abstract
Karate is a combination of ancient fighting techniques 500 years ago and boxing techniques introduced from China. At that time, in the high society of sulfur ball, China's boxing was secretly referenced, creating a unique Tang-style player, that is, the original' karate'. Before "Tang Hand", there were two names: "Fan Hand" and "Hand Hand", which were distinguished according to the region and became the origin of various schools of karate today.
Karate (からてどう/Karate) is a martial art that originated in Ryukyu. Karate was originally named Tang Shou, which means "martial arts from China". Karate originated from Shaolin Wushu in ancient China, but there is no exact legal basis for this statement.
The origin of the name
Japanese karate "からて" can be divided into two parts:
から: Chinese character "empty"; There are two explanations for this word: one is empty, empty-handed and unarmed; Kara can also be interpreted as "Tang". China came to power in the Tang Dynasty, and the Tang people came from China. So karate can also be interpreted as Tang hand, which is China's skill. But ten years ago, Japan unified karate as karate, so its Chinese characters were also abolished.
That's the hand.
In addition to the names of "empty-handed" and "Tang-handed", this kind of martial arts is also called "Ryukyu player". Ryukyu was a small country that paid tribute to China from southern Japan during the Qing Dynasty in China. Locals often go to China, and some of them return to Ryukyu after joining martial arts schools. Later, Japan occupied Ryukyu and renamed Okinawa. At the same time, it also enforced the ban on weapons and weapons. However, the local people still resist. They learned martial arts from China (of course, they joined Ryukyu itself).
Due to the development of empty-handed in Ryukyu, three sets of basic potential methods have also been developed-one is the Naha hand, the other is the head hand and the berthing hand.
Later, this martial art flowed into Japan, and after development and diversion, it gradually became the present karate.
1922 in may, Funakoshi Gichin, president of Okinawa Wushu association, went to Tokyo to perform Tang boxing at a sports exhibition hosted by the Ministry of education, culture, sports and sports. Tang hand is rapidly popularized in Japan. 1935, Master Funakoshi Gichin published the book "Karate Teaching Method", and Tang Shou officially changed its name to "Karate". Karate has developed into modern times and has become an educational competition like other sports. /kloc-since 0/970, the "World Karate Union" has been established to hold the first world karate championship. At present, the official international organization of karate is the World Karate Federation (WKF). There are four main schools of orthodox karate: Songtaoguan Stream, Harmony Stream, Rigid and Flexible Stream and Eastern Stream. The competition standards of the types (routines) of the World Karate Federation are only the designated types of the four major schools, such as Songtaoge.
Karate can be traced back to Okinawa and Ryukyu about 500 years ago. At that time, there were frequent exchanges between China and Ryukyu, and China Boxing was introduced to Ryukyu, which developed into a local martial art called "Tang Shou". Under the influence of martial law for a long time, "Tang Shou" was taught in secret until 1905. It was not until 1935 that the name "Tang Shou" contained the meaning of China, and the Japanese pronunciation of "Tang Shou" and "empty hand" was the same, and it was changed to "empty hand" by Japan and became Japanese martial arts.
Karate is divided into three systems because of the different introduction years and fighting styles of China Wushu in the Tang Dynasty. It is "first hand", "dominating hand" and "parking hand". "No.1 Chief" is an ancient school, which mainly focuses on large-scale straight-line attacks, including sweeping skills and wrestling skills. Suitable for medium-distance combat, later represented by "Songtaoge (Liu)". "Na Ba Hand" mainly focuses on defense and small moves, and includes the skills of catching the ball and throwing. Suitable for close combat, close to modern China boxing, and later represented by "combining rigidity with softness". There is a saying called "berthing hand", which is a boxing technique taught by China people after they came to Ryukyu from China, and has no direct connection with "No.1 hand" and "Naha hand". At present, the "Liu" karate in Okinawa, Japan is closely related to the "berthing hand". Another view is that "Bo Shou" is a combination of the advantages of "number one" and "Na Ba Shou".
