In the early stage of animation development, it can be said that all exploration and development are experimental, and one of the notable features is personalized creation. When the production of animation began to operate in groups, the mainstream of animation has been divorced from the nature of experiments and has become a new cultural industry model. The works of animation artists who still maintain their own styles, forms, techniques and production methods are called "experimental animation". The comparison of these two different types makes experimental animation tend to exert the limit of ontological elements from connotation to form, while commercial animation tends to penetrate multi-cultures.
For example, commercial animations such as Balance, Mavericks, Closed on Monday and Nothing are easier to understand. So, what is art animation? Art animation is actually compared with commercial animation. Generally speaking, it is difficult to draw a very clear line and divide some cartoons into commercial cartoons and some into artistic cartoons. But the fact is that there is a difference between commercial animation and artistic animation.
Whether it is commercial animation or artistic animation, there is nothing more than the characteristics of "moving" and "painting" Motion generally refers to the motion of the objects and cameras shaped in the film; Painting generally refers to the style and means of making cartoons. From the "dynamic" point of view, there is not much difference between artistic animation and commercial animation. But "painting" is one of the main bases to distinguish commercial animation from artistic animation. In the Painted Skin, some main features of artistic animation can be reflected. The "painting" in artistic animation freely borrows and transplants plastic arts such as painting, which makes the expression of animation colorful, more artistic and interesting. No wonder some people call commercial cartoons "cartoon movies" and artistic cartoons "art movies".
Why is there a difference between artistic animation and commercial animation? What are their similarities and differences? What is the significance of distinguishing them?
Because there are many ways to make animation, mainly two-dimensional animation and three-dimensional animation. In two-dimensional animation, the traditional means of line drawing and flat drawing are the most basic and main means. According to the history of animation, this traditional method is to draw it on paper first, then draw it in layers on transparent celluloid, and finally synthesize it and shoot it under the camera. Of course, with the continuous development and enrichment of animation technology, paper-cut animation, puppet animation, sand sculpture animation, ink animation and other animation forms have gradually emerged, but so far, they all belong to non-mainstream production methods. Since the 1980s, electronic computers have entered the field of animation production, and animation technology has produced the second revolution, and a virtual magnetic space completely in the computer has emerged, through which three-dimensional animation completed by digital technology has been produced. In the traditional two-dimensional animation field, the method of drawing on celluloid first and then shooting under the camera has been basically replaced by computers and scanners.
Although more and more high-tech has entered the animation production process, its basic production process has not changed fundamentally. At present, the traditional means of line drawing and flat drawing are still the most common means in the production of commercial animated TV movies. It is very important to explore the reason why this method is very suitable for assembly line operation and industrial production.
Both commercial animation and artistic animation have many similarities: both commercial animation and artistic animation are cartoons; From the production technology, the production methods and basic principles of commercial cartoons and artistic cartoons are basically the same; Judging from the media and audience they broadcast, it is basically the same. In addition, all need to be produced through teamwork.
There are essential differences between commercial animation and artistic animation, that is, commercial animation takes making goods and creating commercial value as its main production motivation; Artistic animation takes artistic expression, artistic exploration and artistic success as its main creative motives. This is their biggest difference.
In practical industry, commercial animation and artistic animation are two camps of animation family. They are the two supporting points in the field of balanced animation, and they are also the two most important links to lead the continuous development of animation. They cross, separate, complement and transform each other. The purpose of distinguishing commercial animation from artistic animation is not to distinguish them, but to prove that all kinds of cartoons have their value and significance, just to see how we understand and recognize them. In fact, it is difficult for animation artists to distinguish between commercial animators and artistic animators, because many of them also wander in these two fields.
The purpose of studying and analyzing commercial animation and artistic animation is not to guide people to know whether they are commercial animation or artistic animation when watching and enjoying cartoons. Its real significance lies in: let our animators, investors and animators understand that all factors need to be considered before an animation, especially a large-scale animation, rather than thinking after the film is made. Only in this way can we avoid some unwise practices, such as the planning and production of a commercial cartoon, but we must emphasize that it is an artistic animation (product), which leads to blind investment regardless of the production cost and return period, resulting in an embarrassing situation; For another example, it is obviously an artistic animation or a political propaganda film full of artists' subjective factors and personal artistic expression, but it is necessary to convince commercial investors that this is a commercial animation that can obtain huge commercial benefits and returns, so that investors will lose their blood.
