A collection of college entrance examination terms and poetry appreciation methods, examples of common images 1. The stem of the college entrance examination is the "clue" to solve the problem, which points out the direction, scope and requirements of the answer to the candidates. Only by reading the stem can we grasp the main points calmly. Looking at the national college entrance examination papers in recent years, it is not difficult to find that there are some similar "common terms" hidden in the questions. The summary is as follows: Expression: Common expressions in Chinese include narration, description, discussion, lyricism and explanation. Writing skills: the narrow sense of writing skills is "expression", and the broad sense refers to all writing skills. Such as expression, rhetoric, suppression before promotion, symbol, straight to the point, expressing meaning and so on. Rhetoric: metaphor, personification, repetition, exaggeration, parallelism, antithesis, contrast, rhetorical question, etc. Language features: Generally speaking, it means that spoken language is easy to understand, written language is rigorous and elegant, and literary language is bright, vivid, vivid and full of emotion. Plain and vivid description (language expression angle). Description methods: generally, there are examples, classification, data list, comparison, definition, explanation, analogy, drawing charts, imitation and so on. (generally three words). Description order: chronological order (procedural order), spatial order, logical order. You can be more specific when answering questions, such as: spatial order (. Step by step, etc. Explanatory object: refers to the main person or thing explained in the article (generally, it is not necessary to answer the characteristics of this person or thing). Argumentation topic: argument type, topic type, relationship type, implied argument method: reasonable argument, factual argument, comparative argument, figurative argument, regression method required by middle school. Argumentation method: argumentation and refutation. Theoretical argumentation: including famous sayings, proverbs and formulas. Second, structure, such as transition and echo; Third, language, such as fascinating, lively and so on. Ideological: basically refers to the central idea or theme of the article. Thoughts and feelings: the ideological tendency shown by the author or characters in his works, such as good and evil, likes and dislikes, praise and criticism, etc. The above "common terms" secretly examine the students' Chinese foundation, and are also the points of the topic, so as to understand clearly. Second, the common terms 1 in appreciation of ancient poetry. The evaluation theme category deepens the artistic conception, deepens the theme, has profound artistic conception, is beautiful and meaningful, is thought-provoking, has far-reaching significance (the language is easy to understand, and the theme is far-reaching), is concise and rich (the language is concise and rich in content), and is intended to be beyond words (the implication is endless), is implicit, tactful, silent and romantic (the meaning is implicit but not revealed, or the expression is not obvious). 2. Language features are succinct (roughly introducing things), colorful (detailed description), vivid (realistic description, mostly referring to people or animals), implicit or poor (phase) (detailed description, vivid description) and poetic. 3. Language style is flowing (structure and language are natural and smooth), both form and spirit are impeccable (language, structure and other forms and contents are impeccable), concise or refined (language is concise and neat), concise or clear (no carving or decoration), simple and fresh, simple and elegant, gorgeous and bright (clear and smooth). 4. The structure of the article includes foreshadowing (explanation and suggestion before the plot), ambush pen (the front part is the clue buried in the back part), echo or reference (connection before and after), and nature (the structure is complete, just like natural generation). 5. Other ideas are original, novel, unique, unique, unconventional, unconventional and innovative. Do not follow the old format, practice, quite ingenious), delicate feelings, sincere feelings, vivid paper, twists and turns, distinct layers. Third, the method of poetry appreciation 1. Exam-oriented strategy: (1) Mastering the necessary appreciation knowledge and artistic conception is the harmonious unity of meaning and context in poetry. It is an organic combination of the thoughts and feelings expressed by the poet and the life picture described in the poem. Lyric ways: direct lyric and indirect lyric. Expression techniques: such as contrast, contrast, truth and falsehood, expressing meaning by things, expressing feelings by things, etc. Style genre: Due to the different life experiences, emotional temperament and