First, the use of comparative materials.
● Technical explanation:
The comparison of material use is to compare and contrast two things with similar or opposite properties, and deduce the similarities or differences between them, so that the conclusion can be drawn in generate.
"I like prose and novels, but poetry is my favorite." This kind of similar progressive association is the key to thinking with similar materials. "I like bold and unconstrained, and I hate graceful and restrained words; I like to look at the future optimistically and hate to think pessimistically. " It is the key to thinking to use positive and negative contrast materials to make this black-and-white prominent and distinct association.
The first trick: similar expansion, point connection, to show the law.
Component fragment 1:
Treat friendship sincerely, and true feelings cultivate friendship. When a friend is happy, we share happiness with him; When a friend is sad, we help him share the sadness and pain; When a friend is at a loss, we encourage him and point him in the right direction. Friendship makes people see light in darkness, kindness in evil, and the light of human nature in ruthlessness.
(20 12 Tianjin college entrance examination excellent composition "feel love, be grateful for love" fragment)
In this paragraph, when expounding that "when treating friendship, we should feel it with sincerity and cultivate it with true feelings", we introduced three ways to cultivate friendship when friends are happy and when friends are sad and confused, and skillfully showed the ways to cultivate friendship. In this way, the more obvious and convincing the truth to be expounded when the same kind is unfolded and connected, the more vivid the theme of the article is.
Component 2:
He comes from humble origins, but he has lofty ideals. Many years ago, he played a Song Bing in the 1983 version of The Legend of the Condor Heroes. In order to add a little drama, he asked the director to arrange for Mei Chaofeng to kill him with both hands, but was told that he could only kill him with one hand. This little guy, who was called a "walk-on" when he was young, burst into laughter in front of the director's interview performance for the first time, but he continued to think and constantly "advised" the director until he became a director in 2002. That year, he won the Oscar for Best Director. He is Stephen Chow.
In the 1990s, on a train bound for the west, he looked full of vigor and vitality, but his heart was very confused. At that time, he was very serious and often sat alone for hours without talking. Later, I switched to be a host. 1998, when the TV program he hosted was broadcast for the first time, he found that what he said was almost cut by the director. He asked his wife, as a producer, to prepare a notebook, record all the problems in his hosting, even the smallest ones, and then discuss and correct them one by one. Even though his net worth has exceeded 400 million today and he has become the most influential host in China, he still hasn't given up thinking about himself. He is Li Yong.
(20 1 2 fragment of excellent composition of Shandong college entrance examination "In fact, you can succeed")
Connect two famous people into a line and tell the readers vividly that everyone has a chance to succeed, depending on whether you have their perseverance and endurance.
The second trick: seek differences first, then seek common ground, and see the essence after comparison.
Composition fragment:
Have you found that some people in society only have interests but no responsibilities, only take without dedication? Such people tend to distinguish themselves clearly from others and society. At work, even if they are within the scope of their duties, they are pushing around. For extra work, they are "nothing to do, hanging high" and "I will never move no matter how the sky shakes". What's more, it is disgusting to turn a blind eye to the hidden dangers of accidents. Indifference between people makes society lose its vitality.
Have you ever found that there are still some people who only care about themselves and don't care about others. How do others seem to be right to him and have no gratitude for others' efforts? Such a person, when dealing with others at ordinary times, always feels that he is losing money and others owe him. How others treat him well, everyone takes it in stride and accepts it gladly. What's more, they are not only ungrateful, but also make a lot of money, turn a blind eye to other people's kindness and even take them to court. It's really disgusting to report that someone fell to the ground and someone came to help him, but falsely accused him of hitting someone.
(2065438+2002 national curriculum standard volume full score composition "Really grasp the leak, there are fragments in hand")
In a similar way, this clip fully analyzes the similarities and differences between "some people in society only care about interests without responsibility, only take without dedication" and "some people only care about themselves without others, so others should look good at them and have no gratitude for others' efforts". In analogy and comparison, readers can feel the selfishness of these people and then feel the society.
The third measure: the front is also expanded, and it is also expanded, cleverly setting off the contrast.
Composition fragment:
Many older people shed their blood for the liberation of New China and made immortal contributions. Some of them will become marshals with outstanding military achievements in the future, some will win the title of general, and more will have no post or title. Who among these soldiers galloping on the battlefield once boasted that "I will be a marshal in the future"?
On the contrary, Yuan Shikai dreamed of being a marshal, and he got it. He also became a great president, and even concocted a farce to claim the throne. He betrayed the country for the sake of glory, colluded with foreign invaders, and signed Article 21, which humiliated power and country, causing the general public to fall into dire straits. But the dust of history cannot blind people forever. In the end, Emperor Hongxian became the target of public criticism and soon became popular.
