(7 12~770)

Poets in Tang Dynasty. Beautiful words. Originally from Xiangyang (now Hubei), he was born in Gongxian County, Henan Province. Because he once lived in Shaoling, south of Chang 'an, he was recommended by Yanwu as a festival staff, and was recommended by Yuan Wailang of the Ministry of Industry. Later generations called it Du Shaoling and Du Gongbu.

Du Fu, the grandson of the famous poet Du Fu, was born in a family with literary tradition. He studied poetry at the age of 7 and became famous at the age of 15. After the age of 20, there are four periods.

From the 19th year of Xuanzong Kaiyuan (73 1) to the 4th year of Tianbao (745), Du Fu lived a romantic life. He has roamed wuyue, Qi and Zhao successively. In the meantime, I failed to go to Luoyang to take the Jinshi exam. Tianbao and Li Bai have been friends in Luoyang for three years. We broke up the next autumn and never met again. There are more than 20 poems of Du Fu in this period, most of which are five laws and five ancient poems, represented by Wang Yue.

From five to fourteen years in Tianbao, Du Fu was trapped in Chang 'an and was down and out. He keeps buttering up powerful people to get promoted. I have been trying to "move" for six years; In ten years, he presented three pieces of "Gift Fu", which Xuanzong appreciated and ordered the Prime Minister to try; But nothing came of it. It was not until October of the fourteenth year, one month before the Anshi Rebellion, that You Weicai led Cao to join the army. Frustration in official career and personal hunger and cold made him objectively realize the corruption of the rulers and the sufferings of the people, and made him gradually become a poet who cares about the country and the people. The creation has undergone profound and great changes. Immortal masterpieces such as Military Vehicle Shop, Liangwei Road, Qiandi, Houdi, from Beijing to Fengxian, and famous cautionary sentences such as "The wine and meat in Zhumen stink, and the road freezes to death" have emerged. There are about 100 poems handed down in this period, most of which are ancient poems with five words and seven sentences.

From Su Zong to Deyuanzai (756) and then to Gan Yuan (759), the Anshi Rebellion was the most prosperous. Du Fu also experienced hardships, but his creative achievements were enormous. After the fall of Chang 'an, he went north to Lingwu to go to Suzong, but he was caught halfway, trapped by thieves for nearly half a year, and then fled from Chang 'an to Fengxiang Suzong, where he was picked up by Zuo. Soon after, he almost died because of the case of the house. After the recovery of Chang 'an, he returned to Beijing as his original post. In May 758, Foreign Minister Zhou Hua Sigong joined the army and bid farewell to Chang 'an. During this period, Du Fu had a clearer understanding of reality, and successively wrote such famous works as Sad Chen Tao, Spring Hope, Northern Expedition, Qiang Village, Three Officials and Three Farewells. In 759, Guan Fu went hungry and Du Fu was disappointed with politics. After beginning of autumn resigned, he passed through Qin Zhou and Tonggu and arrived in Chengdu at the end of the year. There are more than 200 poems handed down during this period, most of which are masterpieces of Du Fu's poems.

Du Fu spent eight years and three years in Jingxiang during the period from the first year of Shang Yuan in Su Zong (760) to the fifth year of Dali in Dai Zong (770) 1 1. In the spring of 760, he built a thatched cottage near Huanhuaxi, Chengdu, and lived intermittently for five years. In the meantime, he went into exile in Zizhou and Langchang. In 765, after the death of Yanwu, Du Fu lost his support and left Chengdu with his family. He stayed in Yun 'an due to illness and moved to Kuizhou the following spring. In 768, he left the gorge, moved to Jiangling and Gongan, and arrived in Yueyang at the end of the year. In the last two years of his life, he had no fixed abode. Wandering between Yueyang, Changsha, Hengyang and Leiyang, I spent most of my time on the boat. In the winter of 770, Du Fu died on a ship from Changsha to Yueyang at the age of 59. Before his death, he wrote a 36-rhyme long poem "Sleeping on the Shocking Boat". There is a sentence that "the blood of the war is still there, and the sound of the military is still moving", and he still thinks about the national disaster. During the period of 1 1, he wrote more than 1000 poems (including more than 430 Kuizhou poems), accounting for five-sevenths of all Du Fu's poems. Most of them are quatrains and metrical poems, and there are also long sentences. His representative works include Song of Autumn Wind Breaking the Cottage, Imperial Army Recovering the Banks of the Yellow River, Eight Poems of Autumn Prosperity, Ascending the Mountain, and Revealing Wu Lang again.

