Emperor Yang Di Yang Guang (569-6 14 08, 1 1), English, was born in Ayi, Huayin (now Huayin, Shaanxi Province), the second son of Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty, the queen of Wen [1], the eldest son of Sui Dynasty. [2] Daxing people, in kaiyuan year (58 1), became the king of Jin, in November of the 20th year (600), became the prince, and in July of the 4th year of Renshou (604), succeeded to the throne. During his reign, he initiated the imperial examination system, built the Grand Canal of Sui Dynasty [3] and moved the capital to Luoyang, which had a great influence on later generations. However, frequent wars, such as personally conquering Tuguhun and Koguryo, abused people's power and led to people's frequency conversion. It caused chaos in the world and directly led to the collapse of the Sui Dynasty.
ascend the throne
According to Zi Tong Zhi Jian, in July of the fourth year of Renshou (604), Wendi was ill in bed and wrote a letter asking how to deal with Wendi's funeral and accession to the throne. Unexpectedly, the messenger sent Su Yang's reply to Emperor Wendi by mistake. Emperor Wendi was furious and immediately sent Yang Guang into the palace to question him face to face. At this moment, Mrs. Chen of Xuanhua also cried and said that she was interested in molesting her on the road, which made Emperor Wendi suddenly realize, slapping the bed and swearing: "Animals are not enough to pay for big things! Miss me alone! " Hurriedly ordered ministers Liu Shu and Yan Yuan to draft letters, deposed Yang Guang and re-established Yong Yang as the Prince. After Yang Guang knew it, he put Liu Shu and Yan Yuan in prison, let Zhang Heng, the son of the Emperor of Heaven, enter the bedroom of Emperor Wendi for illness, and drove away the attendants around Emperor Wendi. Soon, Wendi died. [9]
In Tang Dynasty, Ma Zong recorded that Emperor Wendi of Sui was "spilt with blood" by Zhang Heng in Tongli [10], while Zhao Yi recorded that Emperor Wendi of Sui was poisoned by Zhang Heng in A Brief Introduction to Daye. [ 1 1]
But in the early Tang Dynasty, Zhao Yi's note "A Brief Account of Great Undertakings" recorded that the glorious Mrs. Cai was the heroine of Renshou Palace. Yang Guang's statement of "killing his father because of color" has also been questioned by many modern historians, and Renshou Palace has also become a mystery.
After Yang Guang ascended the throne, he forged the will of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, forced Yong Yang to commit suicide and executed Yong Yang. Also, Yang Xiu, the younger brother of Shu, was framed by him for cursing Emperor Wen of Sui and Yang Liang, the younger brother of Hanwang. He was stripped of his official position, demoted to a civilian and placed under house arrest in the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Later, he was placed under house arrest with other scholars and was not allowed to meet his wife.
His younger brother Hanwang Yang Liang fought in Bing in the name of begging for Su Yang, and Yang Guang sent Su Yang to suppress him. After Yang Liang surrendered, he was imprisoned to death. [12- 13] Shortly thereafter, Yang Guangwei not only threatened the throne, but also followed Yun Dingxing's advice. On March 4th, the third year of the Great Cause (607), he killed his nephew Wang Changning Yang Yan and released the remaining nephews (Yong Yang philosopher), Wang Yangjun and Yang Ben. [14] Yu Wenbi, He Ruobi and Gao Jiong, heroes of Sui Dynasty, were executed. [ 15]
Political and military achievements
In the first year of Daye (605), the capital was moved to Luoyang, which lasted for ten months and recruited 2 million civilian workers every month.
The east is in the west of the old Luoyang City, with a larger scale and a circumference of more than 50 miles, which is divided into three parts: Miyagi, Imperial City and Outer Guo Cheng. Miyagi is the seat of the Imperial Palace, the Imperial City is the seat of the official residence, and WaiGuo Cheng is the seat of official and private houses and houses. There are more than 100 residential areas outside Guocheng, and there are three major markets, namely Fengdu City, Datong City and Tong Yuan City. [ 16]
Emperor Yang Di Yang Guang
While building the East Capital, Yang Guang ordered the Grand Canal to be dug and thousands of ships, such as dragon boats, were built. When he went to Jiangdu, the dragon boat he took was 45 feet high, 50 feet wide and 200 feet long. The upper floor has four floors, including the main hall, the inner hall and the east-west hall. There are 120 rooms on the middle floor, and the chambermaid lives on the lower floor. [16] The Grand Canal in Sui Dynasty is centered on Luoyang, the capital city, and divided into three sections, with a total length of 2,700 kilometers, from Yuhang (Hangzhou) in the south to Zhuo Jun (Beijing) in the north. The middle section includes Tongji Canal and Hangou. Tongji Canal starts from Luoyang in the north and flows into Huaishui in the southeast. Hangou starts from Yang Shan (now Huai 'an, Jiangsu) on the south bank of Huaihe River in the north and ends in Jiangdu (now Yangzhou) in the south, and flows into the Yangtze River. There is Jiangnan in the south, Jingkou (now Zhenjiang) on the south bank of the Yangtze River in the north, and Yuhang in Nantong (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang). The northern section is called Yongji Canal, which starts from Luoyang in the south and reaches Zhuo Jun County in the north (now southwest of Beijing).