artistic accomplishment of writers, they show their unique styles, styles and interests in their creation, forming works with different styles, such as Li Bai's. Du Fu was depressed and frustrated, Su Shi was broad-minded and bold, Liu Yong was gentle and graceful, and so on. Understanding the poet's style is conducive to grasping the thoughts and feelings they want to express in their poems. Language features: fresh-novel language, simple-simple and true, gorgeous-gorgeous fantasy, bright-broken, subtle-subtle, concise-concise. It is helpful to grasp the content and thought of poetry. With the help of association and imagination, it is helpful to grasp the artistic conception of poetry, because poetry has tension and infinite charm. ③ Taste the refined words, sentences and chain meanings of the author in his poems. In appreciation, it is necessary to deeply analyze the poet's accurate and vivid words, exquisite and appropriate rhetoric, the blending of emotion and scenery, and the combination of matter and reason, which is helpful to grasp the artistic conception and emotion of the work and enter the truth of the work. Feel the poet's feelings. Appreciation of literary works is a creative activity with strong comprehensiveness and high level of ability. At present, the teaching of poetry appreciation can be said to be a weak link in Chinese teaching and a blind spot in the review of senior high school entrance examination. When reviewing, we should pay attention to the setting of test sites and appreciate them from the following aspects: 1, understanding of the content of poetry (1), understanding of the central idea; (2) understanding of the feelings expressed; ⑶ Understand the lyric subject image; (4) Understanding of symbolic meaning. 2. Understand the expression techniques used and their functions. 3. Understanding of poetic language (1) Understanding of key words; (2) Understanding of key sentences. 4. Understanding the artistic conception of poetry. The types of questions are generally multiple-choice questions, fill-in-the-blank questions and short-answer questions. Some are open-ended questions that encourage students to innovate. Thinking and skills of solving problems: 1. From the relevant background information of the writer and the work, grasp the theme of the work, the author's emotional tendency and the original intention of the poem. 2. Understand the meaning of the poem and the emotion expressed by the author's style (bold and graceful, etc. ) and language features (such as conciseness, implication, etc.). Appreciate key words, such as mastering the usage, meaning and function of key verbs in poetry. 4. Appreciate the analysis, summary and reasoning of key sentences (such as thematic sentences, philosophical sentences and emotional sentences). 5. Taste language and imagine artistic conception from rhetoric and expression. 6. Master the ideological content of all kinds of poems (farewell, chanting, patriotism, etc.). ) from a comprehensive understanding of the specific content of poetry. For the answer to subjective questions, we should also pay attention to the conciseness and clarity of text expression. Get to the point. Familiar with the commonly used terms in the appreciation of classical poetry. (1) The evaluation theme category deepens the artistic conception, deepens the theme, and the artistic conception is far-reaching, beautiful and meaningful, intriguing, short and far-reaching, implied, implicit and so on. (2) Analysis techniques show ambition, make the finishing point, express one's mind, express one's ambition, symbolize, see the big from the small, and come straight to the point. Emergence, scene blending, scene interaction, scene giving birth to feelings, lyrical borrowing scenes, scene setting off feelings, scene blending, all scene words are emotional words, etc. (3) Language features are sketching, colorful, meticulous, delicate, vivid, implicit, poor, philosophical, incisive, flowing and vivid. Gorgeous words, etc. (4) The style is gloomy, bold, vigorous, broad-minded, gloomy, desolate, diluted, deep, sad, vigorous, soothing, sad and chic. (5) The structure of the article includes foreshadowing, ambush, echo and naturalness. (6) Writing skills are both virtual and real. Intertextuality and so on. Secondly, pay attention to the method of reading poetry (1). With the help of title, author and comments, title is the starting point. The title of ancient poetry is very particular, which often reveals the time, place, object, event and theme of poetry writing, and is an important starting point for us to interpret poetry. Starting from the title, we can understand poetry quickly and accurately. Author: Determine the dynasty, object and theme. It paves the way for later analysis of language, expression skills, ideological content and poet's attitude. Note: You can understand the creative background of the work. (2) Learn to