Du Fu wrote more than 1400 poems. It profoundly reflects the social panorama of more than 20 years before and after the Anshi Rebellion in Tang Dynasty, and vividly records Du Fu's life experience. Closely combine social reality with personal life to realize the perfect unity of ideological content and artistic form; Represents the highest achievement of Tang poetry. It is called "the history of poetry" by later generations. However, Du Fu did not narrate objectively, but wrote history with poems. It reflects the reality profoundly and widely, and expresses its subjective feelings through unique artistic means. Just as Pu Qilong said: "Poems of Shaoling are a person's temperament, and things of the Three Dynasties must be sent to others" (reading). Since the late Tianbao period, Du Fu has created a large number of poems on current affairs. Short stories such as Washing Horses, Love, Being the Tao, Three Jueju, Sick Orange, Autumn Wind Breaking the Cottage, Appearing as Wu Lang, etc., while novels such as Shuhuai in Kuizhou, Wangzai, Cottage and Mourning have different contents. There are a lot of war themes in Du Fu's poems. Du Fu has different attitudes towards different kinds of wars. Those who oppose the imperial court's belligerence and consume national strength are "Garage Shop" and "Going to the Foot of the Backyard". Two poems, Watching An Xi Soldiers Go to Guanzhong and Stand by, Watching Soldiers and The Year of National subjugation, supported the suppression of rebellion and resistance to foreign aggression. Two groups of poems, Before the Frontier and After the Frontier, not only praised the bravery of the soldiers, but also condemned the insatiable frontier expansion of the king and the arrogance and extravagance of the lords. The confession of a soldier sums up the unfortunate fate of countless brave soldiers. In "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells", the poet sympathizes with the people's sufferings and hates barbaric Latin; However, due to the current situation of the enemy and the shortage of troops, he can only comfort the conscripts with tears. It shows the sharp and complicated contradictions and conflicts in the author's heart. Du Fu has many poems praising nature. The object of singing is often related to oneself and current events, and it is a blend of feelings, scenes and events, not just scenes. The most representative ones are Spring Hope and Sword Gate.

Du Fu also has some poems praising painting, music, architecture, dance, utensils and agricultural production, which also focus on the author's feelings and have the characteristics of the times. There are also some poems in Du Ji, which are not strong in the flavor of the times and indifferent in personal feelings, especially some poems written in Chengdu Caotang. This is the expression of his mood after he got a temporary rest after a long wandering. In his poems, such as Screen Trace, For Agriculture, Tian She, Xu Bu, Heart of Water Threshold, Afterward Tour and Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night, the poet has a delicate observation on the dynamics of flowers, trees, birds, animals, fish and insects, and has infinite love and profound experience. It embodies the other side of Du Fu's poetry and life. Du Fu's poems about missing relatives and friends are mostly sentimental and spoony. For example, I miss his wife on a moonlit night, and my brother misses his younger brother on a moonlit night. Among many poems and songs about cherishing friends, the most outstanding one is to commemorate Li Bai. From breaking up with Li Bai to his later years, there were 15 poems that remembered or talked about Li Bai. Showed his admiration and friendship for Li Bai. Du Fu also commented on poetry, and expressed his artistic thoughts of "benefiting from many teachers" and "tailoring for the body" in "Play is six quatrains", "Occasionally Topic" and "Twelve Poems for Relieving boredom" (the fourth to the eighth), abandoning the past and the present and casting macro words. During his stay in Chang 'an and wandering southwest, Du Fu also wrote some poems with boring content and low style, which were dedicated to dignitaries, officials and social parties. There are many five-character poems in it.

