Some also listed Shu Han as a continuation of the Han Dynasty and a part of the Han Dynasty, but most of them listed Shu State established by Liu Bei as the history of the Three Kingdoms. [Source Request]
The Han Dynasty was a powerful empire and created a splendid civilization. Han Empire, Roman Empire and Indian Peacock Dynasty were the most advanced civilizations in the world at that time [2]. The social and political system established in the Han Dynasty continued into the 20th century. China people still call themselves "Han people", and the tribes in the Central Plains, which are dominated by Huaxia people, are gradually called "Han people", and their writing system is also called "Chinese characters".
name
Because the titles of the Western Han Dynasty (also known as the pre-Han Dynasty) and the Eastern Han Dynasty (also known as the post-Han Dynasty) are both "Han", the royal family has not changed and is customarily regarded as the same dynasty. Han dynasty or Han dynasty is actually the name of the era during the rule of these two dynasties. History books often refer to the Qin and Han Dynasties, and the "Han" here refers to the "Han Dynasty" including the Western Han Dynasty and the Eastern Han Dynasty. [ 1]
Chang 'an was the capital of the Western Han Dynasty, and Luoyang (then called Luoyang) was the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty, then called Xijing and Tokyo. These two capitals are collectively called Liang Jing, and later generations often refer to them as "three generations" and refer to the "Han Dynasty". [3]
Some ancient books or history books also distinguish the Han Dynasty by "pre-Han" and "post-Han". [4][5][6] However, this is easily confused with the fourth largest political power in the Five Dynasties and Ten Countries-the later Han Dynasty. Therefore, in later generations, Chang 'an, once facing west when Liu Xiufu was Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty, was changed to Luoyang, the east of its capital, and the Han Dynasty was divided into "East" and "West".
At first, in the Han Dynasty, Emperor Gaozu Liu Bangshi judged Zhengshuo as Shuide according to the five virtues, and it was revised as Tude when Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. It was not until Wang Mang established a new dynasty and adopted Liu Xiang and Liu Xin's father and son that he thought that the Han Dynasty belonged to Huode. After the restoration of the Han Dynasty, Emperor Guangwu officially acknowledged this statement, and from then on, it was established that the orthodox moon of the Han Dynasty was the virtue of fire, which was adopted by the historical books of the Eastern Han Dynasty and later, such as Hanshu and the History of the Three Kingdoms [7][8]. Therefore, the Han Dynasty was sometimes called "Han Yan", and it was also called "Yan Liu" because the emperor of the Han Dynasty was surnamed Liu.
history
After the demise of the Qin Dynasty, Xiang Yu and Liu Bang launched a four-year Chu-Han war. With the help of Xiao He, Han Xin, Sean and others, Liu Bang finally defeated Xiang Yu, the overlord of Xi.
The first 202 years was the year when the Western Han Dynasty was established. However, historians generally count the number of years in the Western Han Dynasty from the surrender of Zi Ying, King of Qin, in 10 in 2007, and take 10 as the first month of the first year of Emperor Gaozu. In the first 206 years, Liu Bang was named "Hanwang". 206-202 years ago was the Chu-Han War. Liu Bang didn't claim to be the emperor, nor did he unify the whole country. However, when historians calculate the number of years of the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Bang called it "Hanwang" in 2006 in order to connect with the time of the demise of the Qin Dynasty. [ 1]
Western Han Dynasty (206 BC-25 AD)
Main projects: Western Han Dynasty
Introduction to Emperor Gaozu
After Liu Bang, Emperor Gaozu of Zhang Qian's mission to the Western Regions, succeeded to the throne, he adopted the advice of his uncle Sun Tong, restored the etiquette, set up three officials and nine ministers, appointed Xiao He as prime minister, and implemented the policy of sharing interest with the people. Politically, Han Xin, Chen Yi, Peng Yue, Ying Bu and others were first enfeoffed as kings. When the regime stabilized, their titles were revoked on various charges. In addition to being executed one by one, they also made an oath that "Liu Wei is king and the world will be * * *". After Liu Bang's death, Liu Ying, Emperor Hui of the Han Dynasty, succeeded to the throne, and Lv Hou became a country, with Cao Can as the prime minister, following Liu Bang's policy, achieving the effect of "the government can't go out, and the world is silent" [9], which was praised by historians, but Lv Hou also appointed consorts to suppress heroes, resulting in "Zhu Lu's rebellion".