I died in the bristle. A national scum like him is a disgrace to the soldiers and cannot be immortal. Hitler, the number one fascist criminal, was ambitious. He started as a corporal, and soon stood out and became a heinous demon in World War II among terrorist groups. This arrogant war maniac persecuted and slaughtered Jews crazily, and openly despised peace. Many innocent people were displaced by his inhuman and bloody slaughter. The executioner with blood on his hands committed a heinous crime.
(20 1 2 Zhejiang college entrance examination excellent composition "Ordinary soldiers can shine" fragment)
Napoleon famously said, "A soldier who doesn't want to be a marshal is not a good soldier". It is true that it is difficult for soldiers without ambition to stand out from the crowd, but more ordinary soldiers at all times and in all countries did not want to be marshals at all, but they also won honors. This passage first uses the materials of revolutionary ancestors, and then selects two negative materials, Yuan Shikai and Hitler, to form a line, which profoundly explains the view that "the measure of a person's value is not whether his ideal is lofty or not, but whether his role is well played".
Second, the use of materials is subversive.
● Technical explanation:
As the western proverb says, dog bites dog is not news, but man bites dog is news. There are many subversive songs among the people, such as "Biting milk, drinking bread, carrying a bag on the train; East-west street, crisscrossing the north and south, going out to see people bite dogs; Pick up the dog and hit the brick, but I'm afraid the brick will bite my hand. "Deliberately put things upside down, give a person a sense of humor. If ordinary materials can be reversed in such a multi-angle, multi-level and multi-dimensional, they can also glow with different brilliance.
The first trick: deliberate misinterpretation and clever extension.
"Fishing for three days, drying the net for two days" was originally used to describe the lack of perseverance in doing things, but the clever author took advantage of the superficial meaning of the text and deliberately misinterpreted it as "arranging a certain time between fishing holidays and prohibiting fishing" to protect the sustainable development of fishery resources. This kind of subversion makes readers fall for it carelessly. After falling for it, they are not only annoyed, but admire the author's flickering skill.
Component fragment 1:
I want to sue Forbes magazine because it ignored me for no reason. In fact, I am also a rich man, and I am very rich. Do not believe you: I am alive, healthy and have a warm home: my wife is virtuous, I respect and love each other; Filial piety brings me endless happiness; My grandson is lively and lovely, which makes me laugh. My brothers and sisters are like my friends, and friends care about me like brothers and sisters. Some people really love me, although I have such shortcomings, I really love them. I only have four loyal readers. Although my works are poorly written, they read my works carefully, and I sincerely thank them for this. I have a house. There are many books in the house. I own a small piece of the world, which is an orchard, and give me sweet apples every year; I have a dog too. It won't sleep until I get home. It always welcomes me home happily, as if I were its sky and its land. My eyes can see, my ears can hear, my feet can walk, my hands can move, and my brain can think about things that have happened to others but I have never experienced.
(20 12 Jiangxi Volume Full Score Composition "Take stock of what I have and enjoy my happiness" fragment)
At the beginning, I was prepared to sue Forbes magazine, which aroused people's attention and made people feel that Forbes really had problems. I can't help reading it. It turns out that the original author changed his concept, "counting what I have", which is reasonable and convincing.
Component 2:
It is human nature to love beauty, so beauty salons, cosmetics, health care drugs and gyms have sprung up in large numbers, which has aroused many men, women and children to flock to it. However, many facts through the ages tell us that the beauty function of these things is limited, and even if everything is lost, it is difficult to stop the pace of aging; Even if it is soaked in cosmetics, it is difficult to erase the traces of time; What is particularly frustrating is that people who use these things to maintain their looks can't get rid of "vulgarity", which is really the biggest enemy of beauty and youth. So is there a better way to keep a good image and make people look good? Yes, just reading. Reading can not only beautify, but also be the best beauty in the world. Can not only beautify words and deeds, but also beautify temperament and charm. What is even more rare is that it can cultivate one's morality and beautify one's mind and soul.
(20 1 2 Liaoning college entrance examination excellent composition "Yan Ruyu in the book" fragment)
The author is good at "fooling" and began to affirm that people's pursuit of beauty is in line with nature, and a large number of beauty salons, cosmetics, health care drugs and gyms came into being. Then at a corner, he carefully analyzed and pointed out that these things have limited functions and are even harmful. Just when the readers feel helpless about the disappearance of beauty, the author shows his own views and opinions: reading is the best beauty.