Du Fu's poetry system is diverse, with many advantages in choosing poems, diverse styles and innovations. His five-character ancient poems combine feelings, records and feelings in one furnace; Profound and profound, it is impossible to give everything, which opened the realm of the Five Ancient Dynasties in the Tang Dynasty; Representative works include Five Hundred Words from Beijing to Fengxian, Northern Expedition, Qiang Village, Gift to Chu Shi, Three Officials and Three Farewells. Seven-character ancient poems are good at stating opinions, with bold and gloomy feelings and strange style; Such as Drunk Songs for Zheng Guangwen, Washing Horses, Autumn Wind Breaking the Cottage, Sui Yanxing, etc. Five, five-character rhythm poems and seven-character rhythm poems are extremely skilled; The five laws are the longing for spring, reaching Li Bai at the end of the day, traveling later, "Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night", water sill, going abroad overnight, climbing Yueyang Tower, and the seven laws are Shuxiang and Elymus. The two sides of the Yellow River were recaptured by the imperial army, and Su Fu, Bai Di and five generals. The rhythm of the Tang Dynasty rarely surpassed them. Du Fu also has many five-character poems and several seven-character poems, which have greatly developed the poems. His "Autumn Li Ke Bai Yun" has 1000 words. But Du Fu also heaped up allusions and presented entertainment works. His quatrains are lyrical, reflect current events, and open up the discussion body of quatrains, which is unique and makes great contributions. Du Fu's poems are profound and sincere. The artistic collection and innovative development of classical poetry; It greatly expanded the field of poetry in content and form, and had a wide influence on later generations. Du Fu was also honored as a poet by later generations. Du Fu was down and out all his life, and his poem "Singing hard for a hundred years, not finding a bosom friend" (Du Fu's Southern Expedition). However, after his death, he was highly praised by Huang Fan, Han Yu, Yuan Zhen and Bai Juyi. Du Fu's poems have a profound influence on the literary thought of the New Yuefu Movement and Li Shangyin's modern allegorical current affairs poems. However, Du Fu's poems were widely valued after the Song Dynasty. Yu Wang, Wang Anshi, Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Lu You and others highly praised Du Fu, while Wen Tianxiang regarded Du Fu's poems as a spiritual force to adhere to national integrity. The influence of Du Fu's poems has long gone beyond the scope of literature and art since ancient times. ..

For nearly a thousand years, there has been a trend of exclusive respect for Du Fu. In the Song Dynasty, there were many works about the chronology, classification and annotation of Du Fu's poems, such as Du Gongbu's Collection, Du Fu's Collection of Nine Poems, Notes on Poems in Du Gongbu Caotang by Lu and Cai Mengbi, and Notes on Poems in Du Gongbu by Xu. There are more than 100 kinds of comments on Du Ji by later generations, among which Du Gongbu's Notes on Du Ji, Qiu's Detailed Notes on Du Shi, Yang Lun's Jing Quan of Du Shi and Pu Qilong's Interpretation are widely circulated. There are biographies of Du Fu in both old and new Tang books. After the Song Dynasty, there were a lot of words to comment and explain Du Fu's poems. Tang and Song Dynasties were edited by Zhonghua Book Company, 1964. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Wang Siyou had Du Yi, who kept Du Shi Shuo. In addition, Zhonghua Book Company also compiled the more important papers since the May 4th Movement into "Essays on Du Fu Studies". Biographies and new research monographs include Feng Zhi's Biography of Du Fu, Xiao Difei's Study of Du Fu, Fu Gengsheng's On Du Fu's Poetry and Zhu Dongrun's On Du Fu's Narrative. More detailed chronicles include Wen Yiduo's Notes on Mr. Shaoling's Chronology and Du Fu's Chronology of Sichuan Institute of Literature and History Research.

Du Fu (7 12-770), with beautiful words, was born in Yaowan, Gongxian County, Henan Province. He was born in a bureaucratic family of "obeying Confucianism and observing officials". Du Yu, the thirteenth ancestor, was a famous soldier in the Western Jin Dynasty. His grandfather was a famous poet in the era of Wu Zetian, and his father was Sima of Yanzhou and magistrate of Fengtian County. Therefore, he also enjoys the privilege of not paying taxes and refusing to perform military service. This class background stipulates that Du Fu cannot become a poet who loves the people without a hard process, which is exactly what Du Fu's life path and creative path show.

Du Fu's life can be divided into four periods. Before the age of thirty-five, it was his study and strong travel period. At this time, it coincided with the heyday of Kaiyuan, and the economic situation was good, which was the fastest growing period in his life. The poet was "studious" since he was a child and began to recite poems at the age of seven. His hard study of "reading thousands of books" and "secretly reading thousands of books" prepared sufficient conditions for his creation. From the age of 20, he ended his school life and began a "strong patrol" for more than ten years. Go south to wuyue first, and then go north to Zhao Qi. When I traveled in Qi and Zhao, I had the friendship of "brothers" with Su Yuanming, Gao Shi, Li Bai and others. Sometimes I called eagles to chase animals and hunt for fun, and sometimes I climbed mountains to reminisce about the past and drank poems. During this long heroic journey, the poet came into contact with the incomparable rich cultural background and magnificent rivers and mountains of our motherland, which not only enriched his life, but also broadened his vision and mind, and brought quite a strong romantic color to his early poems. The poem "Wang Yue" can represent. "Once you climb to the top of the mountain, you will see that all the other mountains look short under the sky." It shows the poet's ambition for all undertakings (including creation). However, due to this lifestyle, it is impossible to get close to the people and go deep into reality. Therefore, as a great realistic poet, this is only a preparation period for his creation.

