He is Edgar's eldest son, but he is not Edgar's designated heir. After Edgar died in 975, his two sons, Edward and Ethel, were both eligible to inherit the throne, so the nobles disagreed on who should inherit him. Edward succeeded to the throne with the support of Archbishop Dunstan (English: Dunstan) and Oswald of Worcester (English: Oswald of Worcester).
Edward the Martyr (Old English: Eadweard Chinese: Edward the Martyr; About March 96218,978) was the king of England (reigned from 975 to 978).
He is Edgar's eldest son, but he is not Edgar's designated heir. After Edgar died in 975, his two sons, Edward and Ethel, were both eligible to inherit the throne, so the nobles disagreed on who should inherit him. Edward succeeded to the throne with the support of Archbishop Dunstan (English: Dunstan) and Oswald of Worcester (English: Oswald of Worcester).
During the reign of Edward, there were two big noble-Effia (English:? Lfhere, Ealdorman, Mercia) and Ethel (English:? Thelwine, Ealdorman, East Anglia) had an argument, which almost led to civil war. In addition, the nobles took advantage of Edward's inability to control the overall situation and regained the land and assets that Edgar had taken away and given to the Benedictine monastery.
Edward was killed in kolff Castle three years after he succeeded to the throne, but later generations have different opinions on the cause and process. /kloc-at the beginning of 0/980, his body was solemnly buried in Shafte *** ury monastery; 100 1, his body was moved to a more conspicuous position in the hospital. Historians believe that the reburial of the latter was approved by Ethel. Edward's body was hidden during the English Reformation and rediscovered in the early 20th century.
Many biographies of his saints think that Edward is a martyr, while later people think that Edward is loved by his stepmother, Ethel's mother-in-law. Edgar's wife Lfthryth). At present, Catholicism, Orthodox Church and Anglican Church all recognize Edward as a saint, and an Orthodox Church is responsible for storing and worshipping his body.
The description of Edward's life experience in existing historical materials is not comprehensive. At that time, the laws and regulations about Edward were roughly divided into the following three points:
Edward's date of birth is unknown, but he is the oldest of Edgar's three children.
He should have been a teenager when he succeeded his father to the throne in 975.
His mother is not Edgar's third wife, Avery. Yves Tess, Edgar's wife.
The identity of Edward's mother is also inconclusive. Related records are mainly divided into the following categories:
The earliest record comes from the biography of Dunstan written by Osborne 1080 in Canterbury. Osborne pointed out that Edward's mother was a nun in Wilton Abbey and was seduced by Edgar and gave birth to Edward.
Decades later, another British historian, Eadmer, also wrote a biography about the Archbishop of Dunstan, and quoted the information of Nicholas of Worcester, denying that Edward was the son of a nun. According to the data, Edward's mother is Odem, the county magistrate of East Anglia. R) daughter, named love Szeifrid (? thelfl？ D) Test. When Edgar ruled Mercia, he married her and gave birth to Edward. If this is true, Edward's birth time should be between 957 and 959.
Other information comes from Gosselin's biography of Edith in Wilton, and the history written by John in Worcester and William in Mesbury. All these materials mentioned that Edward's mother's first name was Ai Szeifrid, and her last name was Candida or Eneda. These two words mean "white" and "white duck" respectively.
A decree written in 966 described Ethel's mother-in-law, Frith, as Edgar's "lawful wife" (they got married in 964), and their eldest son, Edmund, was called Edgar's first son. At the same time, Edward is called the son of Edgar. Because there are different opinions about Edward's mother, and Edmund seems to be regarded as Edgar's legal heir before his death in 97 1, Edward is probably Edgar's illegitimate child.
succeed to the throne
After Edmund's death, Edgar seemed to want Ethel to succeed to the throne, because a decree issued by the new monastery in Winchester put the names of Avery and Ethel before Edward. Nevertheless, future generations are still uncertain about Edgar's successor arrangement, because he died on July 8, 975 at the age of 32, when Edward and Ethel were underage.
Edgar was a powerful monarch, and he was the leader of the clergy at that time [for example, Archbishop Dunstan, Oswald, then Archbishop of York, Bishop Ethel Walter of Winchester (English:? Winchester's world)], forcing churches and nobles who were unwilling to cooperate with him to reform monasteries. In order to provide land for the reformed Benedictine monastery in exchange for their support, Edgar deprived many small aristocrats of their property and rearranged leases and rents with the monastery to give them more benefits. Some secular monks (some of whom are also nobles) were also removed from the reformed new monasteries. The dissatisfaction caused by these measures began to become public after Edgar's death.
