Guizhou Province
Referred to as "Qian" or "Gui" for short, it is located in the southwest and southeast of China, the capital of Guiyang. It borders Hunan in the east, Guangxi in the south, Yunnan in the west and Sichuan and Chongqing in the north. It has jurisdiction over six prefecture-level cities of Guiyang, Liupanshui, Zunyi, Anshun, tongren city and Bijie, three ethnic autonomous prefectures of Southwest Guizhou Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture (Xingyi), Southeast Guizhou Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture (Kaili) and Qiannan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture (duyun city), and two county-level units of renhuai city and Weining County.
Guizhou's landforms belong to the plateau mountains in the southwest of China. The terrain in the territory is high in the west and low in the east, inclining from the middle to the north, east and south, with an average elevation of about 1 100 meters. The landform of the whole province can be summarized into four basic types: plateau, mountain, hill and basin. There are many plateau mountains, which are known as "eight mountains, one water and one field". It is the only province in China without plain support.
Guizhou province belongs to subtropical humid monsoon climate, with four distinct seasons, mild spring breeze, abundant rainfall and both rain and heat. It is one of the most typical areas of karst landform development in the world, with rich and colorful karst landscape.
Guizhou Province is one of the cradles of ancient humans, who lived and lived as early as 240,000 years ago, including Guanyindong culture in the early Paleolithic, Tongzi people in the late Homo erectus, Shuicheng people and Dadong people in Panxian county in the early Homo sapiens, Xingyi people, Puding people, Tongzi people and Maanshan people in the late Homo sapiens.
zone
Guizhou landform belongs to the mountainous area of southwest plateau, with high terrain in the west.
Topographic map of Guizhou province
It is high in the east and low in the west, inclining from the middle to the north, east and south, with an average elevation of about 1 100 meters. There are many mountains in Guizhou Plateau, which is known as "eight mountains, one water and one field".
The landform of the whole province can be divided into four basic types: plateau, mountain, hill and basin, of which mountain and hill account for 92.5%. The territory is mountainous, mountainous and undulating, with high mountains and deep valleys. There is Dalou Mountain in the north, which is inclined from west to northeast in the north. The elevation of Loushan Pass, the key pass of Sichuan and Guizhou, is1444m. South-central Miao Ling spans, with the main peak Leigong Mountain 2178m above sea level. There is Wuling Mountain in the northeast, winding from Hunan to Guizhou, and the main peak, Fan Jingshan, is 2572 meters high. The towering Wumeng Mountain in the west belongs to Jiucaiping, Zhu Shi Township, Hezhang County, with an altitude of 2900.6 meters, which is the highest point in Guizhou.
Shuikou River in Diping Township, Liping County, Qiandongnan Prefecture, at the provincial boundary, is 147.8 meters above sea level, which is the lowest point in China. The karst landform in Guizhou is very typical. The karst landform area is 109084 square kilometers, accounting for 6 1.9% of the total land area of the province. Karst is widely distributed in China, with complete morphological types and obvious geographical distribution, which constitutes a special karst ecosystem. [3]
climate
Guizhou (Province)
Wan Fenglin in Xingyi, Guizhou.
The climate is warm and humid, belonging to subtropical humid monsoon climate. The temperature doesn't change much, it is warm in winter and cool in summer, and the climate is pleasant. In 2002, the average annual temperature in Guiyang, the provincial capital, was 65438 04.8℃, 0.3℃ higher than the previous year. From the perspective of the whole province, the average temperature in Leng Yue (65438+ 10) is usually 3℃ ~ 6℃, which is higher than other areas in the same latitude. The average temperature in the hottest month (July) is generally 22℃ ~ 25℃, which is a typical cool area in summer. There is more precipitation, obvious rainy season, more cloudy days and less sunshine.
In 2002, Xingyi City had the most precipitation, which was1480 mm, among the nine cities. The least is Bijie City, which is 687.9mm ... The precipitation affected by monsoon is mostly concentrated in summer. The number of cloudy days in all parts of China generally exceeds 150 days, and the relative humidity is above 70% all the year round.