Du Fu's approach to realism began in the second period (35 to 44 years old) when he was confined in Chang 'an for ten years. This was the brewing period of the Anshi Rebellion, and the traitors Li and Yang were in power. Du Fu not only failed to realize his political ambition of "respecting the monarch and being virtuous", but also began to live a humiliating life of "raising a rich family in the morning and fattening at dusk", and even often went hungry and frozen: "Hunger is ten days, so why not hang up your clothes?" "Suffering from hunger and cold, Du Fu once thought about retiring and becoming Chao Fu and Xu You, but he did not shy away from hardships, but resolutely embarked on the road of actively joining the WTO. This is an important opportunity. Life tortured Du Fu and perfected Du Fu, so that he gradually penetrated into people's lives and saw the sufferings of the people and the sins of the ruling class, thus writing realistic masterpieces such as Chedian, Two Roads, and Going to Fengxian to pay homage. As a result of ten years' confinement, Du Fu became a poet who cared about the country and the people. This determines the direction of Du Fu's life path and creative path.

Forty-five to forty-eight years old is the third period of Du Fu's life, and catching thieves is the official period. This is the most violent period of An Shi Rebellion. The country was in peril, the people suffered great disasters, and the poet also experienced difficulties and obstacles. In northern Shaanxi, he fled with the people. In the secluded Chang 'an, he witnessed the slaughter and looting of Hu people, and felt the pain of the country's destruction and death with the people. In order to devote himself to restoring his career, he escaped from Chang 'an alone and came to Fengxiang. From these poems, we can imagine the dangers at that time, such as "living today, temporarily in a different place", "Ma Xie sees the son of heaven, and his sleeves show two elbows". After getting rid of the thief, he was appointed as a left scavenger. This is an admonition officer who is very close to the emperor. In his first month as an admonition officer, he went to save the housing officer because he was "desperate", but unexpectedly he angered Su Zong and was fined several times. Since then, he has been denounced repeatedly, but he has also gained many opportunities to go deep into people's lives. On the way back from Fengxiang to Luzhou, in Qiang Village and on Xin 'an Road, he saw all kinds of horrors. He cried with his elders and mothers who sent their children to the battlefield. The Anshi Rebellion was a national contradiction, and the war at that time was a self-defense war related to the survival of the country. Therefore, Du Fu's attitude towards the war is different from before, not opposing, but actively appealing. He mourned the "40,000 rebels" who died for his country. He warned civil and military officials to "sweep the guns with all their strength." On the one hand, he vigorously exposed the darkness of military service and sympathized with the people; On the one hand, we still encourage people to take part in the war. Because he went deep into people's lives and devoted himself to practical struggles, he wrote a series of well-known and patriotic poems, such as For Sorrow, Ai Jiangtou, Hope in Spring, Qiang Village, Northern Expedition, Car Wash Horse, Three Officials and Three Farewells, which reached the peak of realism.

"I am full of sadness and trouble because people travel far away." In July 759, Du Fu abandoned his official position and went through all kinds of hardships from Iowa to Qin Zhou and Tonggu. At the end of this year, he arrived in Chengdu, built a thatched cottage in the western suburbs of Chengdu, and began his last "wandering southwest" life. In 764 AD, he came to Shu again and recommended Du Fu as a thrifty staff officer to check Yuan Wailang of the Ministry of Industry (later called him "Du Gongbu"). He served as a shogun for six months. Besides, during the eleven years of wandering, he often lived the same life as others. He loves to associate with working people and hates bureaucrats, so he said, "I don't like going to the state capital, for I'm afraid people will think I'm real." Speaking of Mao Yu, the next House of Representatives is not embarrassed. "In these eleven years of wandering, Du Fu's life is still very bitter. The year he died, he was hungry for five days because he was fleeing the Tibetan rebellion. What is precious is that no matter how hard his life is, no matter where he wanders, he always cares about the safety of the country and the sufferings of the people. At the same time, he never forgot or relaxed his creation. During his wandering career of 1 1 year, he wrote more than 1000 poems. The thatched cottage was broken by the autumn wind, the banks of the Yellow River were recovered by the imperial army, Wu Lang reappeared, Tianfu Hunyin, General, the autumn scenery was prosperous, and Sui Yanxing were all masterpieces of this period. Different from the previous period, it is more lyrical and diversified. It is particularly noteworthy that the seven-character poem has been creatively endowed with great political and social content.

