Analysis:
Paoge Club is the common name of a non-governmental gang organization in Sichuan (including Chongqing now, the same below) during the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, and it is also called Gege Club in other areas. Paoge Club originated in the late Qing Dynasty and prevailed in the Republic of China. Paoge Club, together with green gang and Hongmen, were the three major folk gangs at that time. Paoge Club was once a secret organization of a few people in Sichuan in Qing Dynasty. After the Revolution of 1911, it has been an open organization for a long time, and most adult men in Sichuan directly joined or indirectly accepted its control. Paoge Club has an extremely important influence on all aspects of Sichuan society, and even today we can see many traces of it. This feature is unprecedented in any other part of China.
There are two explanations for Sichuan nursing home members being called Paoge. One explanation is to take the meaning of "no clothes" from the Book of Songs and think that they are brothers with the same robe color. On the other hand, robes are homophonic with cells, which means brothers like compatriots. The two explanations are roughly the same.
produce
After Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty, there appeared a different surname sworn group in Sichuan society, called Lulu, whose members were called Luluzi. They are scattered and have no contact between groups, and they live in southern Shaanxi, western Hunan, Guizhou and Yunnan. These refugee gangs usually rob folk property with knives in counties and cities, or in remote road areas, or on rivers and lakes, and engage in gambling, murder, arson, * * * and other criminal activities. Lulu has no strict organization, articles of association, or clear political goals and beliefs.
During the Jiaqing period, when the Anbaili Sect in Sichuan and Hubei revolted, a large number of gourd seeds joined, and some even became the main force and leader. With the failure of Anbaili Uprising, Luluzi was suppressed everywhere, but still wandering around, and many people were mixed with the Qing army and leaders. In order to strengthen their internal organizational ties and improve their ability to survive, develop and confront the government, they gradually absorbed a large number of organizational forms and contact methods that had already spread to Sichuan, or merged with them directly, and developed into a gang organization society during the Daoguang period.
The founding hall is the symbol of the establishment of the society and the ceremony of the establishment of the independent organization of the society. The earliest mountain-opening hall in Sichuan is generally believed to be Guo Yongtai's opening of Zhongshan in Yongning (now Xuyong) in the 28th year of Qing Daoguang (1848), and he was called by the king of Yanping County to seize general print. According to Paoge's account, "More than 4,000 people joined the alliance. Soon, Brother Zhong Zhongshan spread all over the provinces, especially Sichuan. "
After the emergence of old-age care institutions, they have developed rapidly in various places, and the southern provinces and some northern provinces have their own organizations. Generally speaking, the development of old-age care institutions has three characteristics: 1, and Sichuan has the largest number and the greatest strength. 2. It has developed very rapidly in Xiang Army and other military camps. 3. Although the gerocomium is widely distributed, there is still a strong anti-Qing sentiment. The basic force of the peasant uprisings in Lanzhou and Li Lan that broke out in Xianfeng years was the Gelaohui. In the future, the main force of the anti-Qing religious plan centered on anti-foreign religion is also the elder brothers such as "one king, two grains and three robes", which is the main force of Dazu religious plan, the largest religious plan in Sichuan.
[edit]
member
Most of the original Paoge Club members came from the bottom of society. After the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement and Li Lan Uprising failed, the society became more turbulent. Being a Paoge without money and power is to help each other, and being a Paoge with money and power is to control the place, cultivate wings and actively join the Paoge team. Under this trend, it is difficult to gain a foothold in society without joining Paoge Club.
[edit]
Wu Tang
Due to the increasing number of participants, Paoge Club has gradually formed five halls, namely, benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom and faith. Most of the participants in Lunzitang are gentry. Yizitang is dominated by businessmen; There are many bandits and soldiers in the auditorium. Zhizitang is mostly poor farmers, craftsmen, boatmen and drivers; The number of people in the letter-word hall is small, and they are all lower-class people, such as singers and bathers.
[edit]
classify
Paoge generally doesn't take this as his profession, but there are also a few organizers or backbones who take this as their profession. There are also paoge clubs in some towns and villages, which are completely green forest style, taking mountains as the king and robbing for a living. This kind of robe brother is called muddy water robe brother, and the robe brother who does not steal or rob other people's property is called Qingshui robe brother. In terms of the number of people, Shimizu Paoge is the majority.
