1. Diet: The Yi people in Qinglongchang Town live on rice and corn all the year round. Vegetables are mainly green vegetables, Chinese cabbage, sweet potatoes and melons, which are mostly produced in rainy season. After fresh eating, the rest is made into pickles or dried vegetables for dry season. Pork, cattle, sheep, chicken and duck are the most common meats. After fresh eating, the rest are made into bacon, dried meat or sour meat. Three meals a day in busy farming season and two meals a day in peacetime. Nowadays, "replacing firewood with electricity" is advocated, and many Yi families have used electric stoves, electric sand pots and rice cookers.
I like to use water to clear fire, relieve summer heat and promote digestion as a drink. Middle-aged men love alcohol and tobacco.
In the slack season, young men often go hunting and catching birds in the mountains. The meat of prey is mostly made into dry sticks as food for entertaining guests and drinking.
In the dry season of vegetables, women often pick beets, ferns, bracken, tree flowers, houttuynia cordata and so on. On the mountain, after processing, use them to fry, cook or make cold dishes.
Yi people in Qinglongchang town also like to grind sweet potatoes and corn into flour, make them into wowotou or stir-fry them into Baba, which is very delicious.
2. Clothing: Yi men in Qinglongchang town generally wear blue-black right-open shirts, blue cloth or blue cloth on their heads, long clothes and shorts. By the end of the Republic of China, it had been refitted to be similar to the Han costumes that had not been found, and it was still wearing Hanfu in modern times.
Yi women's dresses vary from place to place. In the old days, Niesu's women's clothes were all long-tailed clothes, cut up and down. The upper section is made of self-woven blue earth thread cloth, the sleeves are wrist-long, and the silver coin or big silver bead award is buckled under the right armpit, which is shiny and beautiful in style. The lower incision is made of white cloth or other fabrics. There is a tail and two streamers on the back of the coat. The banners are embroidered with auspicious patterns such as flowers, birds, fish and grass, and the decoration is very beautiful. Wearing a waist seal on the chest and embroidered with five-color tassels, it is particularly beautiful.
The headdress likes to braid long hair into a single braid, and two strings of silver beads are slightly knotted, which are wrapped around the top of the head with the braid. A piece of green cloth with a width of about 20 cm is used as the "Baotou", which is rolled back along the periphery of the braid, and both ends of the Baotou are crossed behind the head. Unmarried or barren women have two braids on both sides of the braid, Dozza.
3. Place of residence: The Yi villages in Qinglongchang Town are mostly located on open and clear hillsides or ridges, and there are generally dozens of families in one village. Houses are mostly civil structures, commonly known as "earth palm houses". The roof is made of earth, which can not only prevent fire, but also serve as a balcony threshing floor. Women like to sew on the balcony, while old people like to recuperate and smoke on the balcony.
The building structure is generally three rooms and two ears, with upper and lower floors, a rectangular patio in the middle and a hall under it, forming a quadrangle. The rules and regulations of housing construction are very strict. The heights of the two wings are different, and they are generally in the middle. If the foundation height is the same, the wing foundation should be dug low to keep a certain gap when building the cover. In this way, we can clearly see the "father's room" and "children's room".
In the past, there was a "sacred stake" carved out of wood in the main room. The "sacred stake" is shaped like a small Woodenhead, tied with special straw, and then dressed as a shrine of ancestors, with their names, ages, dates of birth and death, and wedding dates written on it. After three or five generations, the "sacred stakes" of ancestors were cremated, buried or placed in caves to show their filial piety and worship.
Under the "sacred stake", there is also an incense burner, some of which burn incense all the year round, and some only burn incense on holidays. This is a way for Yi people to worship their ancestors.
(2) Customs and etiquette
1. Marriage custom: The Yi people in Qinglongchang Town practice monogamous consanguineous exogamy, and generally do not intermarry.
Before marriage, we have the freedom to socialize and fall in love. Through dancing for fun, singing folk songs, celebrating festivals, running to the lawn street and other activities, we can get to know each other and express our feelings. In particular, Nie Supo's Love in Ali is very tasty. The entertainment places where they seek love are generally chosen under the big trees outside the village or on the flat land on the mountain. Every slack season or festival is a good opportunity for Yi youth to talk about love with "Ali". Playing the four strings, playing the flute, pulling the erhu, carrying chimneys and food, the boys walked to the casino. The girls were so happy when they heard the sound that they rushed to tell each other. After a fancy dress, they walked out of the village with elaborate money belts and delicious food, laughing and laughing.
