General knowledge of physical education in grade five 1. General knowledge of physical education in the fifth grade of primary school
Physical exercise can exercise, enhance courage and cultivate students' endurance and perseverance.
However, if you don't pay attention to protect yourself and neglect accident prevention in physical exercise, you are prone to sports injuries, such as abrasions, strains, sprains, fractures, drowning and concussion. Even cause lifelong disability or even death. ▲ Most of physical education class is full-body exercise, with a large amount of activities and many sports equipment, such as jumping box, single parallel bars and shot put. , so be sure to check before class; Do not pin brooches, school badges, badges, etc. On your clothes.
Don't wear all kinds of hairpins on your head. Don't wear all kinds of metal or glass or plastic ornaments on your wrists, fingers, earlobes and ankles.
Students who wear glasses should not wear glasses if they can go to physical education class after taking off their glasses. If they can't, they should be more careful when doing actions. You must take off your glasses when doing gymnastics.
Don't put sharp objects such as knives and crochets in the pockets of clothes and trousers. You must wear sports shoes or general rubber-soled shoes, not leather shoes or plastic shoes. ▲ When training in horizontal bar, parallel bars and high jump, a sponge pad with the required thickness must be prepared under the equipment.
When making horizontal bars and parallel bars, we should adopt various methods so that when holding the bars with both hands, they will not slip. In case you fall off the bar and hurt yourself.
▲ When doing jumping training such as jumping box and vault, there should be a springboard in front of the equipment, a sponge pad behind the equipment, and the teacher should stand beside the equipment for protection. Without teachers and the same protection, it is very dangerous. ▲ Throwing training, such as throwing grenades, shot put, softball, javelin, etc. You must act according to the teacher's password and order the ban. There must be no carelessness.
Some of these sports equipment are front-end metal gun heads, and some are iron bumps of 250 grams to 3 kilograms. Even softball flies like a shell. If you don't listen to orders, you may be hit and injured, even life-threatening. ▲ In the long jump, you must run up and take off in strict accordance with the teacher's instructions.
When taking off, you should step on the wooden springboard with your front foot and fall into the bunker after taking off. These requirements are not only the technical essentials of long jump training, but also the necessary measures to protect physical safety.
▲ sprint, 4* 100 relay, etc. The race should be played according to the specified runway, and it is not allowed to cross the runway. Especially when sprinting to the finish line, you must obey the rules.
Because at this time, the human body has great momentum, and once it trips over the other side, it may be seriously injured. ▲ Exercise on the mat, such as rolling back and forth, push-ups, sit-ups, etc. Do actions carefully, observe discipline and don't fight.
The blood vessels and nerves in the human neck are connected with the nerve center, spine and brain. Even a small injury can lead to serious consequences. When doing push-ups and sit-ups, if you fight, the light will have a "breath" and will hurt the internal organs such as the chest diaphragm.
▲ The sports meeting is a large-scale comprehensive sports activity. There are many sports in the sports meeting, and each athlete only participates in one or several events, so there is a waiting time for his turn to play.
At this time (spring and autumn), pay attention to your health and keep warm. In order to play ball conveniently, you can wear light and neat sportswear and trousers first, and then put on a cold-proof coat.
▲ You can eat some chocolate half an hour before playing to increase calories. You can drink some cold drinks in summer, but in moderation, never eat too much.
▲ Just after the game is over, you must do a good job of closing activities, such as walking slowly. Don't sit down at once, even if you are extremely tired, you should force yourself to take a walk and let your beating heart gradually return to calm.
▲ Students who have no sports should not play in the stadium or watch the series, so as not to be injured by the flying shot put and javelin, and avoid colliding with the athletes who are playing. ▲ Skating is an attractive sport that integrates fitness and entertainment in winter.
Novices must first learn to choose safe ice. Especially skating on the naturally frozen river bed to avoid breaking the ice and falling into the ice cave.
▲ If you find someone falling into the ice hole, students should not rush into the water to rescue them, especially those who are too old to swim. You can shout and call an adult to help. You can also extend ropes, sticks and other things to the drowning person. When approaching the ice cave, pay attention to lying on the ice to prevent the ice from breaking again. ▲ Be sure to check your body before swimming.
