The height is the highest in the morning, slightly shorter at noon, and the shortest at night due to the pressure of the day.
The body temperature is the lowest in the morning, the highest at noon and the highest at midnight.
The heart rate is the highest in the morning and slightly lower at noon, usually at night.
Height is the most important index of body shape characteristics, which has attracted worldwide attention. There are many methods to predict height, such as bone age prediction, foot length prediction, parents' height prediction, children's and adolescents' height prediction in the current year, height prediction at the beginning of adolescence, mathematical prediction and so on. This volume of data only briefly introduces the tested and scientifically based forecasting methods at home and abroad.
There are many methods to predict height, which can be roughly divided into two categories. One is to use the current bone age and current height to predict the adult height: the theoretical basis is that the height of each age stage is highly correlated with the adult height, R=0.8. According to the present bone age, how high can you predict?
From 65438-0987-88, China State Sports Commission organized a study on the evaluation standard of China people's bone age, and formulated the CHN method of China people's carpal bone development standard. 1992 was approved as the industry standard of People's Republic of China (PRC) and officially promulgated and implemented.
When shooting X-ray of carpal bone, the fingers of the left hand are separated, the palm is pressed down on the X-ray box, the hand is straight and in line with the forearm, and the X-ray lens is aimed at the third metacarpal bone, about 90 cm away from the back of the hand. X-ray should include not only all the hand and wrist bones, but also the distal radius of 3 ~ 4 cm.
The development degree of radius, metacarpal bone, phalanx and wrist 14 bone was evaluated by CHN method. Add up the grade scores of 14 bones, and then look up the table to evaluate the bone age. After systematic training and repeated practice, the error of CHN method in evaluating films is not great.
Bone age assessed by carpal bone age method is also called biological age, which is a sign of human growth, development, maturity and aging. In childhood and adolescence, biological age is usually regarded as the degree of growth and development. The biological age is roughly the same as the life age calculated according to the date of birth. However, due to the influence of heredity, nutrition, physical exercise, diseases and other factors in the process of growth and development, the development speed may not be completely consistent with the age. Some people develop ahead of time, and their biological age will be greater than their living age. There are also people whose biological age is less than their living age. The speed of development is sometimes uneven. A person's development is backward in a certain period, and after a period of time, it may be normal because of the acceleration of development. Traditionally, the difference between bone age and life span is within 1 year, which is called normal development. The difference between bone age and life age > 1 year is called precocious puberty. The difference between bone age and life span < 1 year is called developmental backwardness (short for late maturity). In the growth and development stage of children and adolescents, it is of great significance to regularly evaluate their development degree for promoting the healthy growth of children and adolescents.
Among various methods for predicting height by bone age, TW2Mark2 method is more accurate by comparison. When forecasting, you need to input the current height and bone age, and girls also need to input whether they have menstruated. Then calculate the adult height with different forecasting formulas for men and women.
The other is to predict adult height according to parents' genetic factors. There are also several forecasting formulas. After comparison, the error of foreign formulas is relatively large. After investigating and counting the height of 182 1 young men and women and their parents 1983 ~ 84, Hubei Institute of Physical Education calculated the prediction formula of birth height, which has a smaller prediction error than that of foreign formulas, and has a good application effect in the selection of athletes and the evaluation of teenagers' physical fitness in China. The height prediction formula is as follows: (unit: cm)
Boy height = 59.699+0.4 19× father height +0.265× mother height.
Girl's height = 43.089+0.306× father's height +0.43 1× mother's height.
The future height predicted by bone age is mainly predicted from the current development level, and the future height predicted by parents' height is predicted from the innate genetic possibility, so the prediction results of the two are completely inconsistent.
It should be noted that because there are many factors affecting height, it is impossible to take all the factors into account in the prediction formula no matter which method is used, and many changing factors such as nutrition, disease and environment of the predicted object cannot be predicted after a certain period of prediction. Therefore, although we are sure that these forecasting methods are scientifically based, the trend reflected by the forecasting results cannot be wrong. However, the error of height prediction is always inevitable.
