People who want to become a city have no choice but to have many thresholds.
(A) Marriage: it is difficult to enter the "besieged city"
According to the data bulletin of the second national agricultural census released on February 2, 2008, in 2006, among migrant workers,16.1%were under the age of 20; 2 1 -30 years old accounted for 36.5%, and the average age of migrant workers was 28.6 years old. The new generation of migrant workers are in the golden age of marriage and love, but they are limited, and they are in a situation where it is difficult to enter the "besieged city".
I can't find love for professional reasons. According to the data of the fifth census, migrant workers account for 58% of employees in the secondary industry and 52% of employees in the tertiary industry. It accounts for 68% of the employees in the processing and manufacturing industry and 80% of the employees in the construction industry. In particular, the construction industry and processing manufacturing industry are almost the first choice for the employment of the new generation of male migrant workers. These jobs are dirty, tired and bitter, with low wages and high risks. It is difficult to win the favor of girls and get along with them.
Similarly, in some factories such as toy processing industry, electronic product assembly service industry, textile and garment industry, the new generation of female migrant workers are in droves, and they also suffer from "no one is in love". The new generation of female migrant workers in these units account for the vast majority. In addition, they are generally reserved in love and embarrassed to take the initiative to contact men outside the factory, so their marriage has become a long-standing problem. At this time, the fence erected by the profession is binding these young and budding new generation of migrant workers.
Low income level affects the development of love. According to the survey conducted by China Youth Research Center in 2006, the wages of the new generation of migrant workers are generally not high in terms of income level. The income of the new generation of migrant workers is between 150 1 yuan-2,000 yuan, accounting for1yuan-1500 yuan, accounting for 2 1.6% and 70 1 yuan. Among them, 75.3% can get their wages on time or basically on time, 17.4% is in arrears occasionally, and 7.3% is in arrears frequently. Economy is the foundation of everything. The love and marriage of the new generation of migrant workers also need economic conditions as the basis. Love, especially marriage, cannot be built on castles in the air, which also affects the future mate choice of the new generation of male migrant workers. (2) Identity: Non-urban and non-township
Professionally, the new generation of migrant workers has become the main force of industrial workers. According to statistics, at present, the number of migrant workers has far exceeded the public-owned workers in the secondary and tertiary industries with the original urban household registration, reaching more than two-thirds of the total number of workers in the country. As the main body of production, migrant workers support the country's industrialization and are the main force of the working class in contemporary China. In 2007, the sixth national labor force survey organized by the All-China Federation of Trade Unions showed that 64.4% of migrant workers were distributed in the secondary industry. From the perspective of industry, migrant workers are mainly concentrated in manufacturing, construction, wholesale and retail, among which manufacturing accounts for the largest proportion, accounting for 3 1.9% of all employees, while construction, wholesale and retail account for 9.4% and 9. 1% respectively. The proportion of urban workers employed in manufacturing industry is only 22.8%. In 2008, Nanjing Normal University studied the values of contemporary migrant workers in Jiangsu Province-based on a sample survey of the new generation of migrant workers in southern Jiangsu and northern Jiangsu, it was found that 75% of the new generation of migrant workers considered themselves as workers and positioned themselves as industrial workers, while only 8% considered themselves as farmers. The reality is: on the one hand, the new generation of migrant workers have poor employment stability and strong mobility, and most enterprises have not regarded them as stable industrial workers; On the other hand, they undertake the most tiring, bitter, dirty and dangerous jobs in the city. Compared with urban industrial workers, they can't enjoy the proper political, economic and social welfare, get equal pay for equal work and equal rights, and are at the bottom of society in cities.
Geographically, the new generation of migrant workers live and work in cities all the year round and are citizens. The new generation of migrant workers are familiar with and yearn for urban life. Compared with the monotonous and gloomy life of the older generation of migrant workers, "robots during the day and wooden heads at night", the new generation of migrant workers pay less attention to saving money in order to find colorful entertainment life, such as soaking in Internet cafes, going to discos, dyeing their hair and wearing fashionable clothes. What they pay attention to is "the heart moves with me". The new generation of migrant workers usually go home during the Spring Festival, but this is only a "courtesy ceremony". The local identity of hometown contains more feelings for relatives, but lacks strong feelings and interest in agricultural activities. They are more inclined to change the status quo and want to have a job they like in the city, buy a house, get married and have children, and really integrate into the city. According to the Guangdong Youth Development Report released in 2007, 27.4% of the new generation of migrant workers want to buy a house in the working city and become a new "Hakka"; 50.2% of the new generation of migrant workers said "well done and willing to stay"; Less than 20% people want to go home as soon as possible or "work for another few years". The Report on the Development Status and Intergenerational Comparison of the New Generation of Migrant Workers in China shows that the new generation of migrant workers prefer urban life, with 7 1.4% women and 50.5% men choosing to "buy a house in the city where they work". The proportion of their mobile phones is as high as 72.9%, and most people have modern communication methods. However, the city is obviously not ready to accept them, and it is still "economic acceptance and social exclusion".