[edit]
scale
Since the mid-Qing Dynasty, Gelaohui was established in Sichuan. In the Qing dynasty, * * * regarded it as an anti-Qing and anti-social group and cracked down severely, so there were not many people. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, due to social unrest and the weakening of * * *' s control over the bottom, the number of Paoge Club members increased rapidly and finally reached a semi-open level. During the Republic of China, Paoge Club played an active role in Sichuan Railway Protection Movement, but in the early years of the Republic of China, the situation was chaotic and Paoge completely became an open organization. By the end of 1940s, it was estimated that 30-50% of adult men in Sichuan had joined Paoge Club (some people estimated 70-80%).
[edit]
Organizational form
[edit]
address
The gathering place where Paoge Club first contacted was Shantou or xiang tang, and the establishment of Paoge Club was called the establishment of Shantang. The names of Shantou and Xiangtang are used as the names of an organization of Paoge Club, such as Lotus Hill Fuguitang and Emei Mountain Shunde Club. Later, with the gradual increase of participants and the change of meeting place, the organization of Paoge Club was renamed as Pier, Public Port and Club.
[edit]
condition
Paoge Club has no national organization or even regional organization. Every Paoge club organization exists independently, with no attachment or affiliation, but there are often personnel exchanges. So there are a lot of Paoge clubs. Generally, a town or city has a street, or even more. For example, 1949, there are more than 1000 mass clubs in Chengdu and more than 300 in Chongqing.
In the late Republic of China, some powerful Paoge tried to merge and realize regional unification. For example, with the support of the Ministry of Social Affairs, Paoge in Chongqing established the National Self-Strengthening Society, and Chengdu established the National Mutual Aid Society, but they all existed in name only, but they still existed and operated independently.
[edit]
Internal hierarchy
The internal ranking of Paoge organization is divided into five levels, which are called the first row, the third row, the fifth row, the sixth row and the tenth row.
Head row: The eldest brother in the head row is the rudder head, also called the tiller and the president. Other leisure brothers, such as honorary directors of general social organizations, are mostly prestigious people, and some gentry and businessmen rely on the relationship of Paoge to promote social activities. They hang a name, sponsor some money, and obtain the qualification of "uncle", commonly known as gentry and businessmen.
Third platoon: also known as third brother, money and grain. An enterprise (such as a teahouse, casino, warehouse) that is in charge of the economy and operation of a society.
Fifth platoon: also known as brother five, steward, red flag steward, communication, law enforcement, etc. Among Paoge, there is the most social strength, many of them are professional Paoge and gentlemen.
Sixth platoon: Deputy Sixth, also called Brother Five, is a general member. The greenwood is called the blue flag, which is a small leader who is responsible for patrolling and exploring things.
Ten rows: collectively known as Lao Yao, there are Feng Yao, law enforcement Lao Yao and Lao Li, an errand boy. Old Feng Wei is a rich young man, but he can be the "big brother of Tianhai". Law enforcement is mostly rogue devils. Brother Pao preached and guarded Yuanmen, and it was this generation that sanctioned traitors as killers. Running errands is like running errands in a teahouse or casino. Generally, Lao Yao is a newcomer organizer.
The ranking is not 24789. Second, I dare not surpass Guan Yu (Guan Yu is called Master Guan Yu). Fourth, if Taoyuan has Zhao Zilong as the fourth brother, this seat will be empty. Seven is said to be a traitor, Luo Cheng of Wagangzhai, line seven. Eight, nine avoid Yang Jiajiang eight elder sister nine younger sister.
[edit]
Three conferences
Paoge * * * three times a year: the most grand knife meeting on May 13th of the lunar calendar (for Guan Yu). In July, it was called the Central Plains Society, which was dedicated to the death of brothers. The twelfth lunar month is called having a reunion dinner. In fact, it's all about recruiting new members and discussing things inside and outside xiang tang. I also have to introduce a new Paoge, pay homage in the incense hall, listen to the helmsman's "ranking", and then Paoge came.