Among the above three schools, "Tang hand", "Li shou" and "Naha hand" further developed into the traditional "four schools" with empty hands. Among them, Mr. Funakoshi Gichin (A.D. 1868- 1957), the representative of No.1, took the lead in introducing empty goods from Ryukyu to Japan in A.D. 1922 after the death of his mentor, Yizhou Anheng. Because Mr. Chuan Yue was nicknamed Songtao, his empty-handed goods were called "Songtaoge empty-handed" (or Songtaoge empty-handed). The representative of Naha, Mr. Miyagi Changshun (A.D. 1888- 1953), founded "Rigid Karate" in Kyoto, Japan on 1928 after the death of his mentor, Mr. Dongenna Liang Kuan. Following Song Taoge and Gang Liu, Mr. He Xian (A.D. 1889- 1952) was named Kudong Flow Karate in Osaka, Japan in 1929 with the generosity of his two teachers, Kui of Zhangzhou Anheng and Dong Enna. In addition, Aikido Jiu Jitsu was founded by Mr. Ji Bo Otsuka in 1929. He is a teacher of Shinto Dojo and studied under Mr. Funakoshi Gichin's "Songtao Pavilion Empty Hands". Today, Songtaoge, Gangrouliu, Cidongliu and Hedao Liu are collectively called "four schools".
Japanese fighting skills that beat each other with hands and feet. This kind of fighting action is not allowed to hit the opponent's body during the game. It must be stopped at the moment before hitting the opponent, otherwise it is a foul. /kloc-In the middle of the 4th century, China Shaolin Boxing spread to Ryukyu Islands and then to all parts of Japan. In 1930s, Japan established the Karate Research Association. 1966, the All-Japan Karate Alliance was established. Because some fans actively promoted karate to all countries in the world, 1970 established the World Karate Alliance and held the first world karate championship.
The basic offensive techniques of karate are divided into hand skills and foot skills. Hand skills are playing and hitting, and foot skills are kicking. Boxing is divided into boxing, flat boxing, finger boxing and palm boxing. Beating is divided into punching, split palm, flat palm and arm. Kicking is divided into toe kick, sole kick, heel kick, side kick and knee kick. There are also techniques such as head strike and shoulder strike. According to the changes of the opponent's body posture and movements, athletes use the above basic attack techniques to attack the opponent's head, face, neck, chest, abdomen, back and other parts, but are not allowed to contact the opponent's body directly. Hitting and kicking can take the form of straight line, spiral and arc. Strike can be divided into one-handed strike and two-handed strike, and kick also includes one-legged kick and two-legged take-off kick. These complicated strokes, punches and kicks are intertwined, which constitutes a clever offensive technique. In view of the above various attack methods, there are also various defense methods, such as arc defense, rotation defense, cross defense, split palm defense, cross defense and so on. Karate competitions are divided into individual competitions and team competitions. During the competition, 1 referee was on the court, and 4 referees were performing referee work in the four corners of the court. Athletes wear karate clothes (the same as judo clothes), barefoot, with a red belt on one side and a white belt on the other. The venue is 8m× 8m. The competition time is generally 2 minutes. Anyone who hits or kicks the opponent's face, neck, chest, abdomen, back and other parts within 2 minutes (without touching, keeping a certain distance) is judged to be correct and effective by the referee, and scores 1 point, which means victory. If you don't hit or kick the designated position, you will be judged according to your skill, spirit and attitude. Serious offenders will be disqualified from the competition.
Karate is a combination of ancient fighting techniques 500 years ago and boxing techniques introduced from China. At that time, in the high society of sulfur ball, China's boxing was secretly referenced, creating a unique Tang-style player, that is, the original "karate". Before the Tang Dynasty, there were two names, Naha Hand and Shouli Hand, which, according to regional differences, became the origin of various schools of karate today.
1922 in may, Funakoshi Gichin, president of Okinawa Wushu association, went to Tokyo to perform Tang boxing at a sports exhibition hosted by the Ministry of education, culture, sports and sports. Don's hands are quick in Japan.
Popularize. 1935, Master Funakoshi Gichin published the book "Karate Teaching Method", and Tang Shou officially changed its name to "Karate".