appreciate poetry by content. The classification of ancient poetry is vast, from the Book of Songs to the poems of the Qing Dynasty, with a large number and a wide range of themes, which is amazing. But as far as its content is concerned, it can be summarized as: epic poems, pastoral poems, object poems, frontier poems, lyric poems and so on. It is very important to master the characteristics of various poems. (In view of the specific space, I won't go into details. Appreciating poetry with the help of background should not ignore the understanding of its background. The background mentioned here includes the social era, life experience, ideas and so on. When we appreciate poetry, we should use it to understand and grasp it. 4. Pay attention to the "description of details" in the works. China's classical poems are generally short and pithy, and there are not many details as narrative works. However, even if it is a short chapter, even if it is a lyric sketch, we can't ignore the detail description. 5. Pay attention to the author's "logical thinking". People in classical poetry can generally pay attention to the thinking in the image and fully analyze it, but ignore the analysis and understanding of the necessary logical thinking of the work, so that the true meaning of the work can not be fully and objectively appreciated at some time. Thinking in images cannot exclude logical thinking. And it must be based on logical thinking. 6. Pay attention to the use of "allusions" in the works. Allusion is a common expression in ancient poetry, which not only enhances the meaning of the work, but also has a certain influence on our reading. Sometimes, if you can't understand the meaning of allusions correctly, it will directly affect the appreciation of the whole work. Therefore, we must have a preliminary understanding of "allusions" in the works. Through the original intention of the original allusion, we can understand the new meaning expressed after using the allusion. Generally speaking, we should pay attention to the following situations when using allusions in ancient poetry. The statement pointing to the front is different from the direct quotation, but it is digested and written in our own words. When quoting historical stories, we clearly point out who and what. This is an open and secret historical story. It is more subtle than using it clearly, because we don't clearly point out what it is. On the other hand, it will be a big problem. The use of historical stories, whether open or hidden, is using its meaning, and the use of historical stories is also using its meaning. Second, appreciate the evaluation 1. Grasp the imagery and artistic conception of poetry: there are various imagery in poetry. To sum up, there are the following categories: (1) symbolic images; (2) figurative image; (3) Descriptive images; (4) General perceptual images; (2) Appreciation of Images in Poetry The so-called "image" is a picture of life displayed in literary works, which can generally be divided into character images and natural scenery; (1) character image; The poet image "I" in poetry generally refers to lyricism. That is, the poet himself is different from the "I" in the novel (not the author himself). (2) the image of the scene. The landscape image in poetry is the scene in love. Lyrics are often subjective emotional images expressed by objective things (mountains, rivers, plants, etc.). ), that is, the image containing "meaning", that is, "image". Poets generally express themselves through images, and poets, as subjects, are often associated with images. There is a certain connection between various images. Generally speaking, when writing short comments, we should pay attention to "blocking the hat" first, that is, telling the overall characteristics of the poet's image, and then taking this as the "central argument" to analyze and demonstrate this argument from the specific words of poetry. The other three aspects of appreciation and evaluation generally use this idea. It is worth noting that we must write around this argument. Novices often lose their concentration. Write all aspects in short words. Like other literary works, the way to appreciate the poet's image is generally based on his social status, ideology and personality characteristics. However, these words should not appear in the specific writing process. At this time, we borrowed its way and thinking. 3. The main features of appreciating poetic language are conciseness, imagery, emotion and jumping. Appreciating the language of poetry mainly starts from these aspects. And these aspects are often integrated. 