In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, due to years of turmoil, the national strength of the Han Dynasty was weak. When Liu Bang attacked Xiongnu, he was besieged by Xiongnu in Deng Bai, which was the siege of Deng Bai. Since then, the Han dynasty has implemented the policy of kinship, exchanging marriage and treasure for peace.
After Lv Hou's death, the chaos of various roads was eradicated, and ministers welcomed Emperor Liu Qi of China. During his reign, he and his son, Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty, adopted the method of neglecting the old and doing nothing, implemented a frivolous and generous policy, shared the interest with the people, restored the great damage caused by years of war and reduced the burden on the people. However, during the reign of Emperor Jing (BC 154), the only turmoil in this period-the "Seven Kingdoms Rebellion" occurred. However, it took only a few months for Zhou Yafu to be pacified, which did not affect the Han Dynasty. This period, known as the rule of cultural scenes, is the first time that China has been praised by traditional historians since it became a unified era [10].
After Jingdi's death, his son Liu Che ascended the throne as Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (14 1-87), he adopted a series of reform measures and made great progress, which made the politics, economy and military of the Han Dynasty stronger.
Politically, in order to strengthen the imperial power, we first adopted Zhu's suggestion and implemented the throne, which weakened the power of the vassal king. Since then, the power of the captaincy can no longer pose a threat to the central government; Later, more than 100 titles were cancelled on the grounds that the contributions made by governors were impure, that is, the event of losing the title of marquis in history books. After the second incident, centralization was greatly strengthened. Culturally, the idea of "Huang Lao talks about doing nothing" in the Han Dynasty was abolished and the country was actively governed; And adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone", which made Confucianism become the mainstream thought of China after 2000. Militarily, actively respond to the biggest foreign enemy invasion in the Han Dynasty-Xiongnu. During this period, a number of talented generals such as Wei Qing and Huo Qubing appeared in the Han Dynasty, and finally defeated the Xiongnu Khan, leaving Wang Ting in the desert. It also annexed South Vietnam, conquered North Korea and made China the leader of East Asia. Diplomatically, Zhang Qian made two missions to the Western Regions, opening up the Silk Road. Liu Xijun, Liu and the great powers in the western regions were ruled by Er Weng's family, so as to alienate and control the western regions. Economically, the Han dynasty experienced many years of war, which had a certain impact on the economy. Therefore, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty put coins, salt and iron under the central management, strengthened agricultural production, implemented harmony and legality, dug white canals, and formulated equal loss compensation policies to stabilize prices and compete with the people.
The changes in this period had a great influence on the political and economic system of China feudal society in later generations, which was usually compared with a series of new political and economic measures adopted by Qin Shihuang after the reunification of China. However, after years of belligerence and expansion, Emperor Wu consumed a lot of resources and weakened the national strength of the Western Han Dynasty.
After the death of Emperor Wu, Liu Fuling acceded to the throne, and Huo Guang assisted him to show his importance to the emperor. During the reign of Zhao, the Han Dynasty basically recovered to the previous level, and the Huns were unable to resist, which was called Zhao Xuanzhongxing in history. During the reign of Xuan Di, Emperor Gaozu, he set up the Western Regions Duhu in the Western Regions, replacing the servants and commanders of Xiongnu, and actually controlled the Western Regions.
When he became an emperor, he was addicted to a gentle country and ignored political affairs. The political situation was turbulent and the Han Dynasty began to decline. After the mourning emperor became addicted to broken sleeves, Wang Mang, the consort, came to power. He first killed Emperor Han Ping, Eddie's successor. After marrying Liu Yuxin Ying and serving as a "fake emperor", he seized power in the year of AD 8, established a new dynasty, and the Western Han Dynasty perished.
