The origin of horizontal bar movement can be traced back to all kinds of climbing, climbing, swinging and swinging movements carried out by primitive people in the jungle. At that time, it was just a practical skill in life, and later, with the evolution of society, it gradually became a means of exercising. After entering the feudal society, it was gradually combined with festivals offering sacrifices to gods. Among them, the Barbell Club and Barbell Room were non-governmental organizations, which were places for barbell training. Because the equipment at that time used a horizontal bar on two crossed wooden sticks, it was called "five sticks" by the people and was the prototype of modern horizontal bar equipment. During the Jiaqing period of the Qing Dynasty, there were three movements in the development of technology, namely, "upper handle" (handstand, big loop), "middle handle" (various knee-hanging, arm-hanging loop, turning) and "lower handle" (various horizontal hanging, upper method and lower method), which can be called the bud of modern horizontal bar movement. Etymologically, the word "gymnastics" is called gymnastics in Greek. This word means naked. According to legend, the ancient Greeks exercised naked. For a long time, people called all physical activities gymnastics. Until18th century, all physical activities were still called gymnastics in the book Juvenile Gymnastics published in Germany. The inheritance and development of modern gymnastics, according to historical records, gymnastics did not form an independent system before18th century. Gymnastics at that time existed as an ordinary sports system, including games, military activities, sacrifices and competitions. Until the first half of19th century, two major gymnastics systems and schools in Germany and Sweden were formed one after another. It covers a wide range, and the following only focuses on representative countries and related figures.

in Europe

In Europe, horizontal bar equipment appears in 18 12. F·L· Yang (1778- 1852), the founder of German Gymnastics School (Yang was the first person who introduced German gymnastics from the narrow circle of the school to the society and was once called "the father of German national gymnastics") and J C F Gutz (1759). Later, with the development of technology, 1850 changed wooden bars into iron bars, and 1862 was listed as one of the events in the first gymnastics competition held in Czechoslovakia (this was the earliest competition record). The horizontal bar was listed as a world competition, which was held at the first Olympic Games in Athens in 1896. The first world champion of the horizontal bar was German Werner.

In our country

Modern gymnastics events in China were mainly imported from abroad, through military schools and church systems. The sports events carried out in the liberated areas mainly include wooden horse, horizontal bar, parallel bars, pole climbing and swinging. 1940 On May 4th, the first sports organization under the red regime in China-Yan 'an Games was established. At the meeting, Comrade Zhu De was elected as honorary president. He emphasized the importance of gymnastics, especially instrumental gymnastics. In September 1942, 1, an expanded "September 1st" sports meeting was held in Yan 'an. More than 1300 people, including the horizontal bar project, attended this grand event, which played a positive role in promoting the development of horizontal bar projects in the future. The 7th National Games was held in Shanghai in May 1948, and gymnastics was listed as a performance event for the first time. Although the men's horizontal bar has regulations and is optional, it is very difficult and some movements cannot be completed.

Sports technique

The main features of horizontal bar technical movements at this stage are not only swinging movements such as knee hanging, flexion and extension, knee hanging, arm hanging and loop hanging, but also a lot of hard movements, static postures and tread somersaults. It lasted for about half a century from the 20th century to the end of 1960s. Its main feature was that forced movements and static postures were cancelled, and all of them were made up of swinging movements in line with the characteristics of horizontal bar movement, and it also developed in the aspects of hands-free descending, turning and flying. In 1930s, personal technology developed further. For example, at the 1 1 Olympic Games held in Berlin in 1936, there were some complicated movements, such as "twisting arms and holding a big circle", "flying swallow-like leg breaking" and "twisting twice after the group". Since then, due to the development of horizontal bar technology in World War II, it was not until the 1950s that the World Series was resumed. It can be seen that the modern horizontal bar movement has made three major steps forward: ① the equipment has been changed from wooden bars to iron bars; ② The horizontal bar is listed as a world competition; Great progress has been made in technology, and there have been complicated movements such as turning, flying without hands, making a big loop, and turning over for two weeks. The above three steps have laid a solid foundation for the development of modern horizontal bar. brief introduction

Horizontal bar is one of the men's competitive gymnastics events, and its three major competitions are Olympic gymnastics competition, world gymnastics championship and world cup gymnastics competition. The equipment used in the competition is the movable horizontal bar. The structure includes three parts: upright post, horizontal bar and zipper device. Most steel bars are made of high-carbon springs or high-quality steels such as nickel and chromium. Specification: bar length 240CM, bar thickness 2. CM (diameter); The height (from the mat) of the bar in the juvenile group is 220CM, and that in the adult group is 255-275CM.

in Europe

In the 1960s, gymnastics developed more widely, and more and more countries participated in competitions, which generally attached importance to the development in the direction of difficulty and innovation. Since 1970s, gymnastics technology has advanced by leaps and bounds, and compound somersaults have appeared, which has opened up a new field for the development of gymnastics technology, thus pushing the difficulty of gymnastics to a new height. Therefore, all countries are committed to the innovation of difficulty and arrangement, attach importance to the early training of 1 1, and send young athletes to participate in the competition. Excellent athletes have reached a high level in difficulty, quality and arrangement. At the same time, more and more countries participated in the team competition, and the score gap between countries in the team competition gradually narrowed, and the situation that all-around and individual events were monopolized by one or two countries was gradually broken. It fundamentally changed the situation in the 1950s, when there was little international communication, and a difficult new initiative might last for at least several years.

In our country

1949 after the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), under the correct leadership and care of the party and the government, competitive gymnastics in China, like other sports, developed rapidly, especially the horizontal bar in competitive gymnastics. At the sports meeting held in Beijing from 65438 to 0953, gymnastics was included in the national competition for the first time in China. But these events are not complete. Men have four events: horizontal bar, parallel bars, floor exercise and jumping box. At the 23rd Olympic Games which attracted worldwide attention in July, 1984, in the horizontal bar competition, China gymnasts won glory for their motherland and won the second place. 1In June 1985, China participated in the 23rd World Gymnastics Championships held in Montreal and won the gold medal in the horizontal bar event. 1991In the 26th World Gymnastics Championships held in Indianapolis, USA from September 6th to June 5th, the China men's team worked hard together under the unified leadership of the delegation. After 14 days of fierce competition, they finally achieved good results in the horizontal bar and two villages. During the 65438-0999 Tianjin World Championships, Yang Wei of China won the second place in the horizontal bar.

Sports technique

To 1952, a loop handstand with split leg support appeared (Tarde, Switzerland); 1956, there is a big front loop and then the pendulum jumps down (worster Lekov, Soviet Union); 1958 "Front twist 36 ()" appears. Then swing the body 360' to droop "(Takashi Ono), and" hang "the body 180. Become a leaping support (Takashi Ono, Japan); 1959 has a straight back flip with a 360-degree twist (Li Xiji, Soviet Union). In the mid-1960s, the front loop ball supported by legs appeared upside down (Japanese far knee), and then the bent body was turned to 180' to be suspended (Valonen, Soviet Union).