When young men and women meet together, if they love each other, they will make vows and pour out their love. After speaking from the bottom of my heart, I kissed and snuggled together, took out food to taste and gave gifts to each other. The young man took out the carefully selected headscarf and the "Les" (flower waist handkerchief) that the girl liked to wear. The girl took out her hand-woven lace with copper coins and decorations and gave it to her lover to decorate the chimney, and filled the cigarette with fire grass for her lover. People call it "eating fire and grass smoke".
After men and women really love each other, they can tell their parents, so that it is convenient for men to ask people to be matchmakers. For the first time, you should bring a catty of wine and two pieces of brown sugar (one is two pieces) to ask for oral marriage. On the birthday, whoever gets the girl will have to ask someone to "get married" when he comes back. If you can "get married", the matchmaker will take the man to the woman's house for "engagement wine" and set the wedding date.
On the wedding day, according to the custom of Yi people, everyone should ride a horse and sit in a sedan chair. Both men and women should hold banquets, and three relatives and six relatives should hold wedding banquets.
Susan also has the custom of robbing relatives. When a young man saw a desirable girl on the lawn street, he made an excuse to contact the girl. If the girl smiled, the young man immediately took the girl's hand and ran to a secluded place to pour out his feelings. If they are in love, the man asks the matchmaker to go to the woman's house as a matchmaker. If the parents of the woman's family know that they are robbing their relatives of their marriage, they will readily agree. Choose a wedding date and you can get married.
2. Funeral: Someone died in Yi's family, and a gun was fired as a signal to report the funeral to the neighbors. When people heard the gunshot, they rushed to the home of the deceased to help hold the funeral.
If the deceased is an old mother, someone should tell her uncle's funeral home. Mourners must be close relatives in the family. He took away the things that accompanied the deceased's family when they got married, such as earrings, bracelets and silver chains. , to his uncle's family, talk about the illness, the cause of death, and the planning and preparation of the funeral. When the bad news came, my uncle's family cried sadly. Although the man is sad, he still wants to kill the chicken immediately to entertain the mourners, thinking that his arrival at home is equivalent to his aunt's last visit to her family. When eating, leave a seat for the deceased, put a small handleless wine cup on the table, and toast and add vegetables from time to time to show that the soul of the deceased can come to eat and drink.
On the first day of the funeral, my uncle's family took a cow to drive a pig, a sheep to lead a chicken, and came to the funeral with the relics of the deceased brought back by the mourners. As soon as I arrived outside the village, many people cried and welcomed my uncle into the house, and quickly hosted a banquet. While toasting her uncle, the daughter of the deceased cried her mother's kindness and begged her uncle to give them her mother's relics.
During the mourning period, Bema should be invited to preside over the funeral. First, Bema predicted the date of burial according to the constellation of the deceased. The night before the funeral, Bema came to recite the "Guide to Scripture" and "Organize Genealogy", and some of them could recite the names of ancestors for more than dozens of generations. They believe that through "genealogy" and directions, the souls of the deceased can be guided to find the place where their ancestors are along the road they have traveled. Bema also praised the merits of the deceased.
The ancient burial custom was cremation, in which the bones were turned into ashes with firewood, and the ashes were put into clay pots and buried in the soil. After the Ming and Qing Dynasties, due to the influence of the Han nationality, coffins were gradually used to build tombs with stones. Each clan has its own fixed grave, and no one else can interfere. Young men and women died unfortunately. They danced a "fun dance" at the funeral until the grave to bid farewell to the deceased.
(3) Festivals
Torch Festival: On June 24th every year, the Yi people in Yuanjiang celebrate the Torch Festival of "eliminating disasters and welcoming happiness".