In terms of legal status, the new generation of migrant workers are still farmers. At present, due to the restriction of household registration, the legal status of the new generation of migrant workers is still farmers. Some of the new generation of migrant workers were born and raised in cities, and some went to work in cities directly after graduating from junior high school or high school. They have never cultivated land, can't cultivate land, and are even more unwilling to cultivate land. Farmers generally do not love land, farmers do not love agriculture, farmers do not understand agriculture, and have a serious sense of "ignoring agriculture, hating agriculture and abandoning agriculture". Although the registered permanent residence is in the countryside, they are more inclined to position themselves as urban people and are not ready to return to the countryside at all. While going out to study more, they hope to "live with dignity" like city people. (3) occupation: high is not low.
Unlike their parents, the new generation of migrant workers have high employment expectations, but they still face difficulties.
High employment expectations and poor professionalism. The new generation of migrant workers are very picky about their work, afraid of hardship and often unable to work hard. According to a survey, the new generation of migrant workers have poor professional quality and the highest job-hopping rate, with an average of 0.45 job-hopping per person per year, while the old generation of migrant workers born in the 1950s have only 0.08 job-hopping times, and the job-hopping frequency is nearly six times that of their parents and brothers. Even if you can be "dedicated", it is difficult to really be "dedicated". Among them, nearly half of them resigned because of "lack of living, production environment and leisure time", and 17% of them said "they didn't like the job" or just "wanted to change the environment". Moreover, the new generation of migrant workers demand to enjoy life and get respect while getting jobs, and their spiritual needs in culture, entertainment and fitness are increasing. The new generation of migrant workers are mainly only children, and their parents have placed high expectations on them since childhood. This expectation has caused their unrealistic desire for employment to some extent, that is, they just want to find jobs with high social status, good conditions and high wages. Coupled with the strong backing of parents, the pressure of life is much less, so some can jump ship at will and take the initiative to choose the working environment they want.
High employment expectations and low vocational skills. With the development of economy, the social demand for the quality of migrant workers has also changed. The report of the second national agricultural census shows that the education level of migrant workers is 70. 1% in junior high school and 8.7% in senior high school, which are 8.54 percentage points and 2 percentage points higher than before. However, the education level of the new generation of migrant workers is still low, lacking necessary professional training, professional knowledge and professional skills, and not understanding the basic norms of industrial production or modern service industry, which is far from the requirements of modern non-agricultural industries for workers. According to the report released by the Research Office of the State Council in 2006, only 20% of the rural laborers have received short-term vocational training, 3.4% have received primary vocational and technical training or education, 0. 13% have received secondary vocational education, and 76.4% have not received technical training. According to the survey of the National Bureau of Statistics, 84% of the new generation of migrant workers think that participating in skills training is helpful for finding a job, but 60% of migrant workers still do not participate in vocational skills training. According to the Guangdong Youth Development Report, as many as 62.6% of the new generation of migrant workers intend to be bosses in the future, and "having their own business" is the highest ideal of many of them. They don't want to take on the heavy manual labor in the middle and low end of the city like the previous generation of migrant workers, and they are not competent for complex skilled and knowledge-based jobs, so it is difficult to find suitable jobs in the city. Basically, they can only engage in labor-intensive, labor-intensive and low-paying industries such as manual transportation, building coolies, industrial processing and low-level services. At the same time, they change jobs too frequently, which makes them have only a superficial understanding of every industry and every post, and every vocational skill can only stay at the level of "apprentice". This cycle, also formed a vicious circle. Without excellent vocational skills, it is difficult for them to integrate into the city and live with dignity.
(D) settled in the "three customs"
The survey shows that the new generation of migrant workers have a strong desire to live in the inflow areas for a long time, but the high threshold limits their integration into urban society.
Economic barriers. On March 27th, 2006, "Several Opinions of the State Council on Solving the Problem of Migrant Workers" was released. After investigation, many provincial capital cities make it one of the conditions for migrant workers to buy houses of more than 60 square meters. At present, house prices range from hundreds of thousands to millions. For the new generation of migrant workers with low income but like to spend money lavishly, their accumulation is very limited. This new threshold of replacing identity barriers with economic barriers constructed by money is still insurmountable for ordinary farmers, which is also a major economic obstacle for them to integrate into the city.
