The origin of gymnastics 1. The origin of gymnastics (from the perspective of gymnastics as a whole) 1. 1 textual research and development overview The word "gymnastics" comes from the ancient Greek word Gyma's (naked) because the ancient Greeks did various physical exercises naked. In the 5th century BC, the Greeks called all physical activities, such as running, jumping, throwing, climbing, wrestling, dancing, horseback riding and military games "Gyma'szin", which is the etymology of modern British gymnastics or French gymnastics. Pelatu, an ancient Greek philosopher, used the word Gyrnnastike more in his book Dialogue, and gave it a broad and narrow explanation. Broadly speaking, it is "a set of theory and method system of physical training"; The narrow sense is "physical therapy" and "fitness". In the "national seal", he emphasized that the goal of gymnastics is to make people healthy, perfect and full of vitality, and also to cultivate people's will and make them brave and tenacious. In the chapter of law, it is particularly explained that gymnastics is an indispensable part of the education system. Gymnastics advocated by him is hygienic and can be used for health care. /kloc-in the second half of the 6th century, H. Mercuri Allis, an Italian doctor of medicine and linguist, made a detailed study of gymnastics and physical exercise in the original dictionaries of Greek and Latin. In his book Gymnastics, he discussed in detail the various forms of human movement and divided gymnastics into three types: military gymnastics, medical gymnastics and competitive gymnastics. At the end of 18/at the beginning of 19, Gutz Jordan Mutch, known as "the father of German gymnastics", discussed the concept of gymnastics and related fields in detail in the first part of his book Gymnastics for Teenagers, and interpreted the Greek meaning of gymnastics as "sports" from the perspective of cultivating people, including physical education. /kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, F·L· Yang, the "father of German gymnastics", established a national gymnastics system based on weapon exercises and military competitions. 18 16, Yang published the book German Gymnastics. In order to purify German, the original gymnastics Ike was changed to Turner, and the people who participated in sports were called Turner, and some gymnastics terms were initially defined. /kloc-In the middle of the 9th century, Shpis, a German sports theorist and founder of school sports, sorted out the gymnastics terms left over. At the same time, the Swedish gymnastics system began to take shape under the initiative of P H Lin. Soon, Denmark also established a gymnastics system. During this period, some Eastern European countries also developed various gymnastics and created and improved various gymnastics equipment. 1862, Czech "skyhawk" gymnastics school was born. Its founder is Dr. M. Dilsh, a professor of aesthetics in Prague. He stressed that gymnastics movements should be graceful and lively, the whole set of movements should be compact, and attention should be paid to wearing gymnastics clothes. This series of reforms has greatly promoted the formation of competitive gymnastics. 188 1 year, the European Gymnastics Federation was established. 1896, the International Gymnastics Federation was established on the basis of the European Gymnastics Federation. 1.2 the origin of world gymnastics and ancient Greek sports activities gymnastics originated in ancient Greece. The words "gymnastics" and "gymnasium" come from the Greek word "gym", which means to exercise (naked). In ancient Greece, the combination of gymnastics, weightlifting and track and field was a formal and systematic form of exercise for young men. Ancient Greek students had to learn running, jumping, weightlifting, throwing, wrestling and gymnastics training. Every city in ancient Greece had one or more gyms for people to train. Ancient Greece often held some sacrificial ceremonies and celebrations, which generally included gymnastics (such as dancing, games, unarmed exercises and some practical movements). In addition, ancient Greece was a martial country, and military training was an important part of their lives. As long as young people in ancient Greece had to serve in the army for a certain period of time, they could not become Greek citizens. The origin of ancient Greek gymnastics may be related to the following activities: 1.2. 1 celebration and sacrifice celebration. As a part of Greek life, sports activities are shown in many places in the epic. At that time, sports activities in Greece mostly appeared in the form of sports competitions, and there was no fixed place and date. Only when the hero dies, foreign guests are welcomed, banquets and festivals are held. People don't know many exercise programs specially designed to keep fit. They engage in some sports suitable for productive labor and war environment, such as archery, swimming, dancing and mountain climbing. Later, with the increase of various celebrations, sports became more and more diversified, and offering sacrifices to gods became an inseparable and important part of people's holiday activities. Whenever the Greeks offered sacrifices to the gods, they often paid tribute to them in the form of dancing, singing and sports competitions. There are also somersaults and diving in sports, which are closely related to some contents in modern gymnastics. 1.2.2 Military training activities in ancient Greece Among the ancient Greek countries, Sparta was the most militaristic country and was considered to be the most predatory city-state at that time. The ruling class practices a military system in which all the people are soldiers. In the eyes of the ancient Greeks, war requires people to have strong character, agile action and cruel nature, so the ruling class uses various ways and means to train talents who meet the needs of war. They regard advocating force and physical exercise as the top priority of every citizen of the city-state. In Sparta, children before the age of seven are raised and educated by their parents according to the requirements of the country. During this period, they learned some beneficial sports activities, such as rolling circles, walking on stilts and swinging. When the children reached the age of seven, the polis unified formal military training and learned dances with military colors. With the growth of age, their physical training (military) activities are gradually increasing, and somersaults and wrestling are essential contents. Although the war is cruel, it has promoted the development of sports activities (including some budding gymnastics activities) to a certain extent, making people physically strong. 1.2.3 The word naked gymnastics in ancient Greece comes from the Greek word "gymnazein", which originally meant "naked". It can be seen that gymnastics is closely related to naked sports in ancient Greece. The ancient Greeks were famous for their love of beauty, so they made great progress in all fields of life. In the eyes of the Greeks at that time, showing a vigorous body was an extremely pure and noble activity of worshipping God. Because of this, there was a study of human posture and movements, called "Hooghuis Turk", which taught people wonderful posture and god-fearing dance. The Greeks regarded showing off naked bodybuilding as the supreme and elegant activity to comfort the gods. This unique national spirit of the ancient Greeks gave birth to a special concept, just as the ancient Greek philosophers commented: among all things in the world, only the bodybuilding nude has the most symmetrical, harmonious, solemn and beautiful characteristics. People think that nudity is an excellent opportunity for athletes to show their pure and elegant feelings. Their ancestors were creators of beauty, and their descendants should be worthy of the name. Therefore, the sports content in ancient Greece was closely combined with physical training, and some dances and unarmed movements were essential. Naked sports is a major feature of the ancient Olympic Games, which lasted until the end of the ancient Olympic Games. As for when the nude movement began, there is no exact material to prove it, but according to the historical situation of the development of ancient Greek culture and art, it can be preliminarily concluded that the nude movement began to be popular as early as the sixth century BC, when people called it "the age of power". Therefore, in the works of sculptors, artists and craftsmen, the images of athletes are all naked, vividly portrayed, muscular and strong. (Quoted from Korean Modern Gymnastics Teaching Theory and Method, P42-45) (