In the education system, Yang Guang initiated the imperial examination system, developed the method of selecting talents by subject examination, and added Jinshi subjects. The imperial examination system lasted until the 31st year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty (1905), which made great contributions to the education policy in ancient China. Politically, in order to break the monopoly of Guanlong Group on official career, officials of Southern Group such as Yu Shiqi and Pei Yun were reused.
Militarily, before he ascended the throne, he participated in the wars with Turks and Qidan, and gained something. In the fifth year of Daye (609), he personally conquered Tuguhun and set up four counties: Xihai, Heyuan, Shanshan and Qiemo [17]. After Yang Guang personally conquered Tuguhun, he also ordered soldiers from all over the country to attack Koguryo. In eight years, Sui Jun transferred troops1130,000, and was defeated by Liaodong City (now Liaoyang, Liaoning Province) and Heping Rang City (now North Korea). The following year, he sent his troops to besiege Liaodong City. At this time, Yang Xuangan, who was in charge of transporting stores in Liyang warehouse, saw that "the people were in poverty and there was chaos in the world", so he took the opportunity to crusade against Sui. Yang guang was forced to withdraw from Liaodong. After the fall of Yang Xuangan, Yang Guang ordered an investigation, and * * * killed more than 30,000 people and immigrated more than 6,000 people. In the tenth year of Great Cause (6 14), Yang Guang sent troops to attack Koguryo for the third time. Because the peasant uprising at the end of the Sui Dynasty had spread all over the country, the Sui Dynasty was in jeopardy and finally had to negotiate to retreat. In the 11th year of Daye (6 15), Yang Guang visited the Great Wall in the north as usual. At the beginning, Khan led his troops and besieged Yanmen (now Daixian County, Shanxi Province). Yang Guangpa asked Shi Bi's wife and Princess Yicheng for help, and Princess Yicheng sent messengers to tell Shi Bi that there was an emergency in the north. In addition, reinforcements from the Sui Dynasty arrived one after another, and Shi Bi left in September.
Rebellion is everywhere.
Yang Guang travels every year. He has visited Yangzhou three times, Saibei two times, Hehuang three times and Zhuojun three times, and often travels between Chang 'an and Luoyang. Every time I travel, I make a scene. In November of the fourth year of Renshou (604), in order to dig a long hole to defend Luoyang, hundreds of thousands of farmers in Shanxi and Henan were dispatched today. The following year, Luoyang, the capital of eastern China, was built, employing as many as two million people every month. From the first year of Daye (604) to the sixth year of Daye (6 10), various canals were developed and more than 3 million agricultural soldiers were dispatched in Henan, Huaibei, Huainan, Hebei and Jiangnan counties. In the third and fourth years of Daye, the Great Wall was built in the east of Yulin (now southwest of Togtoh, Inner Mongolia), and it was dispatched twice1200,000 Dingnan, with more than half of the casualties. Over the past ten years, a total of10 million farmers have been harassed, with an average of one servant per household, resulting in the tragic image of "the world died in service".
In order to satisfy his luxurious life, Yang Guang overhauled the palace garden and moved the palace to different places. Among them, Ren Xian Palace, Jiangdu Palace, Linjiang Palace, Jin Yanggong and Xiyuan are famous. Xiyuan is in the west of Luoyang, more than 200 miles in Fiona Fang. There is an artificial lake in the garden, surrounded by 10 miles. There are mountains in the lake, and the halls are beautifully arranged. Emperor Yang Di often took thousands of ladies-in-waiting riding horses to visit the West Garden on a moonlit night, and immediately asked them to play the song "Night Tour on Qingming Festival", which reached the limit of string songs. When Emperor Yang visited Jiangdu, he led 100,000 to 200,000 people, including kings, officials, queens and maids. The fleet is more than 200 miles long, and all the counties he passes through have to contribute food within 500 miles, which is very serious.