[Edit this paragraph] Fourth, exercise promotes growth and height.
1, two critical periods of human growth
Judging from the law of human growth and development, there are two peaks in the growth and development of height in human life. The first time is from the second trimester to infancy. In the second trimester (4 ~ 6 months), the height of the fetus grows fastest, which is about 27 cm in these three months, accounting for half of the height of the whole fetus, which is the fastest growing stage in a person's life. The growth rate in infancy (from birth to 1 year) slowed down slightly, but it still increased by 20 ~ 25 cm, which was 50% of that at birth. After that, the growth rate slowed down and remained relatively stable until the second peak of growth and development. Women were about 10 years old and men were about 12 years old (puberty). The average height of adolescence increases by 7 ~ 8 cm, and the maximum height can be increased by 10 ~ 12 cm. The annual weight gain value is 4 ~ 7 kg, and the individual weight can reach 8 ~ 10 kg. About three years later, the growth rate slowed down again until the height of women was about 17 years old and that of men was about 22 years old. Because the second growth spurt of girls started earlier than that of boys, the height development curves of men and women crossed for the first time around 10 years old. Before crossing, boys were taller than girls, and after crossing, women surpassed men. At the age of 12, boys began to grow suddenly for the second time, and girls began to slow down, so conversely, men were taller than women and the curves crossed for the second time. Because of the long period of boy's sudden increase and long growth time, most men's body shape indexes are higher than those of women when they reach adulthood.
According to the average value, there are three types of development: early maturity, normal maturity and late maturity Early maturity is characterized by early development, and the peak of sudden increase in height appears early, but the process of sudden increase is often short, so although it appears higher at first, it is not necessarily higher than late maturity in the end. The weight-height ratio of precocious girls is generally higher than that of late-maturing girls, and finally the shoulders are narrow and the pelvis is wide, which tends to be short and fat. The characteristic of late maturity is that although it is short at first, it suddenly increases for a long time and is often higher than early maturity in the end. Late-maturing boys have narrow pelvis, wide shoulders and tall and thin figure. Normal development is somewhere in between.
When we know the general law and peak of height growth, besides supplementing comprehensive and balanced nutrition, especially in protein, pregnant women and fetuses, infants and children and adolescents can be fully recuperated in these two periods (in the second half of pregnancy, fetuses need to supplement calcium when growing bones, so it is advisable to eat more calcium-containing foods, such as soybean milk, tofu, eggs, potatoes, cabbage, carrots, etc. And small fish and shrimp can be eaten with skin after frying. During pregnancy, especially in the second trimester (4 ~ 7 months), the abortion rate is greatly reduced, the pregnancy reaction is eliminated or alleviated, and the mental state is stable. Moderate physical activities should be carried out, such as aerobic exercise, deep breathing, active games, walking, and a small amount of exercise with weak intensity and moderate rhythm. This can not only improve the functions of nervous system, cardiovascular system and respiratory system, regulate gastrointestinal function and human metabolism, but also contribute to fetal development and delivery.
After the baby is born, it is not a bad thing to cry a few times without illness or other external stimuli, but it is good exercise and good for health. Babies crying, stretching their limbs and "dancing" can not only accelerate blood circulation, provide sufficient nutrition and oxygen for the brain, bones and muscles, but also improve cardiopulmonary function and thoracic growth and development. Infants aged 6 ~ 12 months should be properly induced to play, turn over, climb or help them walk according to the situation, which is helpful to physical and mental health and brain development. The nervous system is the earliest, fastest and most mature system in human body. At the age of 6-7, the weight of the brain has reached 90% of that of adults, and it only increased by 10% at the age of 20, weighing about1400g. But at this time, the internal structure and function of brain cells have become complex and highly developed, reaching a very perfect period. Therefore, it is very beneficial to give babies more information to stimulate their brain development and physical and mental health.
