good at this drama, entered the Anfu gatehouse. I have seen "a bunch of slaps and bows" outside the palace. (History as a Mirror Ji Tang XV). Li Xian, the emperor of middle school, said, "Bowing is a good thing, because the customs are still the same. Ma Xu Wu Chongxun Yang Shen oil spill to build a stadium. " (History as a Mirror Ji Tang XXV). This shows that at that time, it was normal to play the edge ball in the imperial court and government. In the murals of royal tombs in the Tang Dynasty, some also have pictures of hitting the ball.

Emperor Taizong attached great importance to military training. Polo is very intense, and it is a good sport to train a person to be witty and brave. It is very suitable for the army as a martial arts project, especially the cavalry. It's not easy to hit a fist-sized ball into a hole with a stick several feet long while riding a Mercedes-Benz horse. It requires not only good physical strength and intelligence, but also good riding skills. Therefore, playing polo is the best martial arts for cavalry, in order to resist the invasion of northern Turks. The Tang Dynasty attached great importance to the development of cavalry, so Emperor Taizong strongly advocated playing polo. Because there are many requirements for polo equipment, polo is rarely played among the people, mainly in princes and nobles and the army.

The polo field in the Tang Dynasty was generally located in the square in front of the main hall. The wide polo field is as big as a thousand steps and as flat as a knife. For example, in the Tang Dynasty, Han Yu said in his poem, "Building a field is as flat as a knife." In order to prevent the dust from flying, some football fields in nobles' homes were oiled. If you want to play fly ball at night, you should light candles around it. If you call this stadium a stadium of lights, it will be the earliest stadium of lights in the world. When the stadium is stormy, you can also pull up the tarpaulin tent, which shows that the rulers at that time loved polo. The bat for playing ball, also called stick, is made of wood, and the stick is also made of rattan. The lower end of the stick is crescent-shaped and covered with cowhide. This stick is decorated with patterns of various colors. Polo is made of wood, which is hard, light and elastic, as big as a fist, hollowed out in the middle, painted with vermilion color and colorful patterns. It is a kind of "firm, round and slippery" polo.

There are usually two kinds of polo matches in the Tang Dynasty: one is single goal and the other is double goal. There is no strict rule on the number of participants. Generally speaking, it is between 4 and l (), and the numbers on both sides can be different. A single goal is a one-foot hole under the wooden wall, and there is a net bag behind the hole. The number of times you hit the net bag determines the outcome. The method of playing double ball is similar to modern polo, and the winner is to hit the opponent's goal. In the competition, "people don't keep appointments, their hearts are one, horses don't whip, and their hooves are ill." Competitors can cooperate tacitly without prior agreement, horses can run automatically without drivers, and their judgments on tactical changes on the field are consistent. Qi Xin strives for victory. During the competition, the two sides beat drums to cheer, and "beating drums made them set up red flags" (Han Yu), that is, 24 red flags were set up around the stadium. The referee called it "singing chip", and one point is said to be better. The winner adds a red flag, and the loser pulls a red flag. At the end of the game, the outcome is determined by the number of red flags on both sides. Whipping and galloping can exercise courage and will. Cultivating the spirit of cooperation and dexterity can not only exercise the body, but also be a fighting skill. So polo has been popular since the Tang Dynasty. In addition to entertainment, it is important to train local soldiers and enhance the combat effectiveness of the troops.

In the Tang Dynasty, not only princes and nobles loved to play polo, but also literati and rich children loved to play polo. Even in ancient polo in China, not only men but also women participated. During the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, my fair lady in the palace also played polo. Five generations ago, Mrs. Hua Rui of Shu said in a poem: "Teach Gong E to play ball, and the jade saddle will be soft at first", but they are not riding horses, but riding donkeys to play "ball". Ancient women played polo, which is rare in modern polo.

Step ball

Its sports mode and venue equipment are the same as "bow-hitting" (polo), but the difference is that people walk instead of riding a horse and hit the ball on the ground with a curved stick, while bow-hitting is riding a horse to hit the ball, so it belongs to a sport dominated by bow-hitting. This sport, which began in the Tang Dynasty, is a happy thing for those who don't have horses or are not good at riding horses but like to bow. Even the women in the court compete with each other and enjoy playing ball games. Later, he went to Japan to preach, which they called "playing ball".

