In the early Song Dynasty, the relations of production in Xia Chuan were relatively backward. Land concentration is particularly serious. Powerful landlords serve dozens, hundreds or even thousands of "border people". They have been handed down from generation to generation and are regarded as slaves. In addition to paying the rent from Hu Hao, the border households also bear the taxes and labor of the government. After the destruction of Shu in the Song Dynasty, in addition to levying two taxes and other "regular taxes" on Shu people, Mai Bo service was also set up in Chengdu to recruit farmers from various states to weave some exquisite silk fabrics, prohibit merchants from selling and farmers from selling them, and "collect" tea profits, thus cutting off the livelihood of people in Sichuan Gorge. In February of the fourth year of Chunhua (993), under the leadership of Wang Xiaobo, the neighboring households launched an armed resistance struggle in Qingcheng County (now south of guanxian, Sichuan) of Yongkang Army (see Wang Xiaobo and Li Shun Uprising).
Wang Xiaobo declared: "I've had enough of the inequality between the rich and the poor, and now I'm yours!" " It immediately won a wide response from the people of Sichuan and Chongqing. The insurgents captured Qingcheng, moved to Qiongzhou (now Qionglai, Sichuan) and Zhou Shu (now Chongqing, Sichuan), and then attacked pengshan county, Meizhou. The insurgents executed pengshan county Lingqi Yuan Zhen, who was corrupt and harmed the people, and distributed the gold and silver silk he collected to the farmers. The uprising team has grown to more than ten thousand people. Wang Xiaobo died in the battle, and the insurgents elected Li Shun as their leader. Li Shun continued to carry out the idea of balancing the rich and the poor. Wherever the rebels went, except for their daily needs, they distributed the property and food of the "rich people in the village" to the poor farmers. In the first month of the fifth year of Chunhua, the rebels captured the capital mansion, and Li Shun was named "Dashu" and "Shilai", occupying a vast area south of Jianguan and west of Wuxia. Song Taizong was surprised and immediately sent two armies to Jianmen (now Jiange North, Sichuan) and Xialu respectively. Li Shunyuan tried to send troops to occupy the Jianmen plank road before Song Dajun entered Shu, but failed. Song Jun occupied the plank road and was able to move forward. Li Shun also died heroically in the battle. The rest of the insurgents, under the leadership of Zhang Yu, Wang Cormorant and others, persisted in fighting in southern Sichuan and eastern Sichuan until they finally failed in the second year of Daoguang (996). After the failure of the uprising, the Song Dynasty cancelled the service of Mai Bo in Chengdu and adjusted the feudal relations of production in Xia Chuan.
Peasant and soldier uprising in the mid-Northern Song Dynasty
In the early years of Song Zhenzong, the defenders of Yizhou (now Chengdu, Sichuan) revolted under the leadership of Wang Jun, occupied Yizhou and established the Great Shu State. A few years after the failure of the Wang Jun Uprising, soldiers from Yizhou (now Yishan, Guangxi) launched an uprising led by Jin Chen, and made Lu Chengjun the king of Nanping. They persisted in the struggle for three or four months. During the period of Song Renzong and Yingzong, small-scale peasant uprisings and soldiers' struggles broke out in various places. Among them, Wang Lun Uprising, Zhang Hai Guo Miaoshan Uprising and Wang Ze Uprising are the most popular. In the third year of Li Qing (1043), in May, more than 100 people in Yizhou, JD.COM Road (now Linyi, Shandong Province) revolted under the leadership of Wang Lun, killing Governor Zhu Jin, and the number of uprising soldiers expanded at any time, heading south to Huainan Road. Song Tinglan was extremely shocked. In July, Song Jun was besieged, the rebels were defeated, and Wang Lun was captured and sacrificed in Historical Records. In the same year, during the drought in Shaanxi Province, more than a thousand farmers in Shangzhou (now Shangxian County, Shaanxi Province) revolted under the leadership of Zhang Hai, Guo Miaoshan, Dangjunzi and Li Tiegun, and became active in "more than ten counties in the west of Beijing, covering thousands of miles", and officials fled in succession. More than 500 Xuanwei soldiers stationed in Guanghua Army (now north of Laohekou, Hubei Province) defected under the leadership of Shao Xing and cooperated with the insurgents. Shao Xingbing entered Xingyuan Prefecture (now Hanzhong, Shaanxi Province) and defeated Song Jun. The Song Dynasty brutally suppressed the rebels with heavy troops. At the end of the year, Zhang Hai and Shao Xing died in succession, and the uprising failed. In November of the seventh year of Li Qing, Wang Ze of Xuanyijun Primary School in Lubei Prefecture, Hebei Province (now Qinghe, Hebei Province) also launched a mutiny, using Maitreya to secretly contact soldiers and farmers in Dezhou, JD.COM Road (now Lingxian, Shandong Province) and Jizhou (now Jinan, Shandong Province). After the king occupied Zhoubei, he was named Anyang after the founding of the People's Republic of China and was called the king of Dongping County. He changed his name to Desheng (Saint) and set up an official. In the Song Dynasty, several armies were mobilized, and Wen Yanbo, who participated in politics, presided over the suppression. After more than 60 days of hard struggle, the uprising was brutally suppressed.