4. Appreciating the expressive skills of works refers to the specific and special artistic means expressed by the general creative rules and methods when the poet uses language to shape the artistic image. Mainly investigate the artistic characteristics and forms of expression. (1) lyric method. There are direct lyricism (direct expression of one's mind) and indirect lyricism. The main means of indirect lyric are borrowing scenery or things to express their feelings, borrowing people or things to express their feelings, and also melting feelings into the scenery, recalling the past and hurting the present, and feeling the present. (2) expression. 2. Performance: narration, description, lyricism and discussion; 3. Conception skills: dynamic and static writing, happy and sad writing, combination of reality and reality, seeing the big from the small, combining point with surface, imagination and association, symbolic sustenance, etc. Of these three aspects, the third is the key. (3) Use allusions. There are two main points in the appreciation of poetry allusions: 1, the source and meaning of allusions. 2. The role of allusions. In the poems and songs after the Tang Dynasty, it is mainly to remember the past, learn from the bitter experience and express the feelings by chanting history. (4) Style is the general feature of works in thought and art determined by creative personality. As far as style is concerned, it can be divided into romanticism and realism. Judging from the overall style of poetry and songs, it is said that it is poetic, charming in words and harmonious in music. There is a difference between bold and graceful. 1, different styles have different characteristics: Romanticism: good at expressing passionate pursuit of the ideal world, often exaggerated, passionate language, magnificent and magical imagination. Representative poets include Qu Yuan, Li Bai, Li He, Su Shi and Gong Zizhen. Realism: pay attention to accurately and delicately describing reality according to the original life. Truly reflect people's lives and pursuits. Representative poets include Du Fu, Xin Qiji and Lu You. 2. Many poets have formed their own unique styles: Su Shi and Xin Qiji: bold and unconstrained Liu Yong and Li Qingzhao: graceful and restrained Li Yu and Liu Yuxi: meaningful Xie Tiao and Xie Lingyun: natural Li Bai: fresh and elegant Du Fu: depressed and frustrated Qu Yuan: majestic and tragic Wang Anshi: bold and lofty Tao Yuanming: distant and quiet Wang Wei: desolate and beautiful Wang Changling. Different types of poems have different styles: court poems: lingering pastoral poems: tranquil landscape poems: fresh and beautiful frontier poems: sad and generous allegorical poems: gloomy and angry poems: majestic (5) Rhetoric: mainly mastering the eight rhetorical techniques required by the college entrance examination. The examination form is generally to distinguish the artistic techniques of rhetoric and analyze the artistic effects of rhetoric. 5. Evaluating the ideological content of the work First of all, thoughts and feelings: three points are mainly investigated: 1, and emotional categories: sadness, anger, resentment, sadness, joy, joy, yearning, sadness, nostalgia for the past, injury to the present, etc. 2, emotional carrier: willow-parting chrysanthemum-proud moon-reunion leaves-frustration and so on. 3. Lyric method. Contents: The main contents are: 1, cultural common sense, life common sense, historical allusions, myths and legends, and natural phenomena involved. 2. The general idea or connotation of a poem. 3. The poet's ideological inclination, political opinions, ambition pursuit, life experience, etc. 4. The background of the times and social reality. Poetry expresses ideological content in two forms, one is to borrow scenery to express emotion, and the other is to express emotion. Lyrics and songs are often used to remember the past, that is, to express one's mind by borrowing things and words. The ideological content is also concentrated in the poems expressing aspirations. To appreciate the thoughts and feelings of poetry, we should first start with the basic content of the poem, and then the author should write out the feelings contained in the poem. Third, the summary expression 1. Flexible use of common terms in appreciation of ancient poetry, accurate and appropriate expression of their own "poetry on poetry" experience. Recite things and express aspirations (feelings); Nostalgia for history; That is, feelings; Battle of frontier fortress; Landscape pastoral; Image; Artistic conception; Background; Theme. "How to write": romanticism; Realism; Poetic eyes; Lyric with scenery; Integrate feelings into the landscape; Say it out loud; Combination of reality and excess; Picturesque and vivid; Dynamic and static combination; Turn static into dynamic; Refine words; Take over and turn over; Fu Bixing; Exaggeration; Use allusions; Implicit; Confrontation; Rhyme. "Why write": express the thoughts and feelings of; Reflect social reality; Show interest in; show interest in; Entrust feelings (such as admiration, melancholy, melancholy, depression, etc.). ). Express the pursuit of; Show a tendency to; Give off the feeling of ...; Show one's heart; Produce the emotion of ... 