Mushe

This is a ball game created in the Tang Dynasty. Similar to the movement of bowling balls hitting wooden posts. Its method is to put a bottle-shaped wooden column on the ground. On ten pillars, the words "benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom, faithfulness, softness, kindness, courtesy, frugality and concession" are written in red ink, and on five pillars, "slow, proud, despicable, greedy and excessive" are written in ink. Participants throw wooden balls and hit the column. Those who win the little red book win, those who win the ink book lose, and there are prizes and penalties. Much like the ground ball (bowling) introduced from the west in modern times.

Angular arrival

The Sui and Tang Dynasties mainly referred to wrestling, also known as "sumo" or "wrestling". "Continuing Literature General Examination: Le Kao" says: "In wrestling, a strong man goes into battle shirtless and wins the battle. After each group of plays, the left and right armies beat drums. " It shows that this project is very popular, and it is often ranked as the "finale" after the "group drama".

Corner arrival is one of the main items of court entertainment in Tang Dynasty. Tang Yizong Cui Li specially hired a group of wrestlers to form a full-time team called "Friends of Sumo". Wrestling competitions and performances are quite big. Since the Jin and Sui Dynasties, they were all held on the 15th day of the first month, and they became accustomed to each other, forming regular wrestling competitions. The regular competitions in the Tang Dynasty were held in the spring and autumn, with the fifteenth day of the first month as the wrestling period in spring and the fifteenth day of July as the wrestling period in autumn. Grand competitions and performances have produced many wrestlers and sumo masters. For example, Meng Wan of the Tang Dynasty won the lottery and won the reputation of "all-win".

Wrestling was also very popular in the army of the Tang Dynasty, and there were some wrestlers who were good at sumo. These people are brave and heroic. At that time, ordinary people also loved wrestling.

During the Five Dynasties, Jiao Jiao was still very popular, and some people gambled with Jiao Jiao on big officials. "The History of the Old Five Dynasties, Biography of Li Cunxian" contains: "The material strength of the sages is small, and a good angle is worth it. ..... (Li) boasted of his ability, saying that Cunxian said, "If you win, you will get a reward from a county." Victory is better than Zhou Cishi. "

weightlifting

In ancient wars, personal skills became very important because of the backwardness of weapons, so strength competitions were often held in ancient times to select talents. Wu Zetian (624-705), the Emperor of Wu Zhou in Tang Dynasty, listed weightlifting as a formal imperial examination, set up martial arts examination and formulated martial arts subjects. Through the examinations of weightlifting (lifting stones and carrying ding), archery and horseback riding, soldiers with great strength and martial arts were selected as officials, and the corresponding titles such as "Meng Dian Yuan Ambassador" and "Jian Yuan Ambassador" were awarded.

Due to the implementation of the military imperial examination in the Tang Dynasty, the folk martial arts atmosphere became more prosperous. According to legend, in Tang Dezong, there was a strong man named Wang Jie who practiced martial arts freely. When I first entered Chang 'an, I once lifted a stone lion near the Weihe Bridge and threw it hard. The stone lion was thrown more than ten feet away. At that time, a dozen young people tried to move it back to its original place, but failed to move it. Finally, Wang Jie put the stone lion back in its place.

The concept of miscellaneous notes

Hundreds of plays in the Sui Dynasty are unprecedented. During the reign of Yang Di, large-scale performances were held almost every year. According to "Sui Shu Music Record", the great cause lasted for six years (6 10). "The foreigners made great contributions to the country, and the Turks inspired the people below, and leaders from all countries came to congratulate them. It is in the streets of Tianjin that there are hundreds of dramas of Chen ... The prosperity of hundreds of dramas is unparalleled, and there are many lyrics mixed in them. Acrobatics in this period, in addition to being often performed in court, can be seen everywhere in towns and villages. Most of these acrobatic events originated from the Han Dynasty, and many of their contents and movements are still preserved in modern gymnastics skills and folk sports activities. As far as its forms and skills are concerned, it can be divided into the following categories.