The sudden increase of adolescence is a transitional period for children and adolescents to mature, and it is the second peak of growth and development in life. During this period, the shape, physiology, psychology, biochemistry, endocrine and intelligence of the human body will change suddenly, so moderate physical exercise in adolescence, especially full-body stretching exercise, is more helpful for growing taller.
2. Why can exercise grow taller?
There are three main reasons why exercise can promote height.
(1) increases the secretion of growth hormone. There are three endocrine hormones that control height, namely growth hormone secreted by pituitary gland, luteinizing hormone and sex hormone. Among these three hormones, growth hormone is the most effective and necessary substance to ensure the normal growth and development of human body. Experiments show that after 90 minutes of moderate-intensity physical exercise, the secretion of growth hormone in human body is twice that at rest. Good stimulation of exercise can also ensure a deeper sleep. Through EEG, ECG and eye flow monitor, scientists found that the sleep time of children and adolescents is 1 hour, and the secretion of related hormones (growth hormone, luteinizing hormone, sex hormone and prolactin) in the body is extremely strong, especially the secretion of growth hormone reaches its peak, with the content of 20 micrograms per milliliter of blood, which is 5 ~ 7 times that of daytime. Increasing the secretion of growth hormone can promote the normal growth and development of children and adolescents. According to the newspaper, a 23-year-old young woman lost sleep for two months because of illness, and her height increased by nearly 3 cm. If the growth hormone secretion is insufficient, it will seriously affect the growth and development of children and adolescents, and even suffer from dwarfism.
(2) It can increase the proliferation of epiphyseal cartilage. The height of the figure depends on the length of the long bones of the lower limbs and the growth and development of the spine. Anatomically speaking, the long bone of limbs is a tubular bone with cartilage between its two ends and the bone body (in infancy, each bone has a growth point or ossification center), which is called epiphyseal cartilage. People mature from infants, and their height has increased several times, mainly due to the growth of epiphyseal cartilage. When the epiphyseal cartilage ossifies, people no longer grow taller. The growth and development of epiphyseal cartilage is controlled by growth hormone. Insisting on physical exercise can not only increase the secretion of growth hormone, but also promote vigorous metabolism and accelerated blood flow. In a quiet state, it takes 20 ~ 25 seconds for blood to circulate to the whole body, and it is shortened to 8 ~ 9 seconds during exercise. Physical exercise can also increase oxygen uptake by 7 ~ 12 times. 15 ~ 20 years old teenagers, the breathing frequency can be increased from 18 ~ 20 times/min in a quiet state to 30 ~ 40 times/min, and the lung ventilation can be increased to 70 ~ 120 liters. Adequate blood oxygen and accelerated flow rate can provide sufficient raw materials for bone cells.
Proper exercise can not only provide sufficient raw materials for the proliferation of epiphyseal cartilage and give it beneficial "mechanical massage", but also play a good role in changing the shape, structure and function of bones, such as thickening bone density and making bones stronger and stronger; According to different pressure and tension, the arrangement of trabecular bone is more neat and regular; The muscle attachment protrusions on the bone surface are more obvious. These changes can greatly improve the performance of bones in tension, compression, torsion, bending and bending.
(3) More vitamin D and "air vitamin" can be obtained. Mass sports activities are mostly carried out outdoors. Outdoor sunshine and fresh air can make people get more vitamin D and "air vitamins". Physicists have found that sunlight emits seven colors of red, orange, yellow, green, cyan, blue and purple through the prism, and there are many invisible rays besides these seven colors, accounting for about 50 ~ 70% of sunlight. Red light can excite nerves and improve the functions of cardiovascular system, respiratory system and muscle tissue. Yellow light and green light have sedative effects, while blue light and purple light have inhibitory effects. In different seasons, the length and intensity of light are different, so seasons have a great influence on growth and development. Take height and weight as an example. In the four seasons of the year, the height growth is the fastest in spring. Compared with the three months from September to June, the height growth of the former is 2-2.5 times higher. On the contrary, the weight gain is the fastest in autumn, and it is the fastest in 9 ~ 1 1 period all year round. The main reason for the rapid growth of height in spring is that the sun is getting closer and closer to the earth in spring, so the sun contains more infrared rays and ultraviolet rays. Infrared ray has short wave length, strong penetrating power, and contains a lot of heat energy, which can evenly heat human skin, reflexively promote blood vessel expansion, accelerate blood flow, and provide sufficient blood oxygen for epiphyseal cartilage hyperplasia. Ultraviolet light can change a substance called ergosterol in human skin into vitamin D, and vitamin D enters the blood, which can promote the absorption of calcium, phosphorus and other substances in the gastrointestinal tract and provide more bone-building materials for the growth of bone cells.