At present, the development of animation in China is entering a period that needs in-depth study and summary. We should constantly ask questions, analyze, discuss and summarize in theory and practice, so as to promote the sustained and healthy development of animation industry and animation art in China .. 1 the history of color art development in China.
Speaking of color culture education in China is a big topic, because any chapter can be written into a book. In order to understand the color culture education in China, after my brief introduction, I hope you can have a preliminary understanding and impression of the color culture education in China.
1. Understand the history of color development in China.
The history of China's color application and dissemination can be clearly found in the primitive era of chaos. With the improvement of human physiological level and the development of visual physiological system, color consciousness is gradually born in people's thinking. As an initial psychological phenomenon, it reflects and stimulates the human brain with the original color of matter. This understanding of natural colors has aroused the most primitive color application consciousness of human beings, and enriched the needs of our human spiritual world and the courage to create a living environment.
As far as color itself is concerned, whether it is the primitive period of mankind or the present civilized era. The existence of natural colors does not exist according to people's needs, but the application of colors exists according to people's own choices. In the early days of the formation of commercial color, it existed for the needs of primitive human applications. When human beings can create tools and exchange them for their own needs, when human ancestors began to know how to decorate their tools with colors, the earliest commercial color forms appeared with the progress of human beings.
There is no distinction between advanced and low-level application colors, only the enjoyment of advanced and low-level applications. The ancients said: "The color of the word is useless." . Natural color and applied color, commercialization is the process of design and creation, and use is the purpose of spiritual enjoyment. But people have the same understanding of color.
"Perception of color is the instinct of animals";
"Understanding color is the need of human beings";
"Spreading color is the requirement of human development";
"Commercial color is a means to spread color";
"Enjoying color is a sign of human progress".
China's prehistoric culture has a long and splendid history. In the barbaric low-level development stage, the advanced attributes of human beings began to develop. Primitive people mainly lived in the natural color environment in the Paleolithic Age, but their feelings and understanding of color only stayed in the visual information and sensory memory stimulation experience of animals, natural forms and natural spaces. Natural color has become a color "textbook" for primitive people to strengthen color memory.
Human beings can only passively accept the changeable color environment of the four seasons in nature, and the color phenomenon in nature is the quantitative standard of human psychological color. In the long years of primitive human existence and development, human beings did not look at nature with aesthetic eyes. The reason why human beings could not enter the stage of conscious application was because their initial consciousness of natural colors was not aesthetic consciousness, but a natural phenomenon of passive education. However, with the progress and development of human beings, the natural color phenomenon will become a mode to enter the subconscious of human ancestors, laying the foundation for the earliest commercial color design of human beings.
In fact, the "attachment" of human ancestors to color should belong to the son of nature-stone. The first tool that man began to create was stone. At that time, the standard for human ancestors to choose natural stone was handy. Archaeologists have found that a large number of stone tools are made of agate, various flints, opals, crystals, pulse timepieces and so on. , colorful. It is this dazzling stimulation effect that can arouse greater excitement for color senses, and it is this stimulation passed down from generation to generation that can gradually activate the color instinct that has been sleeping in the brains of human ancestors and gradually become sensitive. Colors in nature will not spontaneously become the power to awaken the aesthetic feeling of colors, and the enlightener can only create things by human beings themselves. As a perceptual confirmation of one's own essential strength, the tool form is exciting from the beginning; Also had this kind of profound psychological accumulation. The process of instinct awakening is the process of instinct upgrading, development and transformation. This is the process that the eyes of human ancestors are transformed into "eyes that appreciate formal beauty", and the instinct is awakened and improved. Finally, human beings will appreciate everything endowed by nature with eyes that appreciate the color of tools. This is the humanization process of nature, and the small stone tool is the first teacher of human color sense.
In the late Paleolithic period, human life began to change. When entering the matriarchal society, with the improvement of human social productivity, human beings have been subconsciously educated by natural colors for a long time, and began to have a little consciousness of controlling nature and began to rise. This is the mode of human social life, with the emergence of leaders or heads of households, the difference of grades, the need to restrain people from praying to God and the concept of witchcraft. People worship a certain animal, plant or natural phenomenon as a national totem. The "cavemen" who chased back to China were all dressed in hematite sand powder, and "red powder" was scattered next to the body. For them, red is no longer the stimulus of physiological senses (animals can also have it), but begins to contain the meaning of applying or providing a certain behavior concept (animals don't have it). Primitive people dyed red and sprinkled red powder, which is the first vague decorative consciousness activity of primitive people, that is, the application of color is the real beginning of serving primitive religion, art, aesthetics, witchcraft and etiquette, and it is the earliest and most primitive folk art in the history of color application in China.