On this festival, there is a legend among the Yi people in Yuanjiang: In ancient times, the Yi people lived in beautiful scenery and fertile land, and every household lived a good life with plenty of food and clothing. There is a heartless devil who doesn't want the Yi people to live a good life. When the crops are almost ripe, countless maggots are released to bite the crops. People saw the tragic situation of crops being trampled, and men, women and children went out to destroy them, but they could not finish them. The harvest is getting worse every year, and life is getting worse and worse. Edible wild vegetables and wild fruits on the mountain have all been dug up by fire, and there is a miserable scene everywhere. People burn incense and pray to God every day, but God doesn't bless or give it, and crops fail year after year. One year, the young and old in the Yi village are going to wander to other places to make a living. When they were ready to leave the village, they saw an old man with white hair burning maggots with a torch at night. When we got closer, we saw that the old man sprinkled rosin on the torch and lit a flame, killing all the maggots in the crops. It is said that this day is June 24th. In order to commemorate it, on this day every year, people will light torches to celebrate "Torch Festival".
On the morning of the festival, every family should light incense burners and light some incense on the altar of the main hall to pray devoutly. Invite your ancestors home for the New Year.
After breakfast, young men and women came to the nearby mountains in droves, playing ukuleles, smoking cigarette cases and playing flutes, forming a big circle and dancing happily with traditional Yi dances.
After lunch, every household should provide food, with six to eight bowls of vegetables. Legend has it that this is called "six blessings and eight yuan". "six blessings", that is, "six or six blessings"; "Eight laps" means "round and round".
In the evening, the boys tied loose firewood or chestnut firewood into torches. After gathering at the entrance of the village, they swam to the outside of the village and the edge of the field, constantly sprinkling rosin on the torch as a sign of burning maggots that harm crops. Some people have fun, using torches as "weapons" and "fighting" with each other. Those who "fight" sprinkle rosin on torches and let the flames spray each other (in fact, this is a kind of entertainment and people won't get hurt). They walked back to the village happily until they were exhausted.
Middle-aged people usually gather on tulou, talking and laughing, and some people shoot gunpowder for fun.
Up to now, Torch Festival has become more and more popular in Yi cottages. The elders took the festival as an opportunity to inspire young people to forge ahead bravely and strive to build a prosperous Yi village. However, the superstitious activities of offering sacrifices have been abandoned by the Yi people. Qinglongchang Town, located in the northeast of Yuanjiang County, has six villagers' committees, bordering Wu Yang Town of Xinping County, Baoxiu Town of Shiping County and Da Qiao Township respectively. Because there are many ethnic minorities in the border areas and the concept of rule of law is weak, contradictions and disputes caused by problems such as mountains and rivers occur from time to time every year. To this end, Qinglongchang Town has taken four measures to ensure that the joint defense and joint adjustment work is carried out in an orderly manner.
First, strengthen the organization and leadership of joint defense and joint debugging in administrative border areas and improve the understanding of joint defense and joint debugging. As the town leaders change from time to time, Qinglongchang Town will immediately notify the joint defense and joint debugging institutions of the changed personnel according to the actual situation, and visit and communicate with each other to ensure the normal development of the joint defense and joint debugging work.
The second is to strengthen the management of joint defense and investigation, do a good job in legal publicity in administrative border areas, enhance people's legal concept and improve legal quality. Because there are many ethnic minorities in the border areas and they are blind areas for popularizing law, practical legal publicity measures should be formulated according to the actual situation, and laws and regulations closely related to the people such as marriage law, water law and forest law should be publicized in time.
The third is to improve the work pattern of "major investigation and mediation" of contradictions and disputes, and give full play to the role of joint defense and cooperation organizations in administrative border areas. During national festivals and important meetings, organize public security, justice, civil affairs, water conservancy, forestry, land and other departments to carry out the investigation and mediation of contradictions and disputes in border areas.
Fourth, actively carry out friendship activities in border areas, strengthen communication among counties, townships, villages and groups, supervise each other, investigate and study, and ensure that the joint prevention and adjustment work is deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. There are many people coming and going in rural ethnic festivals such as Wu Yang Cigarette Box Festival, the Sixth Street Meeting in the first month of Qinglong Factory, and the 16th day of the first month of Guoluolie. We take this opportunity to carry out massive legal publicity.