Du Fu wandered in Sichuan for eight or nine years, and in Hubei and Hunan for two or three years. In the winter of 2008, he died on a wrecked ship from Changsha to Yueyang. "The blood of the war is still there, and the voice of the army has been moved to this day." This is his last memory of his motherland and people. In the era when people are enslaved, it is natural to be a poet who cares about people's sufferings. 1983, the coffin parked in Yueyang was buried in Yanshi, which was the only time for his grandson Du to "clean up beggars". The poet's body has been wandering for 43 years.

From the above simple narration, we can see the relationship between Du Fu and the people, and how he became a great realistic poet.

Du Fu was deeply influenced by Confucianism, but he also criticized the negative aspects of Confucianism from his personal life experience. For example, Confucianism said, "If you are poor, you will be immune to it, and if you are up to it, you will help the world." Du Fu, no matter he is poor, wants to be both good and good on earth. Confucianism said: "If you are not in your position, you will not seek its politics." Du Fu, whether in office or not, wanted to govern the country! Although he was "helped by others", he said that "drawing the sword and dialing the decline of the year." Although "all countries are exhausted" and "all places are exhausted", he "won't cry" and "the danger is increasing". It is said by predecessors that many of Du Fu's five-meter poems can be "played", but in fact there are more than five meters. As we know, Confucianism also talks about "keeping love" and "valuing people", but at the same time it despises labor and the working people. Du Fu, on the other hand, is close to the working people, likes working, and is even willing to sacrifice himself for the happiness of the broad masses of people. Confucianism makes a strict distinction between China people and foreigners, but Du Fu got rid of this narrowness to some extent. He advocated peace with his neighbors and not fighting, so he said: "There is a limit to killing people, and countries have their own borders. If you can control aggression, how can you kill more people? " Therefore, he cherishes the good relationship between ethnic groups: "It seems that Wen Zanpu loves relatives more, but the good relationship between uncles and nephews is hard to give up!" (Recent News) criticized the Xuanzong War for destroying this relationship: "The court suddenly killed the princess with Song Shujiang!" ("I like to hear the slogan that thieves always have a way out")

In short, in Du Fu's own words, "worrying about Li Yuan in poor years" is his central idea, "willing to die when in trouble" is his consistent spirit, and "obeying the monarch and then making the custom" is his highest ideal and main means. He used these to ask and encourage his friends. He praised Yuan Jie and said, "Daozhou is worried about Li Shu, and his words are full of enthusiasm." He said to Yanwu, "If you are on the stage, don't love yourself when you are in danger." He said to Pei Qiu, "Here you are, Yao Shun, Fu Gong, etc. I have long been told to die. " It is these progressive thoughts that formed Du Fu's political enthusiasm, perseverance and optimistic spirit, which made him the most political great poet in the history of our country. Of course, this is also inseparable from his life practice of being close to the people.

Due to the limitation of time and class, Du Fu could not deny the status of the emperor. Bai Juyi said that "the hive and the ant nest are divided into monarch and minister", which is also natural. It should be pointed out that although Du Fu accepted the Confucian idea of loyalty to the monarch, his loyalty to the monarch was based on patriotism and love for the people. Because of this, on the one hand, he has great illusions about the emperor, hoping to "block everyone" through the emperor's "order to reduce taxes and levies"; On the other hand, he also wrote, "Tang Yao is really sacred. How much do you know about that wild old man? " "The son of heaven is more gracious and lonely all his life!" Such as poems that directly satirize the emperor, he is more brave to expose the crimes of powerful officials endangering the country and the people.

