Winner: Carol? The greedy Elizabeth? Blackburn Jack? Szostak

Xinhuanet Beijing 65438+10.5 (Reporter Pan Zhi) Birth and death may be the most concise summary of human life, but it contains countless mysteries. Three American scientists who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2009, with the achievement of "discovering how telomeres and telomerase protect chromosomes", have uncovered the mystery of human aging and cancer and other serious diseases.

In the nucleus of a living thing, there is a linear substance that is easily stained by alkaline dyes. They are called chromosomes. Normal human cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes, which is of great significance to human life. For example, as we all know, it is a pair of chromosomes that determine the sex of men and women. There is a special hat-like structure at the end of chromosome, which is telomere. The role of telomerase is to help synthesize telomeres and stabilize the length and other structures of telomeres.

"Chromosomes carry genetic information. Telomeres are the' protective caps' at the ends of chromosomes in cells, which can protect chromosomes, while telomerase can recover its length when telomeres are damaged. " Elizabeth, one of the winners? Blackburn said: "As people grow up, telomeres gradually' wear out'. So we ask, does it matter? And we gradually discovered that this is really important for human beings. "

According to a press release issued by Karolinska Medical College, the findings of the three scientists "explain how telomeres protect chromosome ends and how telomerase synthesizes telomeres". With the help of their pioneering work, people now know that telomeres are not only closely related to the personality and stability of chromosomes, but also to the life, aging and death of cells. Simply put, when telomeres become shorter, cells will age. On the contrary, if telomerase activity is high, telomere length can be maintained and cell aging can be delayed.

However, it should be pointed out that in recent years, studies have found that telomeres and chromosomes are related to cell aging, which in turn affects aging, but it is not the only factor. "Life aging is a very complicated process. It has many different influencing factors, and telomere is just one of them."

"This is an important piece in the puzzle of human aging, cancer and stem cells," the press release said. "Their findings add a new dimension to our understanding of cells, clearly show the mechanism of diseases, and will prompt us to develop potential new treatments."

Information Times According to the China Journal, the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics was announced at the Royal Swedish Academy at about 5: 45pm on October 6th, 65438 Beijing time. Gao Kun, a Chinese scientist known as the "father of optical fiber", and Willard, who has dual citizenship of the United States and Canada? Boyle and American George? The Smiths have this honor.

"They have brought many practical innovations to our daily life and provided new tools for scientific exploration," the Committee said in a statement. According to the jury, Gao Kun won 5 million Swedish kronor for his "breakthrough achievement in optical transmission in the field of optical communication", and Boyle and American Smith shared another 5 million Swedish kronor for inventing the "imaging semiconductor circuit".

1996, Gao Kun, former president of Chinese University, attended the naming ceremony of "Gao Kun Star". The picture shows the Chinese University of Hong Kong providing to Zhongxin.com.

654381October 6, the Academy of Sciences of the Royal Swedish Academy announced that it would award the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics to Gao Kun, a British Chinese scientist, and Willard, an American scientist. Boyle and George? Smith. This is Gao Kun and Willard? Boyle and George? Smith's photo (from left to right). Xinhua News Agency/Reuters

654381October 6, the Royal Swedish Academy held a press conference in Stockholm, announcing that the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics would be awarded to Gao Kun, a British Chinese scientist, and Willard, an American scientist. Boyle and George? Smith. Xinhua News Agency reporter Wu Pingshe

Xinhuanet Stockholm 65438+1October 6 (Reporter Peace) The Academy of Sciences of the Royal Swedish Academy announced on the 6th that it will award the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics to Gao Kun, a British Chinese scientist, and Willard, an American scientist. Boyle and George? Smith.

Honnore, Permanent Secretary of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences? Oehquist said at the press conference that Gao Kun has made a breakthrough in "About the light source in optical fiber: the transmission of optical communication in the dimension of Shenzhen Satellite TV's" 30 noon ",and he will win half of this year's physics prize, * * * 5 million Swedish kronor (about 700,000 US dollars); Boyle and Smith invented the semiconductor imaging device-charge coupled device (CCD) image sensor, and will share the other half of this year's physics prize.

Subsequently, Joseph, Chairman of the Nobel Prize Selection Committee for Physics? Nudgren vividly explained Gao Kun's important achievement with an optical cable: as early as 1966, Gao Kun made a breakthrough in optical fiber physics, and he figured out how to make light travel long distances in optical fibers. This achievement eventually led to the advent of optical fiber communication system, and it is optical fiber communication that paved the way for the development of the Internet today.