When Edgar died, the leaders were all supporters of reform, but they were no longer United. The relationship between Archbishop Dunstan and Bishop Esewater is probably tense, while Archbishop Oswald and the county magistrate Effia of Mercia (English:? If it's here, Eldorman of Mercia). As for Effia and his companions, they are talking with East Anglia County Sheriff Eswell (English:? Thelwine, Ealdorman of East Anglia) and its companions compete for the right to decide. It is said that Dunstan questioned the marriage between Edgar and Avery, and even questioned whether Ethel was Edgar's first son.
These people disagree on whether to support Edward or Ethel. Before the death of old Edward, various factions had been arguing over the issue of heir; Edwy, Edgar's brother, was forced to hand over a large piece of land to Edgar for management because of the dispute over inheritance rights. Avery naturally supported his own son Ethel and was supported by Bishop Ethel Walter. Dunstan and Oswald supported Edward's succession. As for Effia and Ethel, they are also divided into two factions, but historians have different descriptions of who they support to inherit the throne.
The records of later generations seem to show that this debate partly involves the legality of the relationship between the two princes and Edgar and their ages. Finally, Dunstan and Oswald anointed Edward king of England in Kingston on the Thames. Some historians believe that Edward ascended the throne in 975, but others say that he ascended the throne in March 976.
There is evidence that Edward's succession was the result of compromise. It seems that Ethel got some land that traditionally belonged to the son of the current king, some of which was given to Abingdon Monastery by Edgar-this land was given to Ethel under the pressure of big noble.
Events of the reign
According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (hereinafter referred to as the Chronicle), a comet appeared shortly after Edward ascended the throne, followed by famine and "serious turmoil". This "serious riot" is sometimes called "rebellion against the kingdom" and seems to have appeared shortly after Edgar's death. During this period, an experienced official who ruled most of northern England-the sheriff of osler, Northumberland-was exiled for some unknown reasons. The new sheriff who succeeded him was named Saulat. He is probably osler's son, and probably, as recorded in the chronicle, for Saulat? Sod Gunnar's son.
At the same time, Edward-or the minister who exercised decision-making power in his name-appointed a group of new county governors to govern Wessex. Two of them did not leave much records in history, so it is difficult to prove which faction they belong to.
One of them is a sheriff named Edwin, whose jurisdiction includes Sussex, Kent and Surrey. After his death, he was buried in the abington Abbey where Effie had been, indicating that he probably belonged to Effie's school.
Esema, he was sent to Hampshire and owned land in Rutland. thelm？ R) It probably has something to do with the Ethel School.
Another Esaiweid (English:? Thelweard (historian) is a descendant of Ethel I, probably Edwy's brother-in-law. He should be Edward's supporter.
In some places, the secular clergy expelled by Edgar began to return to their original monasteries, and in turn drove away the clergy appointed by Edgar. Bishop Exeter has always been the main enemy of these secular clergy, and Archbishop Dunstan failed to effectively protect the interests of his allies. In view of this, the local lords began to overturn Edgar's previous land lease, forcing the newly-built monastery to return the land to the local nobles. The sheriff of Effiat was one of them-he began to attack the Mercia Monastery belonging to Archbishop Oswald. As for Effie's political rival Ethel (whose family is the protector of Ramsey Abbey), he abused Erie Abbey and other monasteries in his sphere of influence. In order to control East Anglia and attack Shilin Monastery, Effia almost went to war with Ethel. With the support of Byrhtnoth, the sheriff of neighboring Essex, and other nobles, Ethel formed an army to force Effiat to make concessions.
Compared with his father Edgar and his younger brother Ethel II, Edward left almost no works during his reign-only about three. These * * * mainly involved Wessex, the hinterland of the royal family, and two of them involved Clayton (English: Crediton)── Edward's master Sidman (English: Sideman (bishop)), who was the bishop there. On the other hand, when Edgar was in office, coin templates could only be made in Winchester and then distributed to mints everywhere. During Edward's reign, the mint in York and Lincoln could make their own templates. This phenomenon is regarded as the weakening of the kingdom's control in central and northern England.
Despite the above-mentioned problems, the organs of * * * are basically still functioning normally. Local councils and religious meetings are still held as usual. First, after Easter in 977, a parliamentary meeting was held in Clinton, Oxfordshire. The following year, another meeting was held in Cullen, Wiltshire. However, just during this meeting, an accident occurred in the local area, resulting in the death and injury of parliamentarians.
in luck
In each edition of the chronicle, the Petersburg edition (E edition) gives the most detailed description of Edward's death. This version clearly points out that Edward was killed near the hill where kolff Castle is located at dusk on March 8 1978, when he was visiting his stepmother Avery and his younger brother Ethel.