Anyone suffering from heart disease, kidney disease, hypertension, tuberculosis, otitis media, skin diseases and various infectious diseases is not suitable for swimming. ▲ Female students with severe trachoma or infectious conjunctivitis should not swim during menstruation.
▲ It is best to swim one hour after a meal, and don't swim after a full meal or when you are hungry. It is also not suitable for strenuous exercise and swimming after a long journey.
▲ When swimming cramps, cramped limbs will cramp, which is very painful. If you are in a deep water or a fast-flowing place, it is easy to cause drowning accidents. Once you have cramps underwater, you should be calm, don't be nervous, and try to save yourself while calling for help. If it is close to the shore, it is best to leave the water immediately and cramp the muscles in the area.
If you are far from the shore and can't go ashore immediately, you can float on your back, temporarily use traction, * * * and other methods to treat yourself as much as possible. If you can't save yourself and have no help from others, you can paddle ashore with your limbs that don't cramp.
▲ Don't swim forward when encountering aquatic plants. You have to go back the way you came, swimming backwards. Don't panic if you are entangled in aquatic plants. Don't kick around, or the weeds will get tighter and tighter. You can lie on your back on the surface of the water, paddle with one hand and cut the weeds with the other, or ask someone to help you untie the weeds and swim back.
▲ When swimming in the whirlpool, you should immediately take a breath and dive into the bottom, swim hard to the outside, and swim out of the center of the whirlpool and then surface. ▲ When swimming, if you are exhausted or tired, you should stop swimming, float on the water to save your strength, and stretch out an arm to wave for help.
If there is no rescue, don't panic and swim back to the shore after your physical strength is restored. ▲ If someone is found drowning, the child can call for help loudly, but don't go into the water for rescue.
Because most drowning people will struggle and move around, a few (such as children or patients) will sink into the water and rarely struggle. Only adults with good water and strong physical strength can be successfully rescued. Children are underage, most of them are weak and can't swim. If they rush into the water to rescue, they will not drown, but will hurt themselves.
2. Physical education knowledge in grades 3 and 4 100.
First, avoid exercising in the scorching sun. Every day around noon, when the sun is shining, except swimming, it is best not to do outdoor sports at this time to prevent heatstroke.
Second, avoid too long exercise time. In high temperature, do not exercise for more than half an hour at a time, so as not to sweat too much, and the body temperature will rise too high, causing heatstroke. If the one-time exercise time is long, you can arrange 1 to take two breaks in the middle. Third, avoid drinking plenty of water after exercise. Drinking plenty of water after exercise will increase the burden on the blood and digestive system, especially the heart. At the same time, drinking too much water will make you sweat more and lose salt in your body, which will cause muscle spasms and other problems.
Fourth, avoid washing cold water immediately after exercise. In summer, the heat in the body increases rapidly, and the capillaries expand a lot, which is convenient for heat dissipation. When the body is suddenly washed with cold water, the capillaries suddenly close, which leads to the disorder of internal organs and abnormal temperature regulation of the brain, thus causing the disease. Five, avoid eating cold drinks after exercise. After exercise, a lot of blood can rush to the body surface and muscles, and the digestive tract is in a state of relative anemia. Eating a lot of cold drinks lowers the temperature of the stomach and dilutes the gastric juice, which is easy to cause indigestion and even acute gastritis.
Sixth, avoid drying clothes with body temperature. Exercise in midsummer, clothes are soaked with sweat, some people don't change clothes, and want to dry wet clothes with body temperature, which is easy to cause rheumatism or arthritis. After exercise, they must put on dry clothes.
3. What should physical education class take in the fifth grade?
Students in different districts, cities and counties of fifth grade physical education have different test items every year, and the training test items of school teachers are also somewhat different. About 1 minute sit-ups, standing long jump, 50-meter dash, 1 minute rope skipping, etc. ?
Sports is a complicated social and cultural phenomenon. It is a conscious, purposeful and organized social activity with physical and intellectual activities as the basic means, in accordance with the laws of human growth and development, skill formation and function improvement, to promote people's all-round development, improve physical fitness and overall education level, enhance physical fitness and sports ability, and improve lifestyle and quality of life. With the expansion of international exchanges, the scale and level of sports development has become an important symbol to measure the development and progress of a country and society, and also an important means of diplomatic and cultural exchanges between countries. Sports can be divided into mass sports, professional sports and school sports. Including sports culture, sports education, sports activities, sports competitions, sports facilities, sports organizations, sports technology and many other elements.