Eastern Han Dynasty
Main projects: Eastern Han Dynasty
Mata Yan Fei, unearthed from Leitai Han Tomb in Wuwei, Gansu, China, is a masterpiece of bronzes in the Han Dynasty. This work is a copy. In 23 years, Wang Mang's regime finally perished under the Red Eyebrow Green Forest Uprising. The outlaw hero made Liu Xuan the imperial clan emperor of the Han Dynasty, and restored the title of the Han Dynasty, the title of a new beginning. In 25 years, the Red Eyebrow Army made Liu Penzi emperor, and later defeated the outlaw rebels. Later, after the imperial clan of the Han Dynasty, Liu Xiu acceded to the throne in the south of Yan County (now southeast of Gaoyi, Hebei Province), and destroyed Liu Penzi as Guangwu Emperor, following the title of Han Dynasty, taking this year as the first year of Jianwu. Luoyang, with its capital, is known as the Eastern Han Dynasty in history. In 37 years, the separatist forces such as Chimei, Xiao Wei and Gongsun Shu were finally eliminated, and the country was unified.
Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty abolished Wang Mang, political malpractice and social stability, which is known as the revival of Emperor Guangwu in history. However, the enfeoffment of land also caused the increasingly serious situation of land annexation and the rise of local powerful forces, which laid a hidden danger for the ultimate demise of the Eastern Han Dynasty.
During the reign of Emperor Han Ming and Zhang Han, the Eastern Han Dynasty regained its national strength and vitality during the reign of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, which is known as the rule of Zhang Ming in history. In the second year of Zhanghe (AD 88), in October, General Dou Xian rode a chariot, led the way to the fortress, broke the Xiongnu in the north, and climbed Yanran Mountain, where he wrote an inscription and carved stones to praise the work, thus sweeping away the threat of Xiongnu to the northern border of the Han Dynasty for hundreds of years.
Later, because the emperor was young, Empress Dowager Cixi was called the imperial court, and consorts and eunuchs alternately controlled state affairs. Even the abolition of the emperor was controlled by eunuchs or consorts. Frequent fights between eunuchs and consorts led to political instability. Moreover, in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the gentry were powerful and often colluded with the consorts or eunuchs of the dynasty to annex a large amount of land, which indirectly led to the gradual increase of peasant uprisings everywhere. During the period of Emperor Huan and Emperor Ling, there were two disasters in which the same party fought against differences, and the decline of the Eastern Han Dynasty was inevitable.
184, the yellow turban insurrectionary uprising led by Zhang Jiao broke out. Although the rebellion was quickly put down, the national strength of the Han government was greatly reduced after this battle. In addition, the central government delegated military and political power to local state officials in order to successfully hear cases. From then on, local strongmen and clans began to attach importance to their own troops, adding insult to injury to their already strong economic strength, and finally evolved into a situation in which strongmen and warlords such as Yuan Shao, Yuan Shu, Cao Cao and Sun Jian were separated and competed with each other. During this period, the powerful ministers Dong Zhuo and Cao Cao dominated the state affairs, rejected dissidents, and even "held the emperor to make the princes", which made the power of the Han Dynasty be overhead and exist in name only.
In 220, Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty was deposed by Cao Pi, the son of Cao Cao, and the Eastern Han Dynasty ended, and the Han Dynasty was also declared extinct, thus China entered the era of tripartite confrontation.
Local administration in Han dynasty
The nominal ruling area of the Han dynasty in the first 87 years.
The actual ruling area of the Han Dynasty in AD 2.
Western Han administrative region
First-level administrative region: more than 60 counties in the early Han Dynasty, in the second year of AD, *** 103 counties and countries. The county magistrate was originally called the chief magistrate, and when Emperor Jingdi was in office, it was renamed the satrap. The state is the vassal state of the king, and the chief executive is the national phase sent by the central government.