The second trick: change the angle and see through the cause and effect.
Everything is connected. If you can change your perspective, no matter how old the material is, you can make wonderful works. For example, there may be many reasons for a classmate's recent progress in mathematics: maybe he found the right learning method, maybe he devoted more time and energy, maybe he took part in an off-campus math tutorial class, maybe the head teacher talked with him to correct his learning attitude, maybe his parents set up some kind of reward mechanism, maybe he was inspired by an example, maybe the math teacher's teaching level improved, and maybe he even fell in love with a girl whose math scores were among the best.
Composition fragment:
Many years ago, a woman in Brazil sued a famous football manufacturer on the grounds that football took away her husband and made her a "football widow". Incredibly, innocent manufacturers are willing to pay expensive compensation.
(20 12 Shandong college entrance examination excellent composition "creative, good success" fragment)
No pains, no gains, no pains, no gains. But in the era of global economy, the innocent punishment of manufacturers has become a wonderful advertisement. The importance of creativity to success can be seen.
The third measure: play the pipa.
All kindergarten children know that one plus one equals two, but a good writer can create one plus one equals three or other answers. People explain when they are anxious: a man and a woman get married and have children, and one plus one equals three; A flock of sheep merged into another flock, so how many sheep are there now?
Composition fragment:
We are all ordinary people. Who has practiced the diamond finger? Who can own a golden bell iron cloth shirt? In the process of pursuing success, self-confidence is ok, but don't overestimate yourself, and don't put your limited life into the stubbornness of exhausting people without paying their lives. Writing here, I seem to see many faces of my predecessors: Robinson told me that without "Friday", his island would be exhausted.
Will not end; Liu Bei told me that if there was no "Three Visits to the Cottage", not to mention the useless son Dou, even he himself would not be able to ascend to the throne; Newton told me that he was able to achieve his present achievements because he stood on the shoulders of others.
(20 12 "using all available power" fragment of excellent composition of Shandong college entrance examination)
This paper subverts the classics, finds another way, and advocates "learning to use all available forces". After attracting the attention of the marking teacher, the quotations are convincing.
Third, the use of parallel materials
● Technical explanation:
In argumentative writing, parallelism can make the expression separate and analyze, and explain the truth more strictly and thoroughly; In lyric writing, parallelism can gain motivation layer by layer and express the feelings of things incisively and vividly; Parallelism can be used to describe things vividly and carefully, thus making the article open-minded, clear-cut, concentrated and smooth, attracting the attention of the marking teacher and adding points to the article.
Component fragment 1:
Great things in the world must be done in the details. The so-called details are the punctuation of a beautiful article, the brick doors and windows of a tall building, the buttonhole of a fashionable needle and thread, the shoelaces of soldiers before marching, the rubber prepared before the exam, and the power supply for taking a look at the signal lights before the train leaves; It is the first white hair that comes out quietly from mom and dad's head, the eyes that poor students dodge when enjoying free soup in the canteen, and the kind smile they give strangers ... Details are like waves rising from the river, although some are fleeting and can't be found, there are always some special details that can touch our hearts, bloom in our memories, and even decide or shake our views and attitudes towards people and things.
In order to explain the meaning of details in detail, the author uses parallelism to introduce vivid details, making the expression magnificent and magnificent.
Component 2:
They all run on this glorious thorny road without clapping on the roadside. They all bravely provoked the beam of society and established a great reputation. Among them, there are Shen Congwen's poetic praise of Xiangxi culture, Ba Jin's deep accusation of old ethics, Mao Dun's profound analysis of social economy, and Guo Moruo's "Phoenix Nirvana Cry" ... They all bravely participated in this battle and finally opened a new era.
(20 1 2 Zhejiang college entrance examination excellent composition "glorious thorn road" fragment)
This passage begins with "They are all running on this glorious thorny road, and the roadside doesn't applaud", and uses the method of parallelism to string together four carriages of Shen Congwen, Ba Jin, Mao Dun and Guo Moruo, and finally opens the back door, revealing the expression intention that "they all bravely participated in this battle and finally opened up a new era". The theme is clear and the argument is strong.
Fourth, the use of causal materials.
● Concept interpretation:
Causality in the use of materials is to comment, analyze and judge the materials presented by description, narration and quotation. , so as to get through the causal relationship between materials and themes, make materials highly consistent with themes, and enhance the persuasiveness and appeal of the article.
The first trick: first the material and then the finishing touch.