Another judge, Ingmar? Lundstromer described the achievements of the other two scientists in a simple way with a digital camera. He said that both Boyle and Smith invented the CCD image sensor. This sensor is like the electronic eye of a digital camera. By using electrons to capture light instead of film imaging, photography technology has been completely revolutionized. In addition, this invention has promoted the development of medicine and astronomy, and is widely used in the fields of disease diagnosis, human perspective and microsurgery.

At the press conference, Oehquist also called Boyle to congratulate him. Boyle, 85, said that he was very excited to be the winner this year. He never thought he would win the Nobel Prize.

Gao Kun was born in Shanghai, China on 1933. He is known as the "father of optical fiber" and was the president of the Chinese University of Hong Kong. Boyle 1924 was born in Amherst, and Smith 1930 was born in new york. When they invented the CCD image sensor, they all worked in Bell Laboratories. The Nobel Prize in Science is usually awarded to older scientists, because the prize-winning achievements have been tested for decades.

The Nobel Prize in Physics is the second Nobel Prize announced this year. This year's Nobel Prize winners will enjoy or share a total of 6.5438+million Swedish kronor (about 6.5438+0.4 million US dollars).

China The 2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry has just been announced. British Ramakrishnan, American Steitz and Israeli Ionas won prizes for their contributions to the study of ribosome structure and function. (Zhou Xiang)

Speech by Nobel Prize winner:

We are just a group of people.

A hard-working representative

Xinhua News Agency, Stockholm, 65438+10.7 "Science is a highly cooperative undertaking", Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, winner of the 2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, said after learning of the award, "Many people have made contributions to the research of ribosomes. Therefore, from a certain perspective, we are just representatives of a group of hard-working workers. "

"Oh, you know," Ramakrishnan told the media after confirming the award. "My first reaction when I received the award notice was that it was a joke. I have a friend who often jokes with me, and I praise his Swedish accent. "

"I'm really, really happy!" Ada Gornert, a 70-year-old Israeli female chemist, received a phone call informing her of the award. Although her tone was calm, her words were full of joy. "So, I am the fourth female scientist to win the Nobel Prize in chemistry after Madame Curie, Joliot-Curie and Hodgkin?"

Thomas steitz was planning to go to the gym when she got a call from Sweden. "The other end of the phone advised me not to go, because there will be many calls for me next." Stenz explained that the research results of ribosomes will help to develop new antibiotics.

Ribosomes—

Biochemical factory

The engineer is here

Life is like an extremely complex and precise instrument, and different "parts" are performing their duties in different positions in an orderly way. All this is due to the "ribosome" that seems to play the role of an engineer in the biochemical factory: it translates the code carried by DNA and then produces different protein, and protein controls different chemical processes in the human body.

The Nobel Prize jury said that these scientists not only let us know the "appearance" of ribosomes, but also revealed the functional mechanism of ribosomes at the atomic level. In medicine, people use antibiotics to inhibit the ribosome of bacteria to treat diseases. The jury said that the three scientists built a three-dimensional model to show how different antibiotics inhibit ribosome function. "These models have been used to develop new antibiotics, which directly contribute to alleviating human suffering and saving lives." (Xinhua News Agency reporter Pan Zhi)

Why is the Nobel Prize awarded to the elderly?

Many people have the impression that Nobel Prizes are often awarded to the elderly, rather than young and middle-aged scientists and scholars whose creativity is at its peak. For example, the winner of this year's Nobel Prize in Physics is still an old man. China scientist Gao Kun was born in 1933, American scientist Smith was born in 1930, and Boyle was born in 1924.

In fact, the principle of awarding the Nobel Prize is to ensure that the winning results can stand the test of time. Because it often takes a long time for basic research results to be put forward and widely recognized. In addition, awarding prizes to people who have made convincing achievements can avoid the mentality of quick success and instant benefit in scientific research.

For example, in 1982, Australian scholars Barry Marshall and Robin Warren discovered Helicobacter pylori, and proved that this bacterium could cause gastritis, gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer. This achievement broke many medical dogmas at that time, but after more than 20 years, people gradually discovered the great value of this achievement. So in 2005, they won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

There are many such examples. For example, as early as 193 1 year, Lars Onsager, an American scientist, published the article "The Interrelation in Irreversibility", which greatly promoted the study of thermodynamics. However, it was not until 1968 37 years later that the Nobel Committee awarded him the chemistry prize.