[edit]
Historical event
[edit]
Railway project crisis
19 1 1 On May 9, Qing * * * accepted Sheng Xuanhuai's suggestion, withdrew the local road rights, declared the railway state-owned, and handed over the road rights of the Sichuan-Han railway operated by the joint-stock company to foreign powers. Because Sichuan people were dissatisfied with the compensation of Qing Dynasty, the anti-Qing sentiment rose rapidly, and the railway protection movement in Sichuan was in full swing in a very short time. In the past two months, most counties in Sichuan have established the Baolu Comrades' Association, including the League and the Constitutionalists, but the most important force is Paoge from all over the country. The forces relied on by the Allies, namely Paoge and the New Army, and the leaders of the Sichuan League, Yin, Yang Shukan, Wu and others also joined Paoge. 19 1 1 On August 4th, 2008, Uncle Paoge from all over western Sichuan held a Paoge rally in Luoquanjing, Zizhou (now Zizhong) to discuss the problem of protecting roads against the Qing Dynasty, and decided to change the comrades' association into the comrades' army and hold a great uprising against the Qing Dynasty in western Sichuan. After the bloody case broke out in Chengdu on September 7th, Comrade Lu Bao's army, mainly Paoge Club, began an armed uprising in the whole province. 165438+1On October 22nd, Chongqing declared its independence and established the Shu Army. Zhang Peijue is the commander-in-chief of the Shu army, and Xia Zhishi is the deputy commander-in-chief. After the mutiny in Chengdu on February 8, 65438, comrades from all walks of life entered Chengdu, and Yin reorganized the Sichuan Army, with Yin, Ren and Deputy Commanders. At this point, the Qing dynasty's rule in Sichuan came to an end.
After the success of Comrade Lu Bao's army uprising, a large number of Paoge organizations were established all over Sichuan. At this time, Sichuan has become the world of Paoge.
[edit]
A war to defend the country
After the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty, Yuan Shikai stole the revolutionary achievements and became the interim president of the Republic of China. 19 15 12 Yuan Shikai proclaimed himself emperor and changed the Republic of China to * * *. Cai E, the former governor of Yunnan, and Tang Yu, the general of Yunnan 19 15 declared Yunnan independence in Kunming on February 25th, and immediately organized a patriotic army of about 20,000 people to crusade against Yuan Shikai, with Cai E, Li Liejun and Tang as the commanders-in-chief of the first, second and third armies. Tang is also the governor of Yunnan. Yuan Shikai deployed 80,000 troops to attack Yunnan and was defeated by Cai E in Sichuan. In this war to defend our country and defend our country, the League once again wooed and relied on Paoge, and Paoge's armed forces regrouped and fought in various places. The headquarters of Sichuan Defence Force is located in Paoge Wharf at the junction of Wenjiang, Chongzhou and Shuangliu counties in Liu Jiahao. The commander, deputy commander and chief of staff are all former comrades-in-arms and paoge.
[edit]
Red paoge
According to today's standards in China, Paoge Club should at least be classified as an illegal organization or even a triad organization. However, during the Republic of China, the influence of * * * was weak, and the complex contradiction between the influence of * * * and the local forces in Sichuan politics made * * * often rely on and use the power of such local organizations. So many PaoGe leaders have maintained close contact with * * *, and even directly provided convenience for * * *. These robe brothers are called red robe brothers. For example, Wang, commander of the Sichuan Army in Qiongzhou, and Du, director of the Chengdu office of the 20th Army.
[edit]
* * * attitude
[edit]
withered
At the end of the civil war, * * * troops hoped to continue their political power with the help of the special terrain in Sichuan. Just like in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, they moved the capital from Nanking to Chengdu, and later to Xichang, trying to fight against the Sichuan troops. Most uncle Paoge took part in the armed resistance organized by * * *. Most of the students in the fifth "Guerrilla Cadre Training Course" are Paoge, and the Salvation Army and Guerrilla March established in various places are basically armed with Paoge. Shortly after the people * * * liberated Sichuan,1February, 950, the remnants of * * * organized rebellion in various parts of western Sichuan, with Paoge as the main force. Later, Liu, the younger brother of the big landlord who was criticized by * * * *, organized and planned the rebellion and handed it over to * * *. Liu was the main cadre of the local society at that time.
After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), * * * strengthened its control over social grass-roots units by means of land reform, banned all non-governmental gang organizations, and severely suppressed the armed Paoge society that resisted * * *, including the Red Pao Ge organization that helped * * *, thus ending the history of 100 years.
[edit]
other
[edit]
Hi paoge
In Sichuan dialect, joining Paoge will be called Hi Paoge.
[edit]
teahouse
Teahouse is an important activity place of Paoge Club. Each hill is called XX Palace and XX Club, each with its own "dock", and a teahouse is set up as the contact place, which is the location of Xiangtang, and * * * is held in the teahouse. Brother Bao, the deacon, goes to the teahouse every day to deal with related affairs and receive friends from Jianghu, which is called Shuikou. Teahouse is also the place where Paoge solves and mediates disputes. Paoge Club's three major activities every year are also held in the teahouse.
[edit]
Relevant important people
Yangshukan
Yuzhang Wu
Zhang peijue
Liu
Liu
Fan Shaozeng
Lengkaitai
Chen junshan
Du Zhongshi