environment
By the end of 20 14, there were 67 national demonstration zones of ecological civilization construction and 378 provincial demonstration zones of ecological civilization construction in Guizhou province. There are 123 nature reserves in the province, including 9 national nature reserves. The forest coverage rate in the province is 49.0%. The annual investment in environmental protection was 8.656 billion yuan. The treatment capacity of the newly-built sewage treatment plant is142,600 cubic meters/day, and the urban sewage treatment rate rises to 86.87%. The green area of urban built-up area is 29,600 hectares. The industrial reuse rate was 94.32%, down 0.9 percentage points from the previous year; The comprehensive utilization rate of industrial solid waste is 46.52%. The discharge of chemical oxygen demand is 327,200 tons, and that of sulfur dioxide is 902,500 tons. [2]
social security
By the end of 20 14, there were 3612,800 urban employees in Guizhou province, including 268 100 enterprise employees, 0/5,866,400 urban and rural residents' basic old-age insurance, and 0/9/kloc-0 unemployment insurance and industrial injury insurance. There are 476,300 urban residents and 465,438 rural residents in the province. There are 100500 social service beds in the province, and 29 1000 people are adopted and rescued by various social service institutions providing accommodation, of which 24800 people are adopted and rescued by pension service institutions. [2]
culture
By the end of 20 14, there were 39 art performance groups, 98 mass art museums and cultural centers, 94 public libraries, 75 archives 107, museums and memorial halls, 6 art performance venues and 1564 township comprehensive cultural stations in Guizhou province. At the end of the year, there were 3,795,400 cable TV users. The comprehensive population coverage rate of radio and television in the province has increased to 9 1.5% and 95.4% respectively. There are 6 book publishing houses, 1 audio-visual publishing house 1, and 685 printing and copying enterprises; In 2001, 60,906,400 books and 0,598,280 magazines were published. [2]
Miao paper-cutting
Guizhou cuisine (9 pieces)
Miao people in southeastern Guizhou call paper-cutting "flower scissors" and "Miao flower paper". In the long-term embroidery practice, the artist found that using paper-cut patterns instead of drawing patterns on the embroidery surface can be copied accurately and continuously, which not only saves labor and time, but also keeps the embroidery surface clean and bright. Since then, they have regarded paper-cut patterns as the "blueprint" of embroidery art. In order to ensure the quality of embroidery, Miao women have integrated their intelligence, emotion and other aesthetics into paper-cut patterns, making them unique and with distinctive national characteristics.
Miao folk paper-cutting forms are flexible and diverse, each with its own characteristics. For example, "central composition", the artist mainly expresses the theme in the center of the picture, pays attention to the corresponding symmetry and coordination around it, and decorates it with different flowers, trees and insects. This is different from the "incomplete symmetry" style, which takes the central axis as the coordinate and the number is evenly distributed, which makes the picture have a sense of stability, layering and rhythm, and breaks through the monotonous and rigid composition form that only emphasizes unity but not change. [ 15]
food culture
Guizhou cuisine, also known as Guizhou cuisine, consists of Guiyang cuisine, northern Guizhou cuisine and ethnic minority cuisine. In the early Ming Dynasty, Guizhou cuisine was mature, and many dishes had a history of more than 600 years. A major feature of Guizhou cuisine is acidity. In Guizhou, there is a folk song "If you don't eat sour for three days, you will go to war". Pickled sauerkraut is available in every family to stimulate appetite and digestion. Sour soup has the effects of refreshing, sterilizing, removing greasy, invigorating spleen and preventing calculus. The main raw materials of pickled sauerkraut are radish, cabbage and cabbage. The production of sour soup is divided into vegetable acid, fish acid, meat acid and rice acid. , is completely bio-fermented.
Sichuan Province
Referred to as "Chuan" or "Shu", Chengdu, the provincial capital, is located in the southwest hinterland of Chinese mainland. Since ancient times, it has been known as the "Land of Abundance", and it is the gateway to western China and the hometown of giant pandas. Sichuan borders Chongqing, Guizhou, Yunnan, Tibet, Qinghai, Gansu and Shaanxi provinces and cities. In the east of Sichuan, there are parallel ravines and hills in the middle of Sichuan, the Chengdu Plain in the middle and the western Sichuan Plateau in the west. Sichuan now governs 1 sub-provincial cities, 17 prefecture-level cities and 3 ethnic autonomous prefectures.
Sichuan is an important economic, industrial, agricultural, military, tourism and cultural province in China. Chengdu, the provincial capital, is the seat of Chengdu Military Region, one of the seven military regions.
Sichuan is rich in resources. There are 132 kinds of mineral resources with proven reserves, accounting for 70% of the national resources. It is a major resource and energy province in China and the starting point of gas transmission from Sichuan to the East. Because of its rich products and resources, it is known as the "land of abundance".