"Folk art" is a classification in the field of art, literally a form of expression of "some kind of art", and the word "folk" is obviously different from the so-called "court art" and "aristocratic art". However, no matter how wide the field of "folk art" is, the focus of its basic structure "art" is "art", so it is necessary for us to understand the meaning of art first. Cihai (Zhonghua Book Company of Taiwan Province Province) has the following definition: "art" 1. Broadly speaking, all activities and their production, such as machinery, craftsmen, buildings, houses, etc., are called art; Meaning is equal to technology. 2. Narrow sense: refers to activities with beautiful values or the products of their activities; Meaning is the same as art, which refers to knowledge and technology, and can also be described as "technical art" or "craft". This can be learned from the notes on "Baigong" in the Six Arts of the Zhou Dynasty (Six Arts: Rite, Music, Shooting, Imperial, Calligraphy and Numbering) and Zheng Guoxue's Notes Basic Series. The original meaning of art refers to "craft", and the following definitions can be summarized from ancient books:
1. Craft refers to the knowledge necessary for life.
2. Craft refers to the things that human beings make daily necessities.
3. Craft refers to making artifacts artificially by considering materials and processing technology.
4. Craft means skilled and exquisite technology.
From the definition of art listed above, it is not difficult to understand that folk art is actually folk craft, which is different from aristocratic craft, mechanical craft, industrial craft, fine arts craft and modern craft. Various folk traditional arts formed, developed and widely spread among the people, as well as technical and artistic abilities with folk colors, such as traditional crafts, operas, dances, music, sculpture, weaving, Chinese knots, cutting and carving, puppets, magic, acrobatics, indigenous culture, etc. It belongs to folk art.
Introduction of China Folk Craft Micro Sculpture;
Our teacher Guo Yueming believes that implicit art is both precious and difficult, because it is not only implicit, but also must reproduce the spirit and charm of art in a smile. Every exquisite work of art is a success in basic skills, and it is also full of hard work and sweat.
He expects our new generation of micro-carving artists to learn something, but he doesn't expect artistic opportunism to happen overnight; He expects our works to be recognized by the society one day, and he is ashamed that kitsch works deceive the world. Today, he is still working hard in the closet. I don't know sooner or later, he is also called winter and summer; It is also called personal fame and fortune to work hard in the vibrant field of subtle art, regardless of the harvest. Indifferent and quiet, able to withstand loneliness; Transcendence and self-seeking, this is a true portrayal of the study and life of China micro-carving artists.
"Shadow Play" is the general name of shadow play and shadow play characters (including scene props and scenery) products. Chinese shadow play art is a unique artistic variety that combines China folk arts and crafts with China traditional opera skillfully, and it is an indispensable and exquisite pearl in the Chinese national art palace.
Shadow play is a form of drama that allows the audience to watch the light and shadow of the plane puppet performance through the white curtain to achieve artistic effects; The plane figures and props in shadow play are usually leather products drawn by folk artists by hand and knife carving, so it is called shadow play.
Shadow play is one of the earliest operas in China. Its performance equipment is light, its singing is rich and beautiful, and its performance is wonderful and moving. For thousands of years, thunder has been loved by people, so it has spread widely. And shadow play has played a certain role in the development of culture and art at home and abroad. There are many new local operas, all of which are derived from the vocals of various shadow plays. The performance principle and artistic means of Chinese shadow play also played a leading role in the invention of modern film and the development of modern film art film. The western world, from Goethe in the18th century to Chaplin later, as well as other world cultural celebrities, spoke highly of the art of Chinese shadow play. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), leaders of Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai and other countries have entertained domestic and foreign guests with shadow play for many times. However, after the Cultural Revolution disaster, the endangered situation of shadow play art has not been reversed.
As for the modeling and production of characters and scenery in shadow play, it belongs to the category of Chinese folk art. . In order to adapt to the shadow performance of shadow play, it adopts the method of combining abstraction with realism, and makes bold comprehensive treatment of characters and scenes such as planarization, artistry, cartoonization and dramatization. His facial makeup and costumes are vivid and exaggerated. Or simple and rude, or exquisite and romantic. In addition, smooth carving, gorgeous coloring, running through the whole body and flexible craftsmanship are really pleasing to the eye. Shadow play products (referred to as shadow play) are not only used for the performance of shadow play, but also for everyone to play with their hands. It can also be placed in front of the window or on a white wall as an indoor art decoration. China's shadow play is owned by many museums, collectors, artists and shadow play lovers at home and abroad because of its simple and elegant shape and strong national flavor, and it has both artistic appreciation and collection value. In international communication, China people often give Chinese shadow play as a first-class gift to international friends.