Composition fragment:
I remember when I was in junior high school, I quarreled with my mother because of a little thing, so I got angry and went to school without dinner. I began to be hungry after studying at night, and regretted not filling my stomach before going out. At the moment I left school, I saw my mother coming up to me with a steaming chicken leg and said, "Son, are you hungry?" Eat quickly! " "Tears welled up in my eyes, and I began to reflect: they cared for my healthy and happy growth with silent love, but I took this love for granted, even tired of my mother's chatter and my father's harsh criticism, but I didn't know that such affection needed to be remembered and rewarded with gratitude. Learn to feel the noble and selfless love of parents, and learn to thank parents for their efforts without regrets.
(20 1 2 Tianjin College Entrance Examination Excellent Composition "Learn to be grateful" fragment)
With vivid description, it shows the material of "My mother and I are at odds, and my mother gives me what I eat", and then makes the finishing touch of reflection and analysis on my words and deeds, revealing the truth that "if you get used to it, you don't know how to be grateful", which makes the article have touching power.
The second measure: editing narrative editing discussion.
Composition fragment:
"Life is like all kinds of chocolates, you never know which one belongs to you." Forrest Gump's mother's words show that everyone's life trajectory is unique. Forrest Gump, under the guidance of his mother, stepped onto his own life miracle step by step. Forrest Gump is portrayed as the embodiment of virtue in this film. He is honest, trustworthy, earnest, brave and emotional. He only knows how to give without expecting anything in return, and never mind being rejected by others. He faces life with an open mind and an open mind. He concentrated his only wisdom, belief and courage on one point, and paid no attention to anything but running by instinct. He ran through the discrimination of his childhood classmates, the football field of the university, the quagmire of the Vietnam War, the battlefield of ping-pong diplomacy, every corner of the United States and finally reached his destination. Life is like a feather in the air, or fighting in the wind, or floating in the wind, or soaring in the blue sky, or rolling in the deep ... However, this is the journey of life. Who can say that Forrest Gump's life is not colorful In his limited life, he has done things that we may not be able to do in this life. As for winning or losing the game of life, it may not be important to Forrest Gump.
(20 12 Fujian college entrance examination excellent composition "The Race of Life" fragment)
Reading articles with narration and discussion is like following an excellent tour guide. You can not only see flowers and plants, but also understand the ins and outs and beauty of the scenery. First of all, I quote Forrest Gump's famous words, for fear that readers will not find its beauty, and quickly explain that everyone's life trajectory is unique. Then write how Forrest Gump finished the race of life and discuss things clearly.
The third measure: deductive point of view.
Composition fragment:
When Mother Teresa won the Nobel Peace Prize, she said, "I am doing what everyone can do and extending a warm hand to the poor and needy." Once she rescued a dying tramp from the sewer, who had been cursing the suffering and injustice that fate had given him. Mother Teresa took him back to the monastery, personally wiped his body, fed him porridge, dressed him in clean clothes, and then stood beside him and held his hand tightly. A few hours later, the tramp died. His last words were no longer curses, but "thank you". A pair of warm hands may not cure physical diseases, but they can give people spiritual comfort and melt the ice of the soul!
(2065438+2002 Hunan college entrance examination excellent composition "Reach out to warm others" fragment)
Jin Dian]
This passage reveals Mother Teresa's famous saying at the beginning, and then interprets this famous saying with the material of "Mother Teresa helps the homeless". Finally, the finishing touch reveals the theme: "A pair of warm hands may not cure physical diseases, but they can give people spiritual comfort and melt the hard ice of the soul", which impressed readers.
V. Use of fresh materials
● Technical explanation:
I entered Lan Zhi's room, but I didn't smell it for a long time. Using fresh materials means trying to avoid old cliches, well-known staple foods, conventional cliches and universally applicable nonsense. Others are keen on music, you might as well be an art lover; Others have accumulated the deeds of "touching China", so you might as well pay attention to the moral model; Everyone else is dabbling, so you might as well dig deep. The sound of wind and rain, the sound of reading, all in my ears; Family affairs, state affairs and everything in the world are all in my heart. Want to make readers feel fresh, but also lies in the use of rhetorical methods. Skillfully use rhetorical devices such as personification, metaphor, synaesthesia and metaphor, and skillfully use two-part allegorical sayings, proverbs and riddles. , to "transform" the material, so as to achieve the effect of expressing strangeness.
The first trick: change the statement.
With the help of association and imagination, writing with similar or related or even opposite things or situations can often make materials lively and interesting. For example, to describe the passage of time, it is obviously not new to say that "time flies, the sun and the moon fly", but it is vivid to use "days are like small fish swimming around briskly". For example, it is obviously inappropriate to describe how slim and graceful a girl is. It will be vivid to express it with words like "weak willows help the wind".