Quality barrier. At present, many provincial capitals require migrant workers to have a high school education or above, and many places also require a junior college education. According to the data bulletin of the second agricultural census, in 2006, 90.0% of rural migrant workers had junior high school education or below. This is also a big obstacle for the new generation of migrant workers with junior high school as the main body to settle in the city. Moreover, many places implement double treatment for migrant workers to settle in cities. For example, in August 2006 1, Chongqing implemented the Opinions on Solving the Household Registration Problem of Migrant Workers in Cities, and the Chongqing Public Security Bureau pointed out that "the conditions for migrant workers in this city to settle in the main city have actually been greatly reduced, while migrant workers from other provinces and cities have to settle in the main city of Chongqing, and the diploma" threshold "has not changed: college degree or above is still required. And the per capita area of the purchased house has reached more than 30 square meters, and it actually lives.
Social welfare barriers. The social welfare systems in different parts of China are incompatible. The reform of the household registration system in China is mainly carried out at the provincial level, with the city as the center. Some provinces have implemented the unification of urban and rural household registration, but the obstacles to the free flow of population between provinces are still great. The inadaptability of social welfare systems in various places is an important factor restricting the inter-provincial migration of population. To solve the contradiction, we must deepen the urban reform.
At present, China is in a period of social transformation, and a remarkable feature of rapid social transformation is that social optimization and social problems coexist, and social progress and social costs coexist. The new generation of migrant workers with more than 1 100 million people are in school age. At present, their primary problem is marriage. After the promulgation of the Labor Contract Law, the rights and interests of the new generation of migrant workers have improved compared with the previous generation, but they are still not guaranteed. From the previous analysis, we can see that although the new generation of migrant workers have high career expectations, they are limited by their low professional skills. Even if they are willing to get rid of the low-level working conditions of selling coolies, they generally feel powerless. They can only engage in marginal occupations, such as dirty, bitter, tired and dangerous, which city people don't want to do. The employment environment is poor, the working hours are long, the workload is heavy, the labor remuneration is low, it is difficult to protect their basic rights and interests, and they can't enjoy the due national treatment. Marx once pointed out: "The basis of morality is the self-discipline of human spirit". Once the new generation of migrant workers enter the new urban environment, the cohesion of rural social norms loses, and the original moral behavior is anomie (that is, the loss of self-discipline). In this way, the new generation of migrant workers are unwilling to return to the countryside, and cities cannot integrate. Their psychological expectations are higher than their parents' and their endurance is lower than their parents'. When the city is in trouble, poverty and singles are combined under the chain reaction of low professional skills, poor economic income, no house, discrimination and no wife.
On the other hand, due to the restriction of household registration, although the new generation of migrant workers are positioned as urban residents, the city is not ready to accept them. On the contrary, there are both economic thresholds, quality thresholds and welfare thresholds. Even so, they are still reluctant to return to the countryside. It means that the countryside is not a retreat. It also means that the new generation of migrant workers must rely on the work and life of the city, and the policy concept of treating the countryside as a "reservoir" is completely outdated. In this way, the new generation of migrant workers can only live in the urban fringe and the old city with low rent and concentrated floating population. Most of the contacts are fellow villagers, and the social structure is characterized by simplification and closure, forming an island. There, weak information, weak development opportunities, weak resource regeneration, weak labor contact, and the economic effects of poverty and isolated islands often mean lack of development opportunities and disconnection from mainstream society. They are in the situation of a city or a country, in a dilemma, facing the state of double marginalization and increasing poverty.
Because they have no household registration and their employment is restricted, it is difficult to transform the "equal employment right of workers" stipulated in Article 3 of the Labor Law from paper rights to property rights. The new generation of migrant workers who enter the city often have to pay a higher price than the citizens in order to work. Most migrant workers can only enter the secondary labor market and look for "surplus" jobs for some urban people. It is difficult to gain the accumulation of status resources, let alone realize the upward flow of status. The source of life determines the way of life and attitude towards life. Without work, there will be no dependence, which will make these people in an uncertain state and have the characteristics of vagrants, and become a hidden danger that may hinder social stability and harmony at any time. Among the cases in Hangzhou in 2008, the crime rate of the new generation of migrant workers born after 1980 accounted for more than 70%. Recently, large-scale investigation reports of three major prisons in Guangdong show that 90% of migrant workers are under the age of 26. And because of the development of information network media, they are more likely to be organized to make a sound, and social contradictions are more likely to be expanded and intensified. If we continue to exclude them from the system, marginalize them and ignore their material, spiritual, cultural and democratic political needs, they will be more prone to resentment, which is not conducive to social security and stability. This deserves our vigilance!