Doing exercise outdoors and breathing fresh air can get more "air vitamins". The four seasons in the south are evergreen and colorful, and the spring, summer and autumn in the north are colorful. In this natural environment, the number of anions will double. Negative ions are essential "elements" to maintain the normal growth function of human cells, which scientists call "air vitamins". Some people divided the mice into two groups (identical nutrition). Group A was fed in normal air, while Group B was fed in air filtered by cotton. After four weeks, Group A remained unchanged. The prevalence rate in group B is high, and some of them are facing death. The key reason is that the negative ions in the air breathed by group B mice have been completely absorbed by cotton. It can be seen that the increase in the number of negative ions in the human body not only helps children and adolescents grow taller, but also helps to improve the function and health level of the body.
3. What projects contributed to Gao Pei?
The skeletal system of children and adolescents grows rapidly, and the bones contain a large proportion of organic matter and a small proportion of inorganic matter, so the bones are fragile and elastic. The spine of children and adolescents is elastic, but the strength of muscles and ligaments is poor, and the strength of fixed joints is weak. The neural process of children and adolescents is characterized by more excitability than inhibition, and the neurons in the cerebral cortex are poor in working ability and easy to get tired, but they are quick in response, quick in recovery and good in flexibility. During the period of children and adolescents, especially during the sudden increase of adolescence, the height grows rapidly, the thoracic development is relatively backward, the development speed of the heart can't keep up with the growth speed of other parts of the body, the blood supply and oxygen supply are relatively insufficient, and the regulation function of the cardiovascular system is also unstable. In view of the above characteristics of children and adolescents, we should choose those sports with large stretching range, high frequency, strong sense of rhythm and short duration, and try to avoid those endurance and static sports that are too tense, lasting and breathless.
(1) Full-body stretching events: There are many full-body stretching events, such as unarmed exercises, light weapons exercises, aerobics, pull-ups, arm flexion and extension, arm flexion and extension, hanging swing, leg swing, leg press, kicking, cheating and "bridge".
(2) Collaborative projects: These projects include ball games, swimming, skating, skiing, dancing and active games.
(3) Jumping events: These events include standing single, jumping with two legs, jumping with one leg and two legs during marching, striding, leapfrog, vertical jump, standing long jump, standing multi-stage jump, jumping rubber band, skipping rope, supporting jump and jumping over obstacles.
(4) Short-distance events: Short-distance events include track and field events such as 50m, 60m,100m, 200m, 400m, 4x100m relay running and swimming (butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke and freestyle).
[Edit this paragraph] Pre-height and Post-height
After working and studying during the day, all muscles, joints and ligaments in the whole body are in a state of tension and compression, and the vertebrae are closely connected. But after a whole night's sleep and rest, the elastic intervertebral disc will relax without pressure, and the spine will become a little longer, and there will be an interesting phenomenon of "getting taller early and getting taller later".
[Edit this paragraph] Why are people the tallest in the morning?
There are many gaps between human bones, especially vertebrae. After a day of standing upright, the gap between the two will be compressed to a certain extent. Generally speaking, it is about 1 to 2 cm. If people do heavy physical labor during the day, it will be compressed to 3 to 5 centimeters every day. After a night's rest, the gap will be released and people will become taller.