There are also some kinds of achievements, which can not be achieved by one person's invention at a certain time, and must be promoted wave after wave to finally produce results. For example, as early as 1970, French chemist Yves Chauvin explained in detail how the metathesis reaction of olefins was carried out, and listed the material components of the catalyst to promote this reaction. It was not until 1990 that Chauvin's theory was first applied to practice by American chemist Richard R. Schrock, and an excellent catalyst was produced. Two years later, American scientist robert h. grubbs developed Schleker's achievements and made a more stable catalyst in the air. The three of them won the 2005 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Yves Chauvin was 74 when he won the prize, while Schleker and Grubb were over 60 years old.

The oldest Nobel Prize winner in history is Leonid Hurvich, winner of the 2007 Economics Prize. He was 90 years old when he won the prize. Hrvic 19 17 was born in Moscow and later became an American citizen. He put forward the theory of mechanism design for the first time, and therefore shared the 2007 Nobel Prize in Economics with two other economists. This theory has been put forward for nearly 20 years.

Nobel Prize is not always "late". It is only one year before China scientists Yang Zhenning and Li Zhengdao published their papers and won the Nobel Prize in Physics with 1957. This is called a miracle. But their achievements are groundbreaking achievements that can be verified immediately, and most of the Nobel Prize achievements have been tested for a long time. Many young scientists or scholars who published their achievements were old when they won the prize. However, since 1974, the Nobel Foundation has stipulated that the Nobel Prize cannot be awarded to the deceased in principle.

(Xinhua News Agency, Beijing1October 7th) (Reporter Jun)

Biographies of three winners

Rama krishnan 1952 was born in Chennai, India, and currently holds American citizenship. Rama krishnan 197 1 received a bachelor's degree in physics from Baroda University, 1976 received a doctorate in physics from Ohio University, and 1978 received a postgraduate degree in biology from the University of California, San Diego. From 1982 to 1999, he worked in Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Brookhaven National Laboratory successively, and from 1999, he worked in the MRC Molecular Biology Laboratory of Cambridge University.

Shi Taici 1940 was born in Wisconsin, USA. 1966 received his doctorate in molecular biology and biochemistry from Harvard University. 1967- 1970 worked as a postdoctoral fellow in the MRC molecular biology laboratory of Cambridge University, and 1970 worked in Yale University.

Gornat was born in Jerusalem on 1939. She received her bachelor's degree from Hebrew University on 1962, her master's degree from Hebrew University on 1964 and her doctorate in X-ray crystallography from Weizmann Institute of Science on 1968. She established the first protein crystallography laboratory in Israel on 1970, and now she is in Weizmann. Gonat was awarded the "World Outstanding Female Scientist Achievement Award" jointly established by L 'Oré al and UNESCO in 2008 for her research on bacterial drug resistance. (Xinhua News Agency, Stockholm 65438+1October 7)

There are few female winners.

In the history of Nobel Prize 100 years, * * * has 789 winners, but few women winners, accounting for less than 5% of the total winners.

Although there are many women Nobel Prize winners such as Madame Curie, only 35 women have won the Nobel Prize from the first time the 190 1 Nobel Prize was awarded to 2008. Their awards mainly focus on Peace Prize, Literature Prize and Physiology or Medicine Prize, which are 12, 165, 438+0 and 8 respectively. In terms of physics prize and chemistry prize, Madame Curie won 1903 physics prize and191kloc-0/chemistry prize. Except Madame Curie, only 1 women won the physics prize and 3 women won the chemistry prize. The economics prize has been awarded since 1969, and no woman has won it yet.

In history, some outstanding women were considered to be enough to win the Nobel Prize, but they failed to achieve it for various reasons. For example, Watson and Crick are famous for discovering the double helix structure of DNA, so they shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Wilkins. But in fact, rosalind franklin made a great contribution to this historic discovery, and her failure to win the prize caused a long-term controversy in academic circles.

(Xinhuanet Beijing1October 4 th, by reporter Liu)

Xinhua News Agency, Stockholm, 65438+10.7 (Reporter Peace) The Academy of Sciences of the Royal Swedish Academy announced on the 7th that American scientists Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas Steintz and Israeli scientist ada yonath won the Nobel Prize in chemistry this year, among which Gonat was the first female scientist to win the Nobel Prize in chemistry since 1964.

Gunno Oehquist, Permanent Secretary of the Academy of Sciences of the Royal Swedish Academy, first read out the list of winners. He said that Rama krishnan, Stetzi and Jonat won prizes for their research on the structure and function of ribosomes, which are important organelles synthesized by protein. Understanding the working mechanism of ribosomes is of great significance for understanding life.