The contradiction between the peasants and the landlord class and ruling group in the Northern Song Dynasty became increasingly acute. The resistance struggle of farmers and soldiers is "more and more year by year, and a fire (gang) is stronger than a fire". The combination of soldiers' struggle and peasant uprising is a remarkable feature of class struggle in this period.
In the mid-Northern Song Dynasty, Song Taizu, a huge and corrupt army and bureaucracy, chose to practice the imperial army. As a regular army, during Kaibao (968-976), the imperial army193,000, and the Xiang army185,000. In Song Renzong, in order to fight against Xixia, strengthen internal repression and recruit soldiers from all walks of life, the number of imperial soldiers surged to more than 800,000. In the first year of you (1049), the total reached1400,000, the highest in the Song Dynasty. The cost of raising soldiers in the Song Dynasty was as high as 78/ 10 of the total national fiscal revenue.
After making peace with Liao, soldiers usually lack training, don't understand war, and are used to arrogance and laziness. The imperial army had to hire people to carry grain, and the cavalry on the Shaanxi border could not put on armor. The imperial guards transferred from the south claimed that they could not fight, and they were scared to death when they saw the enemy. The imperial army on the border of Hebei province is "arrogant and extravagant, and the food is rotten." The generals are either "Wan Qi teenagers" or "expelled from their old schools", and the training is even more nominal. Soldiers in border counties usually sit in the grain army. In case of police, they "can't hold hands, and their eyes can't distinguish their signs." Coupled with the frequent turnover of generals, soldiers don't know the generals, and they don't know the soldiers, so that the generals and soldiers don't belong to each other in combat, and the command fails. Song Zhenzong and Injong often adopted the method of "controlling from the middle" formulated by Song Taizong, and made their own battle plans. When they got cold feet, they gave them to the generals to command the battle as planned, so they were defeated repeatedly.
In the Song Dynasty, the bureaucracy became bigger and bigger, and more and more people entered the government through the ways of being a son, imperial examination, conscription, military service, and graduation of petty officials. During the reign of Emperor Zhenzong, there were more than 9,700 civil and military officials. The number of people in the Forbidden City in Song Renzong (1049 ~ 1054) has increased to more than17,000, not including the officials, envoys and candidates in Beijing who did not go to court. Song Yingzong, increased to twenty-four thousand. Outside the official, there are countless people waiting to be assigned vacancies. "There is no shortage of one person, and ten people contend. Juman Road is full and Zilin attacks."
In a huge bureaucracy, everything is stuck in a rut, flaunting itself as a rut. Some people have a clear understanding of state affairs, that is, they are accused of being happy and making trouble; No matter at that time, mentioning what Chen said was an accusation of "selling". Officials take "following the advice of the silent" as a tactic, fearing that they will take responsibility or attract criticism when something happens, which will affect their official positions. Decadent bureaucracy and apathy enveloped the whole Song government. At the same time, ministers competed to "expand the market and strive for heavy profits", and civil and military officials followed suit. In Song Renzong, "powerful officials and rich surnames occupy infinite fields, and mergers and acquisitions are forged, which is a common practice, but they are forbidden", and "ministers or ministers occupy fields or thousands of hectares without knowing it". With the development of land annexation, the contradiction between landlords and feudal countries and farmers has become increasingly acute.
Peasant Uprising in the Late Northern Song Dynasty
The extremely decadent and dark rule at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty seriously damaged social production. More and more farmers are bankrupt, and it has become a historical necessity that "the people are not living well, so they all steal".
Fang La Uprising
Liangzhe Road is the most economically developed area in the Northern Song Dynasty. A large part of the wealth of feudal countries came from here. In Song Huizong, Ying Fengju, Hua Shigang, etc. The peasants and craftsmen in this area were plundered and enslaved, and the social order was unstable. In the second year of Xuanhe (1 120), farmers in Qingxi County, Zhou Mu (now northwest of Chun 'an, Zhejiang Province) revolted under the leadership of Fang La.