In 2008, the member units of Qinglongchang Town Coordination Joint Commission held annual joint meetings in Wu Yang Town, Xinping County and Baoxiu Town, Shiping County, which ensured the uninterrupted work and effectively promoted the further development of the "Moat Project". There are cultural stations 1 in the whole town, with 4,754 books circulating and 6,000 books, 7 village-level party member activity rooms 10, 7 village cultural activity rooms, 7 tea rooms and 8 amateur entertainment propaganda teams, which greatly enrich the amateur cultural life of villagers. 1993 12 was named as "Advanced Sports Township in Yunnan Province" by Yunnan Provincial Sports Commission and other units; 1997 10, awarded the title of "National Advanced Collective of Mass Sports" by the State Sports Commission; 1998 was named as "advanced collective of fitness activities for hundreds of millions of farmers" by Yunnan Provincial Sports Commission. In February 2006, it was named "Sports Characteristic Township of Yunnan Province". Radio and television coverage rate reached 90%.
Dake Rock Painting: Dake Rock Painting is located at the south foot of Zhaying Peak in the northeast of Dake Village, Qinglong Town, Yuanjiang County, and was painted in Neolithic Age. 1987 65438+February, Yunnan provincial government announced it as the third batch of provincial cultural relics protection units.
Devon Hing Pavilion: Built in the fifty-fifth year of Kangxi (A.D. 17 16), 1985 was listed as a county-level cultural relics protection unit.
Ancient buildings include Wenxing Pavilion, Kannonji, Longwang Temple, Guan Sheng Temple, stone tablets and stone archways. There used to be a "Longchi Academy" in Tuck Village.
Monuments: Cuoko Uprising Monument, Pengcheng Jianjun Monument.
Traditional festivals: street party on the sixth day of the first month in Qinglongchang village, reception on the ninth day of the first month, Lantern Festival on the sixteenth day of the first month in Guoluolie village, torch festival of Yi people on June 24th, rural cultural performances and farmers' games held every four years. The town has 2 kindergartens, 7 primary schools, 2 junior high schools, and Party vocational schools 1 school, with a construction area of 70,228 square meters.
Qinglong Factory Primary School has 1374 students and16 faculty members. Among the teachers, there are 5 senior teachers 1 person, 53 first-class teachers and 2 second-class teachers1person. All schools in the school are equipped with distance education broadcasting stations, and Qinglong Primary School, Dake Primary School, Guoluolie Primary School, Cuoke Primary School, Abu Dhabi Primary School and Fake Dai Mo Primary School are equipped with distance education receiving equipment. Qinglong Primary School covers an area of 8,438 square meters, with a building area of 2,882 square meters, equipped with multimedia classrooms. School-age children in the town 1295, students 1288, enrollment rate of 99.5%, enrollment rate 100%.
Ganzhuang Primary School covers an area of 26,637 square meters with a building area of 8,590.4 square meters. There are 895 students and 59 teachers. Among the teachers, there are 19 with professional titles, accounting for 32.2%, 34 with assistant titles, accounting for 57.6%, 5 with staff titles, accounting for 8.4%, and the enrollment rate of school-age children is 100%.
Qinglongchang Middle School covers an area of 26,640 square meters with a building area of 7,529 square meters. There are 352 students and 46 faculty members. Among the teachers, there are 6 senior middle school teachers, accounting for 17%, 39% middle school teachers 14, and 44% middle school teachers 16. The whole school is equipped with scientific, chemical and biological experimental instruments and facilities, with 35 computers, 2 multimedia classrooms and modern distance education facilities. The gross enrollment rate of school-age teenagers in the town is 96%, the nine-year compulsory education penetration rate is 100%, and the enrollment rate is 75%.
Ganzhuang Huaqiao Middle School covers an area of 15335 square meters, with a building area of 3539 square meters. There are 520 students and 35 faculty members. Among the teachers, there are 2 senior middle school teachers, accounting for 5.7%, 9 first-class middle school teachers, accounting for 26%, 20 second-class middle school teachers, accounting for 57%, and primary school teachers 1 person, accounting for 52%. The whole school has 34 computers, modern distance education receiving platform 1, 2 televisions, 5 tape recorders, 6,277 books and 2 printers. The gross enrollment rate of school-age teenagers in the town is 96%, the nine-year compulsory education penetration rate is 100%, and the enrollment rate is 66%.
Qinglongchang Town Party School covers an area of 2977.4 square meters, with a building area of 1 267.8 square meters. There are 3 teaching staff, including middle school teachers 1 person, accounting for 33.3%, and 2 senior primary school teachers, accounting for 66.7%. There are two TVs in the whole school, 1 video recorder.