In the seventh year of Great Cause (6 1 1), Wang Bo led an uprising in Changbai Mountain (now the northeast of Zhangqiu, Shandong Province), which finally broke out in the late Sui Dynasty. Liu overbearing, Sun, Zhang Jin said, Dou Jiande and others led the peasant uprising one after another, and the peasant uprising army developed rapidly and grew stronger day by day. In the ninth year of Great Cause (6 13), peasant uprisings not only spread all over Shandong and Hebei, but also spread to the whole country. In the first half of the ninth year of Great Cause, peasant uprisings broke out in the plains, Lingwu, northern Hebei, Yin Ji and Beihai. The rapidly rising peasant uprising dealt a heavy blow to the ruling class in the Sui Dynasty. Under the impact of the huge wave of peasant uprisings, the ruling class of the Sui Dynasty split. In June this year, Yang Xuangan rebelled in Liyang. The Sui army withdrew from Liaodong and launched a counterattack against Yang Xuangan. Yang Xuangan committed suicide after the defeat. The Sui Dynasty brutally suppressed the peasant uprising, defeated Lu, Zhou, Liu Yuanjin, and trapped the peasant uprising army. While Zhai Rang Wagangzhai, Dou Jiande, Du, Lin and other peasant insurgents have repeatedly defeated Sui Jun and developed. Yang Guangben wanted to use the terror policy of bloody slaughter to intimidate the people, but instead, he let more people join the peasant uprising army. "Bees rose there" and "the government troops were unforgivable and even died in the Sui Dynasty". The peasant uprising developed into a national scale. [19] Yang Guang tried to curb the development of the uprising forces, ordered counties, pavilions and villages to build castles, moved people to live in castles, and cultivated nearby in an attempt to control them. He didn't want to face up to the surging peasant uprising, and the courtiers around him didn't tell the truth and lied that there were "fewer and fewer peasants" who rebelled.
Physical death and national destruction
In July of the 12th year of Great Cause (6 16), Yang Guang went from Du Dong to Jiangdu. In April of the following year, the Wagang Army led by Shi Biao besieged the eastern capital, and sent a campaign to all counties, listing the top ten crimes of Yang Guang.
In May of the 13th year of the Great Cause (6 17), Li Yuan set out for Jinyang, and in November of the same year, he invaded Chang 'an, made You Yang emperor, and honored Yang Guang as the emperor's father. [20]
Yang guang became more and more dissolute in Jiangdu, and ordered the king to choose Jianghuai folk beauty to enrich the harem and make merry with wine every day; In his later years, Yang Guang, who was determined to win, often looked at himself in the mirror and said to Xiao Hou and Chen Xia: "The head and neck are good, who will do it!"
In his later years, Yang Guang did not become the Duke of the Great Wall like Chen Houzhu, nor did he use the poison he brought. In March of the 14th year of the Great Cause (6 18), Yang Guang saw the chaos in the world and was disheartened, so he had no intention to return to the north again. He ordered the renovation of Danyang Palace (now Nanjing) and prepared to move the capital. The drivers were all Guanzhong guards, who missed their hometown and fled home one after another. At this time, Ethan and other samurai lang will. , conspired with Naoko Peiqian, took advantage of the resentment of the guards who missed their hometown, pushed Yuwen Shu's son Yu Wenhuaji as the head, and launched a mutiny. Yang Guangwen changed his clothes in a hurry and fled to Xike. Pei Gantong, Ethan and Ma Wenju were caught by the rebels. Yang guang wants to drink poisoned wine to commit suicide. The rebels refused to allow him, so he ordered Ling Hu Daxing to strangle him at the age of 50. The chaos caused by Yang Guang is that the population of China has dropped to more than two million. [22]
This ambitious emperor is useless even after his death. After his death, Hou Yaozong and Imperial Secretary removed the bedplate, made a small coffin and secretly buried it under the Liu Zhu Hall in Jiangdu Palace. After Chen Leng gathered all the mourners to prepare for Yang Guangfa's funeral, he was reburied in Wu Gong's audience and sent him to the funeral with a worn staff, afraid to go on the road.
The news of Yang Guang's death spread to Luoyang, and the ministers in Luoyang made Yang Dong, the grandson of Yang Guang, the king of Yue, emperor, known as Mao in history. Yang Dong chased Yang Guang as Ming Di, and the temple was named Zu. Dou Jiande, the leader of the peasant army, made Yang Guang Emperor of Fujian. In the same year, Li Yuan forced the puppet You Yang to abdicate, established the Tang Dynasty, and chased Yang Guang as emperor. Soon, the powerful Luoyang minister Wang forced Yang Dong to abdicate, and the Sui Dynasty officially perished.
After the Tang Dynasty pacified Jiangnan, Zhenguan was reburied in Tang Lei for five years (63 1). [