4. Physical education knowledge in the sixth grade of primary school
Start with the stick: The first runner holds the stick with his right hand and starts with squatting. According to the rules, the baton must not touch the starting line and the ground in front of it. The starting technique with a stick is the same as that of a sprint, and there are three main ways to hold the stick.
The index finger of the right hand holds the back of the cane, while the thumb holds the other three separate fingers.
The middle finger and ring finger of the right hand hold the back of the stick, and the thumb, index finger and little finger are triangular to support the ground.
The middle finger, ring finger and little finger of the right hand hold the back of the stick, and the thumb and forefinger support the ground respectively.
The catcher starts: the catcher stands at the back end line or pre-run line of the relay area, chooses the starting position, spreads his feet back and forth, bends his knees and leans forward. Batcatcher should stand outside the runway, with his left leg in front, his right hand on the ground, his body center of gravity slightly to the right, his head turned left, and visually observe the sign line of batcatcher running in and starting by himself. When the bat catcher runs to the sign line, the bat catcher will start quickly.
Connecting rod method
Upward lifting type
The receiver's arm naturally extends backward, and the arm and trunk form an angle of about 40~50 degrees. Palm backward, thumb and other four fingers naturally open, tiger mouth down. The receiver sends the stick forward and upward to the receiver (figure 1).
The advantage of this method is that it is natural, natural and easy to master for the receiver to extend his arm backwards and downwards. The disadvantage is that his hand is already in the middle of the baton after receiving it. If he doesn't change hands and pass it to the next baton, he can only hold the front end of the baton, which is easy to drop and affect the rapid progress.
Press-down type
Another method is called "pushing forward" to pass the stick. It should be emphasized that when passing the stick, the arm should not be too high, but the stick should be pushed forward and down with the wrist. Moreover, the stick-passing person can adjust the accuracy of the stick-passing action with the wrist movement. When doing this, the arm of the receiver extends backward, and the arm forms an angle of about 50~60 degrees with the trunk, the wrist rotates inward, the palm is upward, and the thumb is connected with the thumb.
The advantage of the downward rotating stick technology is that it can grab one end of the stick and run quickly, but the disadvantage is that the arm tension of the stick receiver is unnatural.
mix
1 The rod is driven by "upward", the second rod is driven by "downward", and the third rod is still driven by "upward".
Determine the position of the connecting rod and the starting mark line.
Position of baton relay: The baton bearer stands at the back end of the pre-run line or relay area, and when the baton bearer reaches the sign line, he starts quickly. After the baton runner runs into the relay area, he will quickly and correctly pass the baton to the baton runner.
Determination of marking line: The marking line of each relay run is the starting sign of the baton bearer, which is determined according to the running speed and technical proficiency of the baton bearer and the baton bearer. The sign line is usually set behind the pre-run line or in front of the pre-run line.
2. Men's single men's double women's single women's double mixed race
5. The physical education syllabus or content of the fifth grade of primary school.
1. Guiding ideology: Physical education and health course is a compulsory course with physical exercise as the main means and improving students' health as the main purpose. Based on the guiding ideology of "Health First" in Physical Education and Health Teaching Syllabus, this course explores knowledge and masters skills by cooperative learning. In the teaching process, teachers play a leading role, creating a relaxed teaching environment, allowing students to choose, practice, evaluate and study cooperatively.
Textbook selection: 1. Jump in various ways. 2. Game: Bowling competition. 3. Organize the Olympic rings. 3. Teaching objective: 1. Through practice, students can master various jumping techniques and develop jumping ability and body coordination ability. 2. Develop students' upper limb strength, physical coordination and creativity through bowling practice.
3. Cultivate students' awareness of group cooperative learning, form groups to stimulate students' patriotic enthusiasm, promote interpersonal communication, experience the joy of success, and cultivate students' psychological quality of self-confidence and self-improvement and the spirit of overcoming difficulties. 4. Class structure: 1. The beginning part; Cultivate students' good classroom routine, organize students to practice reform and reform on the way, and cultivate students' good qualities of collective behavior, unity and cooperation, and discipline.
2. Preparation: Students do self-made aerobics exercises in cheerful music, so that students can fully show themselves, and then do induction exercises with teachers. Through small game practice, improve students' judgment ability of take-off and stimulate students' interest in learning.