Subsequently, gunnar von Heine, Chairman of the Chemistry Prize Selection Committee, and Mogens Allen Berry, Judge, respectively introduced the achievements of the three winners in detail through projector pictures. They say that every cell of an organism contains deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and based on the information carried on the DNA, ribosomes can synthesize protein, such as hemoglobin, antibodies of the immune system, insulin, collagen in the skin and so on. These protein have different forms and functions in life, and they constitute and control life on the chemical level. Therefore, the study of ribosome structure and function can be quickly applied to practice. Without ribosomes, bacteria can't live. Today, many antibiotics in medicine achieve therapeutic purposes by inhibiting the ribosome of bacteria.

They said that through independent research work, the three winners used X-ray protein crystallography to draw a 3D model to reflect the position of thousands of atoms synthesizing ribosomes. Their models have been widely used to develop new antibiotics to relieve patients' pain and save lives.

At the press conference, Oehquist called Gornert to congratulate her. In a live telephone interview with the media, Gonat said that she was very happy when she learned the news. She never thought that she would win this honor. She said that although her research results are very important in life sciences, there are still many unsolved mysteries waiting for scientists to continue looking for answers.

Rama krishnan was born in Chennai on 1952, Steci was born in Wisconsin on 1940, and Gornath was born in Jerusalem on 1939. They will share the Nobel Prize in Chemistry of 6,543,800,000 Swedish kronor (about 6,543,800 US dollars).

The Swedish Academy announced on the 8th that the 2009 Nobel Prize in Literature will be awarded to Hertha Muller, a German female writer and poet. In the award decision, Miller's works "are both concise in poetry and straightforward in prose, describing the situation of people who have nothing and no hope". She will receive a prize of100000 Swedish kronor (about10.4000 USD) ... [Details]

Hertha Mueller: I was surprised to learn that I won the prize.

Miller issued a statement through her publisher, saying that she was "very surprised" by winning the prize. Miller has won many literary prizes in Germany, including novels, poems and essays. 1982, Miller's first collection of novels and short stories, The Lowlands, was published. Her other works include The Running River, The Walking Boundary and The Fox was a Hunter.

Hertha Mueller's masterpiece: I have everything.

I have everything with me. I am a wounded little beast. I really want to go forward, but I can't find it. In the vast network, it is your hand holding me. Yes, you appeared under the arrangement of heaven, and I will definitely disappear under your command.

According to Agence France-Presse, the Nobel Prize jury announced on the 9th that US President Barack Obama won the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize.

ThorbjoernJagland, chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Prize jury, said that the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Obama in recognition of his "extraordinary efforts in strengthening international diplomacy and cooperation among people of all countries".

The east. Com1June 12 news: According to the official website news of the Nobel Foundation, on June 10, about 13: 00 central European time (about 19: 00 Beijing time), the Nobel Prize Committee of the Scientific Committee of the Royal Swedish Academy announced that it will be held in 2009.

Elinor ostrom was awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in Economics in recognition of "her analysis of economic governance, especially her research on ordinary people's economic governance activities", while the Swedish Academy Science Award awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in Economics to oliver williamson in recognition of "his analysis of economic governance, especially the analysis of corporate economic governance boundaries". Elinor ostrom 1933 was born in the United States and now works in Indiana University. Oliver williamson (Oliver e. Williamson) 1932 was born in the United States and now works at the University of California, Berkeley. The two economists will each receive half of the bonus.

Nobel Prizes were originally divided into five categories: physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and peace. The Nobel Prize in Economics is not one of the five award fields mentioned in Nobel's will, but was added by the Bank of Sweden in 1968 to commemorate Nobel. Its full name should be "Swedish Bank Prize in Economics in Memory of alfred nobel". The winners of the Economics Prize were selected by the Royal Swedish Academy of Science, which was first awarded in 1969.

Traditionally, the 2009 Nobel Prize awarding ceremony will be held on 65438+February 10 this year. In addition to the Peace Prize awarding ceremony in Oslo, Norway, prizes in physiology or medicine, physics, chemistry, literature and economics will all be held in Stockholm, Sweden. Like last year, each award of this year's Nobel Prize is still 6.5438+million Swedish kronor (about 9.79 million yuan).

timetable

6543810.5, the winner of the Physiology and Medicine Award was announced.

1October 6 10 physics prize winner announced.

654381October 7 announced the winner of the chemistry prize.

654381October 8 announced the winner of the literary prize.

654381October 9, the winner of the Peace Prize was announced.

101October 12 announced the winner of the economics prize.