A geisha like a beast

Dragon and lion dances are very common. Sui's Ci Opera Presents Xu Yun: "Dance of Animals, Dance of Five Birds in Panshan Mountain, Sister-in-law's foot, Long Nose Elephant." I'm talking about various acrobatic performances disguised as animals. There are some sentences in Bai Juyi's poem "Poetry of the West Cool", which say, "Ren Hu is a fake lion with carved wood as the tail, gold-plated eyes and silver teeth, and a sweater pierces ears". It can be seen that it is roughly the same as the lion dance in modern acrobatics and folk sports activities.

Air geisha

Mainly treading ropes, side bars, etc. Liu Yanshi's poem "Viewing Suo" said: "It is appropriate to walk behind the coffin with three or four layers of heavy shoulders; The round swords on both sides gradually meet, and the steps on the side are so light. " Describe the superb skills of rope play at that time. Gan Yuan's plays are diverse and the most popular. According to "Chidai Mansion and Chidai Mansion", "Liu Jiaodai, a native of Youzhou, had a long pole of 70 feet high, bootstrapped, and twelve women were very upright, standing on the pole, independent of the whole line, ..." Historical Records contained: "In Dezong (780-805), there was a woman, Aunt Wang, who wore three principles. It shows that at that time, the technology of the side pole was renovated and emerged endlessly, accompanied by music. An Lushan's deeds: "Or one person carries 24 people, and the pole is more than 100 feet. As for the people on the pole, they threw themselves at each other like birds in the ape-man cave, and the fierce competition was amazing. They are not afraid of being tired, and the viewers are sweating. " This is the record of the largest number of people wearing poles in ancient times.

Maruko

Mainly for taking pills and jumping swords. The "jumping bell" and "throwing sword" recorded in volume 33 of Don Yao Hui are also such events. During the Zhenguan period (627 -649), whenever gifts were given to the ministers and envoys of the four countries, there were performances such as "jumping pills" and "making swords".

Knock down a geisha

It is dominated by somersaults and handstands. "Book of Rites and Music in the New Tang Dynasty" contains: Master Rui [7 10-7 12] "The Brahman country offers people to dance with their feet, raise their shovels, bend over and face down. Replanting on the back, fat man standing on the abdomen. There is no harm in the end of the song ",which is such a program. This is also one of the cultural and sports exchange projects between China and India.

weiqi

After Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Weiqi reached a new climax in the Tang Dynasty. The scale used has reached 19 in both vertical and horizontal directions. General terms are more than 30 words, such as "Li, Hang, Fei, Sharp, Sticky, Ten, Poke, About ..." (Xu Xuan's Yi Example of Weiqi), and there are notes below each word. It can be seen that both chess and chess have developed to a new stage. During this period, Weiqi was still popular among scholars, and there were also masters among the people. According to Yunxian Miscellanies, Wang Hanlin Jixin said: "Every time you go out, you should take a short chess set, draw paper as a chessboard, put it in a bamboo tube with the chess pieces, and tie it between the wheel and the horse. Although you meet someone on the road, you will also deal with your opponent. " If you win, you will be rewarded with cake bait and wine, and you will be satisfied. "That you can also meet civilians who can play chess on the road. The emperors of the Tang Dynasty loved Weiqi, and did not play chess with them, nor did they let them play chess for appreciation. When Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty abandoned Shu and fled, the national chess player Wang accompanied him. Women in the Tang Dynasty also like playing chess very much. During the reign of Wu Zetian, there was a doctor of court education who was responsible for teaching imperial secretaries. Among the doctors in court education, one is specialized in teaching imperial court officials to play chess and improve women's Go skills.

In the Tang Dynasty, when the economy was prosperous and open to the outside world, many countries came to play Weiqi, and it was at that time that Weiqi was introduced to Japan. In the second year (848), a Chinese-Japanese Weiqi player competition was held in Chang 'an.

chinese chess

In the Tang dynasty, due to the invention of artillery, chess, as a symbol of fighting games, appeared "artillery" After adding artillery, the chess developed at this time became the embryonic form of modern chess. "Jorge Lema is full of bricks, all made of gold and copper" in the strange records of Confucianism and Xuanzang in the Tang Dynasty refers to the chess pieces of Baoying in the Tang Dynasty, which are made of copper and engraved with pictographic patterns. In the Tang Dynasty, chess spread to Japan, and then to Korea, Vietnam, Myanmar, Mongolia and other countries.