The second administrative region: the county (Houguo, Yi and Dao) was reduced to a food city sealed by the empress dowager and the princess; Taoist temple is a county-level administrative region located in minority areas. In AD 2, * * had 1, 587 county-level administrative regions. Counties with more than 10,000 households are called county heads, and counties with less than 10,000 households are called county heads.
Administration Department (also called Secretariat Department): Since the fifth year of Yuanfeng (BC 106), there have been 13 administrative departments at or above the county level, and each administrative department governs several counties (countries). But at this time, the administrative department is a supervision area, not a real administrative area [source request]
Eastern Han administrative region
The first-level administrative divisions are counties, kingdoms and vassal countries.
The second level is divided into counties, cities, roads, principalities and marquis countries.
In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the feudal country was king, the second class was principality, and the third class was Liehou (Liehou food county was a backward country, Hou Yaozong food town, pavilion and Shanhaiguan had no soil, so it was sent to eat in the county) [1 1].
Economic population
At the end of Qin dynasty, the population declined due to the long-term war. By the time Emperor Wu ascended the throne, the population of the Western Han Dynasty had exceeded 50 million. However, by the end of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, due to long-term military operations, the population had dropped to half of that in the early years of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. After Emperor Wu, the successors learned the lesson and adopted a fairly moderate policy. By the time Emperor Han Ping arrived, the population had reached 59.6 million.
However, after the peasant uprising war in the period of Wang Mang, the population in the early Eastern Han Dynasty was only 26.5438+0 million, and it recovered to 56.5 million in the period of Emperor Huan. However, due to the war in the Three Kingdoms period, the national population in the early Jin Dynasty was only 6.5438+0.6 million. [ 12]
The economic policy of the Han dynasty was to emphasize agriculture and restrain commerce. The land tax is only 1/30, and the business class is heavily taxed. Businessmen are not allowed to "travel by car" and their descendants are not allowed to be officials. However, due to population tax, household registration tax and male tax, the burden on farmers is not light.
The national strength of the Han Dynasty partly depended on trade with Mongolia, Korea, Central Asia, Vietnam and North India, as well as production and commerce in South China [2].
Scientific culture
Ancient seismograph
Repairing the model Han Dynasty is a very glorious period of science and technology culture in China history. The state also attaches great importance to education and knowledge. When the Eastern Han Dynasty was Emperor Huan, there were only 30,000 Imperial College students [10].
Culturally, poetry, painting, music, philosophy, literature and history are all prosperous. Sima Qian's Historical Records is the first biographical general history of China and the first of the twenty-four histories. Han Shu, written by Ban Gu and others, became a model for later dynasties to write their own history. Many western scholars believe that [2], the historical standards initiated by writers in the Han Dynasty did not lead the world until18th century. Many documents destroyed by Qin Shihuang's burning books and burying Confucianism were reproduced through the records of scholars in the Han Dynasty, including the ancient books of the Five Classics, which were also excavated and sorted out at this time. The Han government set up Yuefu to collect folk poems, which is Yuefu poetry. Later generations collected many Yuefu poems in Yuefu Poems, Nineteen Ancient Poems and Yutai New Poems, and the long narrative poem Peacock Flying Southeast was also written in the late Han Dynasty. Jia Yi's Public Security Policy, On the Qin Dynasty, Mei Cheng's Seven Hair, Sima Xiangru's Zixu Fu, Shang's Fu Lin and Zhang Heng's Erjing Fu are all literary masterpieces that have been celebrated through the ages.
In the Han Dynasty, official script gradually replaced Xiao Zhuan as the main writing font, and the appearance of official script laid the font structure of modern Chinese characters and became the watershed of ancient and modern characters. During this period, the rudiment of punctuation marks also appeared.