A harmonious society is not a society without contradictions, but a society in which social contradictions can be gradually eliminated and properly solved. "It is the innate instinct of thoughtful people to ask for improvement of their material conditions. This desire cannot be eliminated. It is the driving force of all human behaviors. People meet their own needs by expanding their activities, thus moving towards a happy society. If this road is blocked, there is only one way for people to go: to suppress and plunder others to make themselves rich and make others poor "(Mises's" The Country of Freedom and Prosperity ").
The differences and difficulties faced by the new generation of migrant workers and the old generation of migrant workers challenge the current urban management policy. In addition, this challenge will become more and more obvious and urgent. Six Suggestions on Protecting the Rights and Interests of Migrant Workers
First, strengthen the protection of migrant workers' rights and interests
At present, it is necessary to strengthen the strict implementation of the labor contract law and relevant state regulations, and promote all kinds of enterprises to sign labor contracts with the new generation of migrant workers in accordance with the principles of equality, voluntariness and consensus. Strictly implement the Labor Contract Law and related paid vacation system, guarantee the right of migrant workers to rest and vacation, and let them have more time and energy to run their lives, make friends and fall in love. It is necessary to protect the democratic political rights enjoyed by migrant workers, the right of migrant workers to participate in the democratic management of enterprises, and the personal freedom and personal dignity of farmers according to law.
The second is to further deepen the reform of urban management system.
It is necessary to change the management concept, from paying attention to and managing the registered population in the past to paying attention to and managing the permanent population and floating population at the same time, and take active policies and measures to let migrant workers participate in urban management and enhance their identity with the city. In accordance with the policy requirements of "fair treatment, reasonable guidance, perfect management and good service" put forward by the central government, the government of the migrant workers' inflow areas should improve the relevant laws and regulations on the protection of migrant workers, introduce special provisions on the protection of migrant workers' rights and interests, strengthen the law enforcement of government departments, and earnestly safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of migrant workers.
The third is to reform the employment system and gradually establish a unified labor market in urban and rural areas.
It is necessary to explore the establishment of an employment system that is conducive to the transfer of rural labor force to cities and towns, break the labor employment system that divides urban and rural areas, bring urban and rural labor force as a whole into the framework of coordinated urban and rural development, implement an integrated employment policy and management system, and let farmers compete openly and fairly in the unified urban and rural labor market. It is necessary to innovate the farmer training transfer mechanism, vigorously strengthen the vocational skills training of the new generation of migrant workers, vigorously develop rural-oriented vocational education, and improve the employment transfer ability of the new generation of migrant workers. It is necessary to strengthen the provision of employment consultation, employment information, employment guidance and employment introduction for the new generation of migrant workers who are employed in cities.
Fourth, according to the principle of residence registration, establish a unified household registration system in urban and rural areas.
At present, it is necessary to reform the dual household registration management structure that divides urban and rural areas, break the identity restrictions of agricultural registered permanent residence and non-agricultural registered permanent residence, change the status quo that the identity transformation of migrant workers lags behind the career transformation as soon as possible, implement the principle of household registration with the place of residence, register people where they work and live, and bring them into the category of territorial management, and establish a household registration system that focuses on permanent and temporary accounts, so as to realize the integration of urban and rural household registration and the change of household registration management from static to dynamic.
Fifth, we should pay more attention to the spiritual and cultural life of the new generation of migrant workers.
It is necessary to effectively improve the service form, so that mobile libraries and mobile cinemas can really enter the middle of migrant workers; Cultural facilities should be open to migrant workers; We should actively support the cultural groups of migrant workers, and don't let "migrant workers integrate into cities" become empty talk.
Sixth, actively promote the integration of the new generation of migrant workers into community life.
It is necessary to rely on centralized residential centers and residential (village) comprehensive activity rooms to carry out targeted educational activities such as social morality, legal publicity, and civic quality, and actively guide and attract the new generation of migrant workers to participate in learning-oriented, service-oriented, cultural-oriented, and voluntary community self-governing organizations and various community non-governmental organizations, so that the new generation of migrant workers can gradually integrate into community life and community management and become a melting pot for the new generation of migrant workers to accelerate their integration into the city.