Du Fu (7 12-770), with beautiful words, is one of the most famous poets in the history of China, and is called "Poet Saint". After the Anshi Rebellion, he went into exile in Chengdu in the second year of Tang Dynasty (759) and lived in a hut near Huaxi. Du Fu Caotang is Du Fu's former residence, located on the Huanhua River in the western suburbs of Chengdu. Du Fu arrived in Chengdu in the drift from place to place, and with the help of his friends, he built a thatched cottage by the Huanhua River in the west of the city. He lived here for nearly four years and wrote more than 240 poems. Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night and the Cabin Broken by Autumn Wind was written here. In order to commemorate this great poet, since the Northern Song Dynasty, some people have built gardens and temples in the poet's former residence for people to pay their respects. The thatched cottage where Du Fu lived no longer exists. The current thatched cottage is actually a beautiful garden built by later generations to commemorate Du Fu. The total area of the garden is about 300 mu, including Millennium Meiyuan, Lin Nan and Cuizhu. Streams and bridges crisscross the courtyard, adding infinite poetry to the poet's hometown.

In the "Freshman", there are Du Fu's panoramic views, traditional Chinese paintings and an introduction to Du Fu's life. In the middle of the "History Museum of Poetry" is Du Fu's singing sculpture, and rubbings, wooden tablets and couplets commemorating poets of past dynasties are hung between pilasters; The galleries on both sides display Du Fu's Poems and Paintings and calligraphy by modern painters. There are two stone carvings of Du Fu, Ming and Qing Dynasties and Shaoling Caotang. Later generations put the famous poets Huang Tingjian and Lu You, who were local officials in Sichuan at that time, in the temple. The "Caotang Bookstore" on the left and "Only Love Hangxuan" on the right of the "Ministry Temple" display the ancient versions of Du Fu's works and various foreign language translations since the Song Dynasty.

Du Fu's ci is very beautiful. Originally from Xiangyang (now Hubei), he was born in Gongxian County, Henan Province.

Because he lived near Shaoling in the south of the city when he was in Chang 'an, he called himself Shaoling at night. When I was in Chengdu, I was recommended as a foreign minister, a staff officer and a proofreader. Later generations also called him Du Shaoling and Du Gongbu.

Du Fu's grandfather Du Fu, who grew up in a family with a literary tradition of "following Confucianism", was a famous poet in the post-Wu period and a member of the official catering department. His father, Du Xian, served as Sima of Yanzhou and magistrate of Fengtian County. He began to learn poetry at the age of 7, and at the age of 15, poetry attracted the attention of Luoyang celebrities. From the age of 20, his life can be divided into four periods.

The roaming period was from the 19th year of Xuanzong Kaiyuan (73 1) to the 4th year of Tianbao (745). Du Fu wandered for a long time twice. The first time was in Jiangnan. He has been to Jinling and Gusu, crossed Zhejiang, and went boating in Tunxi until he reached the foot of Tianmu Mountain. In the twenty-third year of Kaiyuan, he returned to Luoyang to take the Jinshi exam and was not admitted. The following year, he began to roam Qi and Zhao for the second time. In his later years, he recalled the scene at that time: "On the occasion of Qi and Zhao, Qiu Ma was quite wild." During these two wanderings, he saw the beautiful and majestic mountains and rivers of the motherland, absorbed the cultures of Jiangnan and Shandong, broadened his horizons and enriched his knowledge. In the 29th year of Kaiyuan, he lived in shouyangshan between Luoyang and Yanshi. He may have been married to his wife Yang Tianbao for three years and met Li Bai in Luoyang. They traveled around Qilu, visited Taoism to find friends, talked about poetry and papers, and sometimes talked about current affairs, and formed a profound friendship. The following autumn, Du Fu will go west to Chang 'an, and Li Bai will revisit Jiangdong. They broke up in Yanzhou and never met again. Du Fu wrote many touching poems in memory of Li Bai.

At this time, the Tang Dynasty was still relatively strong, and the granary was quite substantial. However, Xuanzong began to exult and expand the frontier, consuming a lot of manpower and material resources, and an unstable crisis was lurking in the society. Du Fu had a premonition about this, but he didn't face it squarely. He leads a romantic life of climbing mountains, wading, singing and hunting. According to his own account, there may be hundreds of poems he wrote during this period, but only 20 poems have been handed down, mainly five-character poems and five-character ancient poems. Although there are some excellent works such as Wang Yue, on the whole, they have not surpassed the level of famous poets in Du period.