Dance with music

Music and dance in the Sui and Tang Dynasties developed further on the basis of the Southern and Northern Dynasties, with the emergence of * * * "Taichang Temple" and "Jiao Fang", which was the heyday of ancient Chinese music and dance. Colorful dance can be roughly divided into "healthy dance" and "gentle dance". In addition, there are strong flower dance, word dance and horse dance.

The creation of large-scale dance, the first part is "Broken Array Music", edited by Li Shimin of Emperor Taizong, and later renamed as "Seven Virtues Dance". According to Ten Poems of Zi Tang, "One hundred and twenty-eight people danced with silver armour. Every time it changes three times, it becomes four times, which seems to be like a stab. The singer is in harmony and says that the king of Qin is broken. " Obviously, it is a martial arts dance that includes array changes and weapon drills. There are also Jiugong Dance and Shangyuan Dance, which are three famous dances.

When Wu Zetian was in power, he wrote "Sheng Shou Le" with 65,438+040 people, saying that "the ranks of dances must be written in words and become sixteen changes" ("Old Tang Qulu"). This is a group dance similar to modern group gymnastics. There is a sentence in Wang Jian's Gong Ci that "each dance is divided into two directions, in the word" Long live peace "".

Regimen

Practical regimen. Emperors in Sui and Tang Dynasties were keen on health preservation, especially Tang Gaozong, Zhongzong, Zongrui and Xuanzong. Such as Pan, Sun Simiao, Sima Chengzhi and Zhang Gao. , were called into the palace to preach the way of health. There are many books about health preservation in Sui Shu's Economic Journal and Tang Xinyi's Shu Wenzhi.

Sun Simiao was a famous physician and health care doctor in ancient China. He lived 10 1 year, which was very rare at that time, which was the result of his knowledge of health care. The central idea of Sun Simiao's health preservation is to pay equal attention to body and mind. He advocated adjusting daily life according to the changes in nature, paying special attention to the comfort and tranquility of spirit and thought. In terms of health care methods, he attaches great importance to spirit and guidance.

There are "massage doctors" in Sui Shu's "Baiguan System" and "The Book of the New Tang Dynasty", and there are also massage workers and students in the Six Classics of the Tang Dynasty, which shows that the role of massage techniques has been highly valued in this period.

Other sports events

Tug of war reached its heyday in the Tang Dynasty. At that time, the competition usually used dozens of long hemp ropes and hundreds of small ropes tied at both ends. Hundreds of people were divided into two teams, with a flag in the middle, and the audience next to them beat drums and cheered. The scene is very lively. Tug-of-war in the Tang Dynasty was so prosperous because it was superior in the world. At that time, tug-of-war was a favorite activity of emperors and became an important entertainment in the court. In ancient times, the biggest tug-of-war was held in the Tang Dynasty. During the period of Tang Dezong from 780 to 805, the society was relatively stable, the people's cultural and recreational life became more active, and more than 100 kinds of theatrical activities, such as acrobatics, gladiators and dances, which were popular among the masses, flourished. Emperor Dezong also likes to watch tug-of-war games. He divided thousands of brave men into two teams and held a large tug-of-war competition. The rope is very long, and the parties are tied with small ropes. A long flag was erected between the two teams as a symbol of winning or losing.

During the Sui and Tang Dynasties in China, there was already a high platform diving performance. According to Shuo Wen Jie Zi, there was a man named Cao Zan, who was very clever and did his best in opera and other things, but he was still good at playing with water. He can "dive at a height of 100 feet with his clothes on". "Qiang" is a mast that hangs sails on a sailboat, describing a high-altitude diving performance.

Since the Tang Dynasty, spring outing has become a very popular sports and entertainment activity. As soon as the cold food is cleared every year, the mighty spring outing team begins to dispatch. In the heyday of feudal society in Tang Dynasty, the custom of flying kites was very popular, and the technology of making kites reached a high level.

The Song of Saidu written by Zhang Jianfeng in the Tang Dynasty gives us a vivid picture of dragon boat racing: "The drums rang three times, the red flag opened and two dragons jumped out of the water;" Shadow waves fly to Wan Jian, and the drums sound like thunder; The drums are getting closer and closer, and the eyes of the two dragons are like an instant; The people on the slope are thundering and the rainbow on the pole is dizzy. " ("Zhang Jianfeng, the Whole Tang Poetry")