2. Distinguish several concepts, clarify the content of the answer, and ask "expression", then you should describe, depict (virtual reality, dynamic and static), discuss, express feelings, elaborate and so on. When you ask "figures of speech", you should answer the figures of speech used; When you ask about "artistic (expressive) skills", you should imagine, associate, contrast (positive or negative contrast), contrast, symbol, allusion, adaptation, suggestion and so on. 4. Pay special attention to the following points when answering questions: First, stick to the requirements and don't generalize; Second, the main points should be complete and should be considered from multiple angles; Third, the wording should be refined, accurate, concise and standardized. The role of rhetoric and interpretation methods in reading a text (reading comprehension) 1, parallelism and repetition: strong expression. Parallelism often gives people a sense of unity, and the language is fluent and magnificent, which can enhance the persuasiveness and appeal of the article. Emphasize a certain meaning or highlight a certain emotion repeatedly. Used to explain the truth, it can make the truth easy to understand. 4. Exaggeration: used to emphasize or highlight some characteristics of things and express some strong thoughts and feelings. 5. Setting questions: Answering questions by yourself, attracting readers' attention and thinking, also plays an important role in emphasizing-6. Duality: more sentences-,neat language, etc. 1. For example, it makes-more vivid. Vivid language. 2. Classification: Make the explanation of-clearer. 3. Example: Make readers more convinced -4. Enumerating figures: make readers more convinced. Make the language more accurate. 5. Comparison: Reveal more clearly through comparison. 6. Definition: Explain more accurately. Explain the essential characteristics of things. 7. explanation: clarify some characteristics of things. Third, the answer format of poetry appreciation 1, image: identity+characters 2, image and meaning of poetry: surface meaning+deep meaning (that is, explaining poetry) 3, lyricism: through what content to express (lodge/reveal) feelings 4, experience artistic conception: objective image+subjective feeling+blending. Taste keywords: meaning+technique+expressive function (sentence meaning+text meaning+theme emotion) 6. Appreciating rhetorical methods: revealing technique+analyzing expression function (sentence meaning+text meaning+theme emotion) 7. Appreciation expression method: how to describe (describe)+what to describe (describe)+what to show; 8. Appreciate the expressive technique: technique+expressive function. Summarize and evaluate the content of the poem: what kind of poem is this+what is written in each sentence of the poem+what emotion is expressed by what means+evaluation (sum) Common image examples: yellow leaves of trees: withered, mature, beautiful, withered, metabolic green leaves: vitality, hope, vitality, pine and cypress: firm, proud, strong and energetic bamboo: integrity. Brilliant flowers in life: withering, frustration, frustration in life, longing for spring, and nostalgia for beautiful things: secluded, noble and refined plum blossoms: proud snow, strong, indomitable and adversity orchids: noble peony: rich and beautiful grass: humble millet full of vitality, endless life, hope, desolation, remoteness, hatred and low status. Pursuit of Fish: Freedom, Comfort Lonely Goose: Loneliness, Nostalgia, Nostalgia, News Eagle: Perseverance, Freedom, Fight of Life, Success of Career Dog, Chicken: Breath of Life, Rural Life Thin Horse: Pentium, Pursuit, Wandering Crow: Villain, Ordinary Man, Sha Ou: Wandering, hentai, Frost, Rain, Snow, Water Cloud. Disillusionment of ideals and light rain: spring, hope, vitality, vitality, subtle enlightenment rainstorm: cruelty, enthusiasm, political struggle, the power to sweep away evil forces, and the power to cleanse filth. Spring breeze: open-minded, happy and hopeful. East wind: spring, beautiful west wind: loneliness, melancholy, decline, wandering homesickness. Strong wind: the power to create chaos and destroy the old world. The harsh environment and the rampant exposure of evil forces: life is short and fleeting. Cloud: wandering, wandering, Yin: depression, sadness, loneliness. Sunny day: a joyful, bright object. Jade: a noble and refined pearl: beautiful and flawless. Other categories: ancient people: Zhi Ming, introspection, whip Tatar monuments: nostalgia, Zhi Ming, once prosperous and now declining (. Pastoral scenery, life breath, simple and beautiful, quiet fairyland: elegance, beauty, cleanliness, forgetting dust and common moon: perfection or regret of life, homesickness for sunset: loss, depression, cherishing a beautiful and short life or thing world: people's smallness, short life, broad mind and emotional loneliness: joy, pride, frustration and sadness.