During the Chang 'an period, from the fifth year of Tianbao to the fourteenth year of Tianbao, Du Fu lived in Chang 'an for 10 years, and his life, thoughts and creation all changed greatly. He went to Chang 'an to get an official position and make achievements. In the sixth year of Tianbao, people with skills were selected by Xuanzong to Kyoto, and Du Fu took the exam. However, due to Li's destruction, a famous China book, no candidate was selected. In the tenth year of Tianbao, Xuanzong held three grand ceremonies to worship Laozi, Imperial Palace and Heaven and Earth. Du Fu wrote three "Gifts", which was appreciated by Xuanzong, and ordered the Prime Minister to examine his writings, ready to go, and no more. He kept writing poems and giving them to powerful people, hoping to get their recommendation, but to no avail. Finally, You Wei led the government to join Cao Jun, which was the last day of Du Fu's stay in Chang 'an and the eve of An Shi Rebellion.

Xuanzong in his later years completely changed the excellent political style of making great efforts in Kaiyuan period. There was a prime minister who was corrupt and arrogant, but he was militaristic, and he himself enjoyed himself in the palace. The people were brutally exploited by exorbitant taxes and levies. Du Fu was "trapped in food and clothing". In order to make a living, he had to go in and out of the aristocratic mansion, act as a "guest", accompany them to sing poems and write poems, drink and have fun, and get a little support. At the same time, he made some friends as poor as himself, and also made extensive contact with the working people. His footprints range from mean streets to noble gardens, from Qujiang, where high-rise buildings and pavilions compete for luxury, to xian yangqiao, where people must go before they start recruiting. The failure of official career requirements made him objectively understand the corruption of the ruling class, and his personal hunger and cold made him realize the sufferings of the people. These two completely different lives are reflected in Du Fu's poems. Eleven years after Tianbao, he wrote immortal masterpieces such as Garage Shop, Two Roads, Before the Fortress and After the Fortress, and began to add new contents and new expressions to the poems at that time. In the winter of the 14th year of Tianbao, Du Fu visited his wife in Fengxian and wrote "From Beijing to Fengxian, I want to recite 500 words", expressing the deep affection of "worrying about Li Yuan in poor years, sighing hot in the intestines", summarizing the sharp social contradictions with "the wine and meat in Zhumen stink, and the road freezes to death", and describing the family situation of "My youngest son is hungry and dead". This is his ten years.

There are more than 100 poems handed down in this period, most of which are ancient poems with five or seven words.

Zuo Shi was exiled from Su Zong to Deyuanzai (756) and Gan Yuan for two years (759). After the Anshi Rebellion, he went south and quickly occupied Luoyang and Chang 'an. Du Fu is now in Zhangzhou. He heard that Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty fled to the west of Sichuan and Su Zong ascended the throne in Lingwu, so he settled his family in Qiang village in the north of the city and went north to Lingwu alone. Unfortunately, the rebels stopped him and sent him to Chang 'an. Du Fu was trapped by a thief for nearly half a year. He looked at the solemn and desolate capital and listened to the news that Tang Jun was wiped out twice in Chen Tao and Qing Osaka. He was filled with grief and indignation, and wrote poems such as Sad Chen Tao, Sad Qing Osaka, Spring Hope and Love for the Head of the River. In April of the second year of Zhide (757), Du Fu risked his life to escape from Chang 'an and went to Fengxiang, the temporary residence of Su Zong, and was appointed as the left addendum. Soon after, Su Zong was offended and tried for saving the house. In August, he returned to visit his wife in Luzhou, and finished the long poem "Northern Expedition", which is comparable to "From Beijing to Fengxian 500 Words", depicting the desolate scene on the journey and the poverty at home.

Expressed their views on the current situation.

In September this year, Tang Jun recovered Chang 'an and Luoyang in October. Su Zong 10 returned to Beijing at the end of October, and Du Fu also returned to Chang 'an at this time, still serving as the left gleaning. In May of the following year, Du Fu was transferred to Sigong of Huazhou to join the army under the influence of the struggle between Su Zongxin and Xuanzong. Say goodbye to Chang 'an from now on.

The following spring in Gan Yuan, Du Fu went to Henan to visit his former residence. On his way home, he witnessed the sufferings of the people under the cruel oppression of officials, and wrote six famous poems, such as Xin 'an Official, Tongguan Official, Shihu Official, Wedding Farewell and Farewell to the Old and Homeless, which were called "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells" by later generations.