3. The basic part adopts the form of group practice in practicing various forms of jumping teaching, providing students with opportunities for practice, observation and discussion, and cultivating students' communication ability and cooperation ability through the contact between individuals and groups. Teachers use more encouragement and praise to create a relaxed learning environment for students.
Combine teaching, learning and practice organically. Fully reflect the main role of students, so that they have the pleasure of success.
The game "Bowling Competition" in this lesson, under the game situation created by the teacher, makes students understand that the Olympic rings represent the unity of the five continents in the world, and students learn from each other and help each other, so as to better complete the scheduled tasks, realize the importance of cooperation, and understand the importance of mutual support and help in future life and study, so as to lay a good foundation for better adapting to society in the future. 4. At the end of the part, by organizing the Olympic Five-Ring Games, students' imagination and creativity can be brought into full play, and their Olympic consciousness and cooperation consciousness can be cultivated, so that their body and mind can be fully relaxed.
Physical education teaching plan for the last semester of the 2007-2008 school year in the fifth grade of primary school I. Basic information 1 Student situation This semester, there are 8 classes in Grade 5, with more than 50 students in each class. Most students are in good health. 2. Skills: Senior students like to run, jump, throw, jump rope, kick shuttlecock, play games and other activities, but some students are stiff and inflexible in learning due to physical reasons such as obesity.
2. According to the Trial Textbook of Nine-year Compulsory Education Full-time Primary School: Physical Education and Health and the Physical Education Teaching Outline of Nine-year Compulsory Education Full-time Primary School, teaching material analysis has carried out physical education purposefully and planned, taught basic physical health knowledge and sports skills, and developed good health habits; Master the basic methods of scientific physical exercise and sports culture knowledge, establish the idea of lifelong physical education from an early age, and infiltrate ideological and moral education in teaching. Let every student develop into a good student with all-round development in morality, intelligence, physique, beauty and labor.
Third, the teaching purpose and requirements 1, so that students can get a preliminary understanding of their own bodies, master simple physical exercise knowledge and methods, learn some common sense of sports health care and safety, and cultivate an attitude of serious physical exercise. 2. Further study the basic skills of track and field, gymnastics, small ball games, national traditional sports, dance and other projects, master simple sports skills, further develop students' quality and improve their basic physical activity ability.
3. "Student-oriented, health first" is our goal. In school, you will get sports activities and methods that help you to be strong and healthy, sports psychological knowledge and health knowledge, various small games and team activities that help you communicate successfully with others, and sports competitions that help you feel successful and happy.
Go to the playground, sunshine and nature! By actively participating in sports games, you will gain more new knowledge, find more new methods and find more new answers: by constantly trying and experiencing, practicing and thinking, learning from each other and evaluating in sports games, you will feel the fun brought by sports, you will find the benefits of increased sports, and you will experience the joy of overcoming difficulties and making progress. At the same time, you can constantly develop and publicize your own personality, fully display your own specialties and intelligence, and make your childhood life more colorful! Make your primary school study life more interesting and better! Fourth, teaching measures 1. Educate students to love China and the motherland, and gradually improve the initiative of exercising and the sense of social responsibility of caring for their own health.
2. Make use of the unique influence of sports on students, cultivate students' aesthetic feeling and civilized behavior, and gradually improve their cultivation of discipline, respect for others, unity and friendship. Help each other and other collective consciousness and good style.
3. Develop students' personality, cultivate brave, tenacious and enterprising spirit, pay attention to the cultivation of ability, enlighten thinking and cultivate students' initiative and creativity. V. Students: 1, define the learning objectives, and actively and consciously do a good job in physical education class.
Pay attention to attending classes, actively learn and master the necessary basic knowledge and skills of physical education and scientific physical exercise methods, and gradually develop the habit of conscious exercise. 2. In PE class, wear light and neat clothes and light sports shoes. 6. Key difficulties and teaching arrangements 1. Teaching content (1) Basic knowledge of sports health care (2) Track and field (3) Games (4) Skills (5) Ball games (6) Rhythmic exercises 2. The key and difficult points are all in the above six points.
Evaluation criteria: 1, very good: the action is completed accurately, the run-up is positive and the jump is good.