Chinese paper cutting
Paper-cutting is one of the most popular folk arts in China. According to research, from the Shang Dynasty, some people used hollowed-out gold and silver foil, leather or silk as decorations. Later, in 105, Cai Lun improved and popularized the previous experience and began to make a lot of paper. This carving form was born in the present paper-cutting art, because it found more popular materials.
kite
Kite originated in China, which is a recognized conclusion in the world kite industry. The earliest kite in China was made by Mo Zhai, an ancient scientist. Kites were mainly used in the military in the early days, and gradually used as toys from the late Tang Dynasty. Now some kites in China are exported to Japan, Korea, Europe and other countries.
paper cutting
Paper-cutting is one of the most popular traditional folk decorative arts in China. Because of its easily available materials, low cost, obvious effect and wide adaptability, it is widely welcomed. Because it is most suitable for rural women's leisure production, it can be used as a practical object and beautify their lives. Paper-cutting can be seen all over the country, and even formed different local styles. Paper-cutting not only shows the aesthetic taste of the public, but also contains the deep social psychology of the nation. It is also one of the most distinctive folk arts in China, and its modeling features are particularly worth studying.
At present, the earliest paper-cut objects have been found in tombs in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, but scholars believe that it can be traced back to the custom of women cutting gold foil and silver foil into pieces and sticking them on their temples in the Han and Tang Dynasties. Although paper products of the Eastern Han Dynasty before Cai Lun have been found, paper-cutting in a strict sense may not be earlier than that of the Han Dynasty. Early paper-cutting was related to Taoist worship of gods. For example, in Du Fu's poems, it is clearly recorded that "warm soup cooks my feet, and paper-cutting calls my soul". Miao people still have the witchcraft custom of cutting ghosts and sticking them on cowshed or door on New Year's Day.
In the past, people used paper to make objects and portraits of different shapes, and then buried them with the dead or burned them at funerals. This custom can still be seen outside China. Paper-cutting art is generally symbolic, and paper-cutting is also used as an ornament to worship ancestors and immortals. Nowadays, paper-cutting is more used for decoration. Paper-cutting can be used to decorate walls, doors and windows, columns, mirrors, lamps and so on. It can also be used as a gift decoration, and even the paper-cut itself can be given as a gift to others. In the past, people used paper-cutting as a model for embroidery and painting.
Skilled folk artists only need to memorize the manuscript and cut the paper into graphics directly with scissors, while professional artists use a carving knife to make it on a wax board, which is called "carving paper". It is made by typing, cutting, pasting, peeling and trimming, which can cut through multiple layers of paper at one time and improve the output.
Because of the thin material, paper-cutting adopts the plane composition method of symmetrical layout and series connection of objects and images. Rich image decoration, avoid large black and white, and decorate the main characters with exquisite patterns. The clever artist actually created the strange effect of "the mouse is in the transparent cat's belly" when expressing "the cat catches the mouse", and the naive painting style is very intriguing. The method of plane superposition not only creates a strong national flavor, but also expands the capacity of the picture and improves the expressive force of paper-cutting. The vast majority of paper-cutting does not pursue strict realism, but expresses the image in the eyes of the masses. For example, the cows in Shaanxi paper-cut exaggerate the spinning hairs on the cows and become decorative patterns on the cows, which not only increases the dynamic changes of vision, but also strengthens the aesthetic feeling of the form.
Spring Festival custom: lion dance
Around the Spring Festival, many customs and habits have been formed for thousands of years. Some customs, such as meeting gods and worshipping heaven, are superstitious. With the improvement of people's scientific and cultural level, they are gradually eliminated, and some customs have been given new contents, such as setting off firecrackers, posting Spring Festival couplets and New Year pictures, playing dragon lanterns and dancing lions. It is still very popular today.
lion dance
Whenever "firecrackers kill the old year", on the vast land of our country, traditional lion dance activities appear in towns and villages with warm spring breeze and cheerful gongs and drums. For the annual Spring Festival, it adds a rich atmosphere of joy.
Lion dance is a traditional folk sports activity in China, which originated in the Southern and Northern Dynasties.