It was early summer when Du Fu returned to Iowa. At this time, Li was in power in the imperial court, and the old minister room of Xuanzong was excluded. Disappointed with politics, Du Fu resolutely abandoned his official position in early autumn to explore Qin Zhou. Less than April in Qin Zhou, I went to Tonggu in early winter; After staying in Tonggu for a month, I set foot on the difficult Shu Road and arrived in Chengdu at the end of the year.

The Anshi Rebellion was the turning point of the Tang Dynasty from prosperity to decline, and great social, political and economic changes took place. Politically, the imperial court lost its centralized ruling power at home and could not resist the invasion of barbarians abroad; Economically, due to years of war and natural disasters, the countryside is in depression, and the exploitation of the people by the ruling class has intensified, resulting in a sharp drop in population and a decline in productivity. Du Fu himself has experienced very complicated changes: exile, being trapped in a thief, being left behind by the emperor, exile in China, living on the desolate Luoyang Road, living in Sichuan-there is a great disparity in personnel relations and natural environment. This kind of life experience is better than Chang 'an period.

It is much richer and more difficult, so there are many kinds of poems, and more than 200 poems have been handed down, most of which are masterpieces of Du Fu's poems.

Wandering in the southwest, from the first year of the reign of Su Zong Shang Yuan (760) to the fifth year of the reign of Da Li (770). 1 1 year, Du Fu spent eight years in Shu and three years in Jingxiang. Du Fu said that he was "wandering in the southwest between heaven and earth" in Kuizhou (Ode to Monument). In fact, he has lived in Chengdu for five years and his life is relatively stable. In the spring of the first year of Shangyuan, a thatched cottage was built near Huanhuaxi in the west of Chengdu, ending four years of exile and obtaining a place to live. He left the troubled and sorrowful Central Plains, and his eyes showed a beautiful pastoral scene. Flowers, birds, insects and fish seem to be attentive to him, which makes him temporarily rest from years of hard work and anxiety. He also wrote many poems, praising nature with infinite love. However, he never forgot those people who were exiled and had nowhere to live. In "The Song of Autumn Wind Breaking the Cottage", he sang the famous sentence "There are thousands of spacious buildings in Qian Qian, and the poor in the world are happy."

At the end of last year, he came to Chengdu and served as Yin and Yu Shi of Chengdu, giving Du Fu a lot of help. In July of the first year of Daizong Baoying (762), Yanwu was called into Korea. Chengdu Shaoyin and Xu Yushi knew that he had defected in Chengdu, and Du Fu went into exile in Zizhou and Langzhou.

In the spring of Baoying, the Anshi Rebellion, which lasted for 78 years, ended. Du Fu was ecstatic when he heard the news and thought there was hope to return to Luoyang. He blurted out the seven laws that the two sides of the Yellow River were recaptured by the imperial army, expressing his inner joy. This is the happiest song of Du Fu's life. However, happiness is only a flash in the pan The chaos in China has not been clarified. Tubo in the west invaded on a large scale and captured Chang 'an in October. Du Fu expressed infinite concern about this: "Is Xijing safe?" No one came. "He wrote many poems and expounded his political thoughts.

In the spring of the second year of Guangde (764), he was appointed as Yin and Jiannan in Chengdu, and Du Fu returned to Chengdu in March. Yanwu recommended Du Fu as the foreign minister of our staff and the Ministry of Industry. Du Fu lived in the shogunate of our province for several months. Not used to shogunate life, he repeatedly asked to return to the thatched cottage. Finally, Yanwu agreed to his request. In April of the first year of Yongtai (765), Yanwu died suddenly, and Du Fu lost his dependence. In May, he had to lead his family to leave the thatched cottage and take a boat to the east. "Five guests in Shu county, one year in Zizhou" ("Going to Shu") ended the first half of Du Fu's "wandering southwest".

Du Fu arrived in Yun 'an in September and was unable to move forward due to illness. It was not until the next spring that his condition improved that he moved to Kuizhou. He lived in Kuizhou for less than two years, and his creation is very rich, with more than 400 poems, accounting for more than two-seventh of Du Fu's poems. The poem praises the poor working people in Kuizhou, describes the steep mountains and rivers here, reflects the turmoil in Sichuan and the yearning for Chang 'an and Luoyang, and the number of nostalgic works has increased greatly. But his health is getting worse and worse, malaria, lung disease, wind