6. Primary school physical education syllabus
Guiding ideology: Physical education and health course is a compulsory course with physical exercise as the main means and improving students' health as the main purpose. Based on the guiding ideology of "Health First" in Physical Education and Health Teaching Syllabus, this course explores knowledge and masters skills by cooperative learning. In the teaching process, teachers play a leading role in creating a relaxed teaching environment, allowing students to choose, practice, evaluate and learn independently.
Textbook selection: 1. Jump in various ways. 2. Game: Bowling competition. 3. Organize the Olympic rings. 3. Teaching objective: 1. Through practice, students can master various jumping techniques and develop jumping ability and body coordination ability. 2. Develop students' upper limb strength, physical coordination and creativity through bowling practice.
3. Cultivate students' awareness of group cooperative learning, form groups to stimulate students' patriotic enthusiasm, promote interpersonal communication, experience the joy of success, and cultivate students' psychological quality of self-confidence and self-improvement and the spirit of overcoming difficulties. 4. Class structure: 1. The beginning part; Cultivate students' good classroom routine, organize students to practice reform and reform on the way, and cultivate students' good qualities of collective behavior, unity and cooperation, and discipline.
2. Preparation: Students do self-made aerobics exercises in cheerful music, so that students can fully show themselves, and then do induction exercises with teachers. Through small game practice, improve students' judgment ability of take-off and stimulate students' interest in learning.
3. The basic part adopts the form of group practice in practicing various forms of jumping teaching, providing students with opportunities for practice, observation and discussion, and cultivating students' communication ability and cooperation ability through the contact between individuals and groups. Teachers use more encouragement and praise to create a relaxed learning environment for students.
Combine teaching, learning and practice organically. Fully reflect the main role of students, so that they have the pleasure of success.
The game "Bowling Competition" in this lesson, under the game situation created by the teacher, makes students understand that the Olympic rings represent the unity of the five continents in the world, and students learn from each other and help each other, so as to better complete the scheduled tasks, realize the importance of cooperation, and understand the importance of mutual support and help in future life and study, so as to lay a good foundation for better adapting to society in the future. 4. At the end of the part, by organizing the Olympic Five-Ring Games, students' imagination and creativity can be brought into full play, and their Olympic consciousness and cooperation consciousness can be cultivated, so that their body and mind can be fully relaxed.
Physical education teaching plan for the last semester of the 2007-2008 school year in the fifth grade of primary school I. Basic information 1 Student situation This semester, there are 8 classes in Grade 5, with more than 50 students in each class. Most students are in good health. 2. Skills: Senior students like to run, jump, throw, jump rope, kick shuttlecock, play games and other activities, but some students are stiff and inflexible in learning due to physical reasons such as obesity.
2. According to the Trial Textbook of Nine-year Compulsory Education Full-time Primary School: Physical Education and Health and the Physical Education Teaching Outline of Nine-year Compulsory Education Full-time Primary School, teaching material analysis has carried out physical education purposefully and planned, taught basic physical health knowledge and sports skills, and developed good health habits; Master the basic methods of scientific physical exercise and sports culture knowledge, establish the idea of lifelong physical education from an early age, and infiltrate ideological and moral education in teaching. Let every student develop into a good student with all-round development in morality, intelligence, physique, beauty and labor.
Third, the teaching purpose and requirements 1, so that students can get a preliminary understanding of their own bodies, master simple physical exercise knowledge and methods, learn some common sense of sports health care and safety, and cultivate an attitude of serious physical exercise. 2. Further study the basic skills of track and field, gymnastics, small ball games, national traditional sports, dance and other projects, master simple sports skills, further develop students' quality and improve their basic physical activity ability.
3. "Student-oriented, health first" is our goal. In school, you will get sports activities and methods that help you to be strong and healthy, sports psychological knowledge and health knowledge, various small games and team activities that help you communicate successfully with others, and sports competitions that help you feel successful and happy.
Go to the playground, sunshine and nature! By actively participating in sports games, you will gain more new knowledge, find more new methods and find more new answers: by constantly trying and experiencing, practicing and thinking, learning from each other and evaluating in sports games, you will feel the fun brought by sports, you will find the benefits of increased sports, and you will experience the joy of overcoming difficulties and making progress. At the same time, you can constantly develop and publicize your own personality, fully display your own specialties and intelligence, and make your childhood life more colorful! Make your primary school study life more interesting and better! Fourth, teaching measures 1. Educate students to love China and the motherland, and gradually improve the initiative of exercising and the sense of social responsibility of caring for their own health.