According to legend, in May of the 23rd year of Yuanjia in Song Wendi (AD 466), the secretariat of Jiaozhou in the Song Dynasty was ordered to attack Lin Yi, and Wang Fanyang of Lin Yi also took part in the war with elephants. Because this elephant soldier rode on the back of a tall elephant with a spear, it was difficult for enemies with only short weapons to get close to it, and the soldiers in Song Jun began to suffer a big loss. Later, Zong Yi, a pioneer officer and general Zhenwu, came up with an idea. He said that all animals are afraid of lions, and elephants may be no exception. As a result, many fake lions are made of noodles and hemp overnight, painted in colorful colors, and their mouths are particularly wide open. Each "lion" was covered by two soldiers and hidden in the grass. He also dug many deep and big traps around the scheduled battlefield. The enemy drove the elephant army to attack, and Zong Yi released the fake lion with a bow. One by one, the "lions" turned their mouths and headed for the elephants.
The elephant turned around in horror, and Zong Yi took the opportunity to order the soldiers to put all the crossbows together. The frightened elephants immediately ran around desperately, many of them fell into traps, and both people and elephants were captured alive. ..... From then on, lion dance was first popular in the army, and then spread to the people. Bai Juyi, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote "Missions to the Western Regions", including "Masked Man Zi and Masked Lion, carved with wood as the head and tail; Gold-plated eyes with silver teeth, rising sweaters with ears ... ". It can be seen that there was a modern lion dance in the Tang Dynasty.
Why do people like to dance lions during the Spring Festival? It is said that in the early Ming Dynasty, a monster appeared in Foshan, Guangdong. It appears in the suburbs of Foshan every year, destroying crops everywhere and endangering people and animals. People in the countryside are miserable, so they tie bamboo grates into several lion models and paint them in various mottled colors. When the monster appeared, gongs and drums rang, lions danced together and rushed at the monster. The monster was frightened and turned around and ran away. Therefore, every year during the Spring Festival, gongs and drums are played, and people go door-to-door and dance lions to celebrate the New Year, to show the intention of eliminating holes and insects and predicting good luck.
Besides the Spring Festival, lion dancing is often used for entertainment on festive days. In the folk lion dance, two people play a big lion (some areas are called Tai Lion), one plays a little lion (some areas are called Shao Lion), and the other plays a warrior, holding a hydrangea as a guide, and first kicking to induce the lion to dance. With the speed of the drums, the lion suddenly looked up, turned to look down, turned to lie prone, shook his head and wagged his tail in various ways, which was full of fun. In imitation actions, there are actions such as licking hair, wiping feet, scratching head, washing ears, worshipping and rolling. In terms of skills, there are stairs, overpasses, three mountains, caves, downhill, bowling, spitting and picking green.
Bamboo horses are usually made of bamboo skin or bamboo sticks, pasted with paper and painted with color. The bamboo horse is divided into two halves and tied to the performer's waist to make the performer look like riding a horse. Yangcheng County, Jincheng City, Shanxi Province, is full of Chinese-style crotch pants, with a horse's head at one end and a ponytail at the other. The white waistband is the mount part of the performer, plus the horse's head, which is called "pants horse".
During the Lantern Festival on the fifteenth day of the first lunar month, bamboo horse running is usually held in squares or streets. The number of people participating in the bamboo horse race performance varies from place to place in Shanxi Province, and the forms of activities are also different.
China folk art appreciates all ethnic groups in the big family of the motherland, and they all have high aesthetic ability and excellent creative ability. Among them, folk art, which is produced, spread and developed, is one of the essences of China traditional culture and an important part of national art. ..
Folk art is relative to court art, literati art and professional art, and is called "producer art" by Mr. Lu Xun. Refers to clothing and accessories, bedding, cookers, furniture, New Year pictures, paper-cutting, performances, toys, etc. Created by the working people as the main author to meet the daily needs and aesthetic needs of the working people. It combines magnificence and simplicity in art, presents a simple, bright and fiery style, and exudes the psychological quality and aesthetic taste of working people's sincerity, kindness, frankness and enthusiasm.
Because folk custom is the carrier of folk custom, we should appreciate it in combination with the customs of all ethnic groups and localities. As the saying goes, "there are different customs in ten miles", and all ethnic groups in different places have their own festivals and activities. Folk art is closely combined with these festivals, so we should appreciate how it "applies what we have learned", "uses local materials" and "teaches students in accordance with their aptitude". Folk art is a kind of expressive art, that is, they say "from the heart" and "we can do whatever we want" We can't measure it from a scientific anatomical perspective, nor can we appreciate its quality, beauty and ugliness with professional aesthetic standards. But to feel, experience and appreciate through the unique "auspicious and beautiful" interest and naive expression of folk art.