Composition fragment:
Although I can eat, fetch water and even take a bath with him unscrupulously, I always feel that there is an insurmountable gap separating us from my love. I feel that I am under house arrest, and my sadness is growing endlessly, just like the growing beard on my lips, and the little emotions that are out of control in my heart ... In fact, my love and worries have stayed in my hometown. The north wind is blowing in my face. At this moment, I am like a seed in the wind. There is no familiar soil around, no friends who know the roots, and no spiritual comfort. I almost shed tears. The wind is blowing from the north, and the piercing wind has passed through the corner of my hometown, right? Sparrows wobbled in the wind, and vigorous and thin branches trembled in the cold wind. Is the smog coming? The child's little hand hasn't been blown away, has it?
(20 12 Jiangsu college entrance examination excellent composition "Trouble and Love" fragment)
"I feel that I am under house arrest, and my sadness grows endlessly, just like I have a thick beard on my lips and my heart is a little out of control ..." This metaphor of "sadness" is very vivid and refreshing. What is particularly wonderful is the metaphor of "I am like a seed in the wind", which leads to a series of vivid and interesting pictures and vividly shows the hearts of young people.
The second measure: add branches and leaves.
A flower is not as specific as a violet, and carrying a bag of things is not as detailed as carrying a bag of snacks. "He came in" is obviously not as good as the image of "he rushed in", but "he rushed in like a wild animal" is more specific, "he rushed in like a wild animal, his eyes wide open, panting and sweating", and the image is vivid on the paper. If the use of materials can be so vivid, literary talent will naturally increase greatly.
Composition fragment:
A person in the closet, hiding and thinking, a faint gardenia fragrance got into my nose. Looking out of the window, the afterglow of the sunset is smiling and caged on a gardenia, making the breeze slightly drunk. A comma-sized bug stopped on the yellow title page I closed with flowers. Life is so small and fragile, which makes people more joking when they are troubled. Burned out by my study, I fiddled with the pen tip with great interest, blocking its way again and again. It changed its direction, was tired repeatedly, lost everything in the north and south, and stayed quietly in the book.
(20 1 2 Jiangsu college entrance examination excellent composition "Trouble and Love" fragment)
Through divergent thinking, I first show the delicate fragrance of gardenia from the sense of smell, then visually draw out the appearance of gardenia, and then write a "comma-shaped" bug, which involves my interest in playing tricks on it and leads to a sigh of life. Line in line out, don't look at the new.
Sixth, the story of material application.
● Technical explanation:
It refers to the use of vivid story-like materials to interpret, interpret and express the theme of the composition, which is easy to understand.
The first trick: first introduce the material and then make the finishing point.
Component fragment 1:
Someone asked the wise man, "Excuse me, how can we be invincible?" The wise man smiled and handed him a peanut: "Squeeze hard." The man squeezed hard and the peanut shell was broken, leaving only peanuts. "rub it again." The wise man said. The man did it again, and the red skin was worn off, leaving only white fruit. "Pinch it with your hand again." The wise man said. The man squeezed hard, but it couldn't be squeezed out. "Rub it with your hand again." The wise man said. Of course, nothing can be erased.
(20 12 "the secret of success", an excellent composition of Shandong college entrance examination)
In order to demonstrate the truth that "it takes repeated setbacks to create a strong heart", the author told a story of "pinching peanuts", which is simple and impressive.
Component 2:
In an ancient village, a group of tourists are visiting the mansion left by a five-product official in Qing Dynasty with great interest. The ancient house is huge, exquisite and unique, giving people great freshness. Standing in front of the house, the tourists wondered: the tailgate of this house is really strange. How did it become a small house? The tour guide sold a lock and pointed to the small room under the eaves and asked, "Do you know what this small room is for?" After such suspense, tourists' interest came and they rushed to answer.
Someone said, "For shoes. When people enter the house, they take off their shoes and put them here. "
Some people say, "It's to train children. If the child makes a mistake, he will be locked here and think behind closed doors. "
Someone said, "Come in on rainy days and put your umbrella here."
Someone said, "Turn off the chicken."
The tour guide smiled and shook his head helplessly, telling everyone: "No one guessed right. This is for the vagrants who pass by here to shelter from the wind and rain and rest for the night. " The tourists were speechless.
(20 1 2 fragment of excellent composition "Kindness is also a habit" in Chongqing college entrance examination)
This short story has endless implications: as early as the Qing Dynasty, people knew to build huts for homeless people. Why do we gradually lose the feelings of caring for others and helping the weak? People live in the world, who has no difficulties? The reader's heartstrings were thus struck.