2. Make use of the unique influence of sports on students, cultivate students' aesthetic feeling and civilized behavior, and gradually improve their cultivation of discipline, respect for others, unity and friendship. Help each other and other collective consciousness and good style.
3. Develop students' personality, cultivate brave, tenacious and enterprising spirit, pay attention to the cultivation of ability, enlighten thinking and cultivate students' initiative and creativity. V. Students: 1, define the learning objectives, and actively and consciously do a good job in physical education class.
Pay attention to attending classes, actively learn and master the necessary basic knowledge and skills of physical education and scientific physical exercise methods, and gradually develop the habit of conscious exercise. 2. In PE class, wear light and neat clothes and light sports shoes. 6. Key difficulties and teaching arrangements 1. Teaching content (1) Basic knowledge of sports health care (2) Track and field (3) Games (4) Skills (5) Ball games (6) Rhythmic exercises 2. The key and difficult points are all in the above six points.
7. Q&A on sports safety knowledge
What safety precautions should I pay attention to when going to physical education class?
Physical education class is an important course for primary and secondary schools to exercise and strengthen their physique. The training contents in physical education class are varied, and the safety precautions are different due to the different training contents and instruments used.
1. sprint and other events should be carried out in accordance with the prescribed runway, and crossing the runway is not allowed. This is not only the requirement of the competition, but also the guarantee of safety. Especially when sprinting to the finish line, we should abide by the rules, because at this time, people's physical momentum is great, their energy is concentrated on the game, and they are psychologically unprepared. Once they trip over each other, they may be seriously injured.
In the long jump competition, the run-up and take-off must be carried out in strict accordance with the teacher's instructions. Step on the wooden springboard before taking off and fall into the bunker after taking off. This is not only the technical essentials of long jump training, but also the necessary measures to protect physical safety.
3. Throwing training, such as throwing grenades, shot put, discus, javelin, etc. , must be carried out in accordance with the teacher's password, it is forbidden to be careless. Some of these sports equipment are hard and heavy, and some are equipped with sharp metal heads at the front end. If you act without authorization, you may bump into others or yourself, causing injuries and even endangering your life.
4. When training in horizontal bar, parallel bars and high jump, you must prepare a cushion with the required thickness under the equipment. If you jump directly to the hard ground, your leg joints or the back of your head will be injured. When doing the horizontal bar and parallel bars, we should take various effective methods to avoid slipping when holding the bar with both hands and avoiding falling off the bar and hurting our health.
5. When doing jumping training such as vault and box jumping, there should be a springboard in front of the equipment, a protective pad behind the equipment, and teachers and students should stand beside the equipment for protection.
6. Used for back and forth tumbling, push-ups, sit-ups and other sports. Do the action carefully and don't play around to avoid sprain.
7. When taking part in the training of basketball, football and other events, you should learn to protect yourself and don't hurt others recklessly in the game. In these competitive sports, it is very important for safety to consciously abide by the rules of the game.
What should I pay attention to when participating in sports?
What should I do if my hands and feet are frozen?
Going out in the cold winter often freezes your hands and feet. Hands and feet are frozen stiff, so don't bake on the fire or soak in hot water, which will form chilblain and even fester. So what should be the correct method?
1. You should return to a warm environment and let the temperature of the frozen part rise slowly.
2. If you are in the wild, try to wrap your hands and feet with a coat. You can also use your body temperature to warm your frozen hands and feet.
3. The most effective way is to rub by hand to raise the temperature and promote the blood circulation to return to normal.
8. What sports are suitable for primary school students to practice?
There are many such projects.
1, track and field, swimming, doing exercises;
2. Football, basketball and table tennis;
3. Badminton, Wushu and Taekwondo;
4. Skating, roller skating and kicking shuttlecock;
5. Skipping rope, climbing rope and tug of war;
6. Swing, horizontal bar and parallel bars;
8. Go and play chess.
Primary school students are in an important stage of growth and development, and their bones and muscles have not yet formed. If we don't do high-intensity exercise rashly according to their physical condition, it will cause serious harm to the health of primary school students. Therefore, scientific and reasonable exercise principles and methods must be adopted in sports activities.