With rapid economic development and dense traffic trunk lines, Sichuan is a comprehensive transportation hub and economic development highland in western China.
geographical position
Sichuan lies between 97 21'-108 33' east longitude and 26 03'-3419' north latitude. Located in the southwest hinterland of China and the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, it is 1075 km long from east to west and 92 1 km wide from north to south. It borders seven provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities), Chongqing in the east, Qinghai, Gansu and Shaanxi in the north, Yunnan and Guizhou in the south and Tibet in the west. It is an important intersection of southwest, northwest and central regions, and it is an important intersection and transportation corridor to undertake South China and Central China, connect southwest and northwest, and communicate with Central Asia, South Asia and Southeast Asia. [7]
The topography of Sichuan
Climatic characteristics
The general characteristics of climate in Sichuan are: significant regional differences, warm winter in the east, dry spring, hot summer, rainy autumn, cloudy weather, less sunshine, long growing period, cold winter in the west, basically no summer, abundant sunshine, concentrated precipitation and clear dry and wet seasons; The vertical climate changes greatly and there are many climate types, which is conducive to the comprehensive development of agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry; There are many kinds of meteorological disasters, with high frequency and wide range, mainly drought, and heavy rains, floods and low temperatures often occur. [8]
The daily temperature is ≥ 10℃ for 240 ~ 280 days, and the accumulated temperature reaches 4000 ~ 6000℃. The daily temperature difference is small and the annual temperature difference is large. It is warm in winter and hot in summer, and the frost-free period is 230 ~ 340 days. There are more clouds and less sunny days in the basin. The sunshine time in 20 13 years is short, only 1000 ~ 1400 hours, which is 600 ~ 800 hours less than that in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin at the same latitude. Abundant rainfall, annual precipitation 1000 ~ 1200mm.
Subtropical and semi-humid climate zone in southern Sichuan. In 20 13, the temperature in this area is relatively high, and the annual average temperature is 12 ~ 20℃. Annual range is small and the diurnal range is large. It is cold in the morning and warm in the afternoon. The four seasons are not obvious, and the dry and wet seasons are distinct. There is little precipitation. There are seven dry months in 20 13, with annual precipitation of 900 ~ 1200mm, and 90% of them are concentrated in May ~ 10. There are few clouds, many sunny days and long sunshine hours, and the sunshine hours in the whole year are mostly 2000 ~ 2600 hours. Typical dry-hot valley climate is formed in the valley area affected by foehn, and obvious three-dimensional climate is formed in the mountain area.
The alpine climate zone in the alpine plateau of northwest Sichuan. The altitude difference in this area is great, and the three-dimensional climate change is obvious. Subtropical zone, warm temperate zone, middle temperate zone, cold temperate zone, sub-cold zone and permafrost zone appear in turn from the valley to the ridge. Generally speaking, the climate is dominated by cold temperate zone, with dry and warm valleys, wet and cold mountains, cool Leng Xia in winter and insufficient water and heat. The annual average temperature is 4 ~ 12℃, the annual precipitation is 500 ~ 900 mm, the weather is clear and the annual sunshine 1600 ~ 2600 hours.
topography
Sichuan is located in the first and second steps of Chinese mainland terrain, that is, the transition zone between the first Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the middle and lower reaches of the second Yangtze River, with great disparity in height, especially the characteristics of high in the west and low in the east. The west is a plateau mountain with an altitude of more than 3000 meters; There are basins and hills in the east, which are mostly between 500 and 2000 meters above sea level. The whole province can be divided into five parts: Sichuan Basin, West Sichuan Alpine Plateau, Northwest Sichuan Hilly Plateau, Southwest Sichuan Mountain and Micang Mountain Daba Mountain. Sichuan has a complex terrain, mainly mountainous areas. There are four types of landforms: mountains, hills, plains and plateaus, accounting for 74.2%, 10.3%, 8.2% and 7.3% of the total area of the province respectively. * * * There are 25 soil types, 63 subclasses, 137 soil genera and 380 soil types, accounting for 43.48% and 32.60% of the national total respectively. [9]
Western Sichuan Plateau
The western Sichuan Plateau is a part of the southeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the Hengduan Mountains. The ground is 4000-4500 meters above sea level, which is divided into two parts: western Sichuan Plateau and western Sichuan Mountain. The dividing line between the western Sichuan Plateau and the Chengdu Plain is Qionglai Mountain in Ya 'an today, and the western Sichuan Plateau is in the west of the mountain. The topography of northwest Sichuan Plateau inclines from west to east and is divided into hilly plateau and plateau. Hills and valleys alternate, the valleys are wide and round, sparsely arranged, and swamps are widely distributed. Shanxi in western Sichuan is high in the north and low in the southeast. According to the cutting depth, it can be divided into alpine plains and alpine canyons. The western Sichuan Plateau, where mountains and rivers compete for hegemony, rivers run, and the source and main tributaries of the Yangtze River have nurtured an ancient and mysterious civilization.