Fang La (Fang) is the landlord of Gangyuan Cave in Wannian Township, Qingxi, and the servant of Bao Zhengfang (Fang La is said to be the owner of the lacquer garden). 10.9, Fang La led the peasants under the guise of "winning God's will", and a family-by-family killer appeared, and the banner of righteousness was unveiled for the first time. Farmers from far and near responded to the news and quickly developed to tens of thousands. The rebel army honored Fang La as a "saint", changed the Yuan Dynasty to Yongle, and put the general in the sixth category. In the first three months of the uprising, more than 50 counties in six States, including Mu (now Jiande East, Zhejiang Province), Shexian (now Shexian County, Anhui Province), Hangzhou, Wu (now Jinhua, Zhejiang Province), Qu (now Quxian, Zhejiang Province) and Chu (now northwest of Lishui, Zhejiang Province), were captured successively. Suzhou, Huzhou Gui 'an (now Zhejiang) Lu Hanger, Wuzhou Lanxi Lingshan Cave (now southwest of Zhejiang Lanxi), Wubang, Yongkang Fangyanshan (now Yongkang East of Zhejiang) Chen and others responded to the uprising. Taizhou Xianju Lu Shirang, Yuezhoushan County (now Shengxian County, Zhejiang Province) Qiu Rixin (Taoist enemy) and so on. It also led to the response of the local Manichaean secret organization.
In the first month of the third year of Xuanhe, Song Huizong sent Tong Guan to lead the Imperial Army of Gyeonggi and Shaanxi soldiers150,000. When Song Jun attacked Hangchow, the rebels were defeated and retreated to Qingxi. Zhangzhou, Zhou Mu and Qingxi successively fell into the hands of Song Jun. Fang La led the others to retreat to Fuyuan Cave. At the end of April, Song Jun besieged Bangyuan and launched a general assault. The rebels fought, and more than 70,000 people died heroically. Fang La was exhausted and captured. In August, Fang La died heroically. The rest of the insurgents scattered in eastern Zhejiang, insisted on fighting until March of the fourth year of Xuanhe, and finally failed.
Sung River Uprising (1111121)
In the first year of Huihe (1 1 18), Hebei and JD.COM were flooded, and poor farmers were displaced and had no livelihood. Shortly before December of the first year of Xuanhe (119), Song Jiang led the peasants on JD.COM Road to hold an uprising. Insurgents are active in Hebei, JD.COM and Huainan. About before and after the failure of the Fang La Uprising, thirty-six leaders, including Song Jiang, accepted the acceptance of the Song Dynasty, and the Uprising failed.
Uprising in Johnny and Gaotuoshan.
After the failure of Fang La and Sung River Uprising, Song Huizong and Cai Jing paid a lot of money to redeem Yanjing (now Beijing) and its six nearby states. The supplies of Yanjing garrison and officials were shared among the people in Hebei, Shandong, Henan and Hedong, and had to be transported to Yanjing to pay. In order to transport a stone of grain, it costs a dozen to twenty stones along the way, which has caused great disasters to the people in this area. Subsequently, Wang Nai raised her husband's exemption money all over the country, amounting to 62 million yuan. State and county officials exhausted their efforts and fished for the people, worried. Coupled with years of famine, they are starving everywhere. In the fifth year of Xuanhe, farmers in Hebei and JD.COM revolted one after another, ranging from a few hundred to several thousand, and many reached tens of thousands and hundreds of thousands. Johnny, located in Mianzhou, Hebei Province (now Yongnian East, Hebei Province), once besieged Zhou Xun (now Xunxian County, Henan Province) for five days. Liu Guangshi led Song Jun to suppress, and Johnny died. Gaotuo Mountain in Hebei Province rose from Xianshan Mountain, claiming to be 300,000 people, and moved to Hebei, Lu Qing (now Yidu, Shandong Province), Xu (now Jiangsu Province), Mi (now Zhucheng, Shandong Province) and Iraq (now Linyi, Shandong Province). In the seventh year of Xuanhe, Yang Weizhong and Xin Xingzong were defeated, and Gaotuo Mountain fell into the hands of the Song Dynasty. Zhang Xian (Zhang Xian, Zhang Wanxian), a native of Qingzhou, JD.COM Road, led the Rebel Army because of his daring, claiming to be 100,000 people. In the same year, in Yizhou Yigushan, he fought against Song Jun and failed. Zhang Xian accepted the song dynasty's "woo". Sun Lie, the leader of Jinan Prefecture, claimed to be a local 100,000 peasants and occupied Huazi Mountain. In the first year of Jingkang (1 126), Fang Pingjun in Song and Liang Dynasties was defeated. The peasant army led by Wu Hu of Linyi, Yizhou, Yang Tianwang of Beijing Daming House (now northeast of Daming, Hebei), Prince Li of Yunzhou (now Dongping, Shandong), Xu Jin of Yizhou, and Liu Dalang of Mizutaniyama also claimed to have more than 10,000 people. Wherever these uprising teams went, they either killed landlords and bureaucrats, attacked counties, or gathered in valleys, taking high mountains as their stronghold and erected the banner of the uprising. "The patrol did not dare to resist, and the county and township did not dare to keep it."