Thought of governing the country in han dynasty. Legalism was adopted in the founding of the People's Republic of China in the Han Dynasty, and Taoism of Huang Lao was the main idea in the Wenjing period, supplemented by Confucianism and Legalism, as the guiding ideology of the legal system. It not only emphasizes inaction, but also attaches importance to the role of courtesy and morality. It not only recognizes the importance of law, but also insists on simplifying the law and serving the people. After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the rulers established the legal guiding ideology with Confucianism as the orthodox thought and Legalist thought as the supplement, and its center was "moral education is the mainstay and punishment is the auxiliary", that is, moral education is used first, and education is ineffective and then punishment is imposed. This way of governing the country with both rigidity and softness became the guiding ideology of the legal system of the Han Dynasty after Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. This thought has a great influence on the legislation of later generations. Xuan Di, the Emperor of the Han Dynasty, once famously said: "The Han family has its own system, and its system is based on hegemony." This is an incisive exposition of this idea.
In terms of science and technology, silk floss and hemp were used to make paper in the Western Han Dynasty. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cai Lun improved papermaking and became one of the four great inventions in China. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhang Heng made the world's first seismograph that could predict earthquakes. Zhang Zhongjing was honored as a "medical sage" because of Treatise on Febrile Diseases. According to historical records, Hua Tuo was the first doctor in the world to adopt general anesthesia (its authenticity is now questioned by Chen Yinke and others [source request]). Zhou Kuai Shu Jing in the first century BC and Jiu Zhang Arithmetic in the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty are masterpieces in the field of mathematics. Among them, Nine Chapters Arithmetic is a summary of the development of mathematics during the establishment and consolidation of feudal society in the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties. It enumerates four kinds of fractional operations, this technique (called three-rate method in the west), square root and square root (including numerical solution of quadratic equation), surplus and deficiency technique (called double solution in the west), various formulas of area and volume, solutions of linear equations, addition and subtraction of positive and negative operations, Pythagorean solution (.
The Han Dynasty was also the first time that China invented porcelain firing. Taichu calendar, written by Luo and others, brought the 24 solar terms into the calendar for the first time. During this period, products of the late Han Dynasty appeared, such as distillation, hydraulic mill, rudiment of modern horse yoke and abdominal belt, lacquerware, reciprocating piston bellows for metallurgy, unicycle, waterwheel, suspension bridge and so on. Waterproof compartments, multiple masts, stern rudder and compass are used in shipbuilding. In addition, blood circulation was discovered for the first time [2].
During the Han Dynasty, China's smelting technology also made great progress, and the technology of casting money was relatively mature, such as three baht money and five baht money. The painting technique is unique, such as the silk painting unearthed in Mawangdui [13], and all kinds of daily necessities are complete. For example, the bronze mirror known as the "magic mirror of the Han Dynasty" has also been continuously improved, and distilled liquor appeared in the Han Dynasty, making the wine level perfect. Agricultural technology was greatly improved, and drainage irrigation tools appeared in the early Eastern Han Dynasty.
Emperor of Han dynasty
Tan Poulnot. Posthumous title's ruling time year number
202-8 years before the Western Han Dynasty
Taizu [15] 202 years before Liu Bang ascended the throne-before 195 years.
Emperor Ying Qian of Liu Xiaohui 195- Qian 188.
Gong Liu BC 188-BC 184.
Ricas [16][ 17] BC184 BC 180.
Emperor Taizong BC 180 years-BC 157 years.
Diqi 156- 140.
Liu Che, the filial piety of Emperor Sejong, was born in 140 BC-Jianyuan in 86 BC [BC 18 BC] 140 BC-0/35 BC.
BC 134 to BC 129.
BC 128-BC 123 years
Before yuanshou 122-yuanshou 1 17 years.
Money 1 16- money 1 1 year.
Yuan Fengqian 1 10 year-Yuan Fengqian 105 year.
Early 104- early 10 1 year.
BC 100 to 97 BC
96 years before the start.-93 years before the start.
The first 92 years-the first 89 years.
88 BC to 87 BC
Liu Fuling, emperor of Xiao Zhao, 86-74 BC, 86-80 BC.
80 years before Yuanfeng-75 years before Yuanfeng
74 years before Yuanping
Liu He [19]
Liu Xun, Emperor Xuanzong of the Middle School of Tang Dynasty, first 7 years.