Sichuan Basin
Sichuan Basin is located in the middle of the eastern edge of China, on the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, surrounded by connected mountains, including central and eastern Sichuan and most parts of Chongqing. It is the main body of Sichuan and Chongqing, with dense population and dense towns.
Sichuan Basin covers an area of more than 260,000 square kilometers, accounting for 33% of the administrative area of Sichuan. Sichuan Basin is bounded by Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Hengduan Mountains in the west, Qinling Mountains in the north, Loess Plateau in the east, mountainous areas in western Hunan and Hubei, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau in the south, Micang Mountain in the north, Dalou Mountain in the south, Wushan Mountain in the east, Qionglai Mountain in the west, Longmen Mountain in the northwest, Daba Mountain in the northeast, Liangshan Mountain in the southwest and Wuling Mountain in the southeast. The rocks here are mainly composed of purple sandstone and shale. These two kinds of rocks are easily weathered and develop into purple soil. Purple soil is rich in nutrients such as calcium, phosphorus and potassium, and it is the most fertile natural soil in China. Sichuan Basin is the most concentrated place of purple soil in China, and it has the reputation of "purple basin". The bottom area of Sichuan Basin is about 6.5438+0.6 million square kilometers. According to its geographical differences, it can be divided into three parts: western Sichuan plain, hills in central Sichuan and parallel mountains and valleys in eastern Sichuan.
Sichuan Basin can be divided into five parts: East Sichuan, West Sichuan, South Sichuan, North Sichuan and Middle Sichuan.
science and technology
Sichuan Science and Technology Museum
By the end of 20 14, there were 2 state key laboratories, 65 provincial key laboratories, 6 national engineering technology research centers and 27 provincial engineering technology research centers in Sichuan. There are 26 academicians of China Academy of Sciences and 33 academicians of China Academy of Engineering in the province. The province applied for 9 1 167 patents and obtained 47 120 patents, including 29,926 invention patents and 5,682 authorized invention patents. At the end of the year, 2 150 high-tech enterprises were identified; 4 national agricultural science and technology parks; There are 26 national innovative (pilot) enterprises, including 14 innovative enterprises and 12 innovative pilot enterprises; 1623 provincial innovative enterprises; There are 30 key industrial technology innovation alliances, including 2 national pilot alliances and 1 national key cultivation alliance/kloc-0; There are seven national filing alliances. The technical contract 1 199 1 copy was registered throughout the year, with a turnover of 22 1 100 million yuan. 2206 provincial scientific and technological achievements were registered. [ 1 1]
health
Huaxi hospital
By the end of 20 14, there were 80 104 medical and health institutions in Sichuan province, including 802 hospitals and 75 137 primary medical and health institutions. There are 452,000 beds and 452,000 health technicians, including 6,543,800 licensed doctors, 35,000 licensed assistant doctors and 6,543,800 registered nurses. There are 202 maternal and child health care institutions, with 5,000 licensed doctors and assistant licensed doctors and 7,000 registered nurses; There are 4,575 township hospitals, with 35,000 licensed doctors and assistant licensed doctors and 20,000 registered nurses.
The new rural cooperative medical system covers all agricultural counties (cities, districts), with an annual participation rate of 99.3%. The actual compensation rate for hospitalization expenses increased to 63.3%. The online purchasing rate of essential drugs was 99.2%. The reported incidence of legal infectious diseases has been lower than the national average for 8 consecutive years. Maternal mortality rate, infant mortality rate and mortality rate of children under 5 years old kept decreasing, to 24.4/65438+ 10,000, 7.99‰ and 9.55‰ respectively. [ 1 1]
sports
Sichuan gymnasium
In 20 14, Sichuan excellent sports teams won 14 gold, 7 silver and 9 bronze medals in world-class competitions. Won 32 gold medals, 16 silver medals and 1 1 bronze medals in the Asian Games; Won 12 gold medals, 19 silver medals and 24 bronze medals in the national competition. The annual sales of sports lottery tickets was 4.02 billion yuan, an increase of 1 1.5%, and * * * raised public welfare funds165438+90 million yuan. At the end of the year, there were 15 national high-level reserve talent bases, 2/kloc-0 provincial reserve talent bases and 30 key amateur training units at the city (county) level; There are 253 youth sports clubs in China. * * * 7268 national fitness paths were built, and 142 new paths were built that year. We implemented the "Ten Actions for Benefiting the People" in sports and built 3,693 new farmers' physical fitness projects. [ 1 1]
environmental protection
By the end of 20 14, there were 168 nature reserves in Sichuan province, covering an area of 84,000 square kilometers, accounting for 17.35% of the total land area. In the whole year, 3 national ecological counties (districts) and 4 provincial ecological counties (cities, districts) were accepted.
Each province has its own characteristics.