Karate has developed into modern times and has become an educational competition like other sports. From 1970, the World Karate League was established and the first world karate championship was held. At present, the official international organization of karate is the World Karate Federation (WKF). There are four main schools of orthodox karate: Songtaoguan Stream, Harmony Stream, Rigid and Flexible Stream and Eastern Stream. The competition standards of the types (routines) of the World Karate Federation are only the designated types of the four major schools, such as Songtaoge.
Technical principle of karate
In karate, the skills of hands and legs, attack and defense are the basis of attack and defense, and also the introduction and ultimate technical goal of karate. Although most of these basic movements can be practiced in a few months, even if it takes a lifetime, it may not be really perfect. Therefore, those who choose this path must persevere, be conscientious and keep practicing and exercising. Moreover, it is very important to carry out organized and planned training reasonably according to one's physical fitness. Even high-intensity training needs to conform to sports mechanics. Only when it is carried out reasonably under the physiological premise can its effect be reflected. From ancient times to the present, after years of accumulation, the created "empty-handed, technology" combined with the theory of modern science has formulated its rationality. However, on the other hand, there are some doubts that need to be confirmed by future scientific research. On the other hand, in order to respect the ready-made scientific data, karate is indeed expected to fly to a higher dimension. Therefore, the following important points, I hope readers can fully understand and master, and continue to carry out rational training and training.
Karate skills
Karate is a kind of dynamic Zen that skillfully uses fists and feet to explore the principle of victory and defeat, and then achieves transcendence of victory and defeat. It is also a way to temper spirit, physique and technology and explore truth, goodness and beauty. Through persistent exercise, strict and hard competition, mastering advanced skills of self-protection, developing a strong body and sound spirit, and working hard with confidence and courage, we can indeed make some contributions to the justice, peace and development of human society. We should pay special attention to the fact that the way of karate is very important, that is, the spirit of karate is the most fundamental essence of karate.
Nowadays, there are more and more martial arts competitions in Wulin. There is a question that has been puzzling many martial artists: Is karate still useful for self-defense in modern society?
In order to find the answer, we must study karate carefully and analyze how it differs from what people call modern martial arts. If it is only a rough comparison, the conclusion seems less certain: because modern people like to interpret karate from the perspective of sports and fitness, there are few things left that can be used in actual combat. For the competition, these are completely enough; But it is not so easy to deal with a robber who meets him in the street.
In the game, if you suddenly get a decisive score, you are sure to win. But in actual combat, this is not the case. Traditional karate kung fu is very useful in the competition, but as the Wulin people say, "If the enemy always threatens you and wants something from you, what kind of kung fu will you use?"
One trick is to keep attacking the enemy until he is forced to give in or put him in a coma. In fact, China's ancient martial arts, Okinawa Kung Fu and Japanese karate have been encouraging this. This paper will mainly analyze five techniques that can improve your karate actual combat level. Every technique evolved from the self-defense of karate, but it is very effective in actual combat.
Continuous boxing attack
As mentioned above, actual combat kung fu emphasizes defeating the enemy with continuous attacks. A simple blockade can only resist enemy attacks. In contrast, a series of fierce attacks will cause physical harm to the enemy and force him to yield.
Musashi Miyamoto, one of the most famous Japanese samurai, once said, "The fundamental purpose of practicing fencing is to defeat the enemy in battle. No other purpose can be compared with this purpose. " The swordsmanship he practiced fully meets the actual needs. This bushido culture came into being in an era of the law of the jungle. Today, the martial arts culture produced in the United States in the 2 1 century is just a performance.
Low kick kung fu
Various martial arts, such as China Kung Fu, Japanese Judo, Okinawa Karate, etc. Teach people to keep their legs low. Martial artists know that the higher your feet are, the more dangerous they are. If the enemy grabs your leg when you kick his head, he may easily throw you off balance. Then, when he throws it, it will make you fall to the ground.
Of course, this is not always the case. Generally speaking, high kicking means high risk, but how high the risk is depends on who is kicking. In other words, the higher your kung fu, the greater your chances of success. Therefore, it doesn't matter if you are good at kung fu and play high. However, for the average person, this conclusion is a truth: the lower the kick, the safer it is.
Block the second punch
The third similarity between traditional Wushu and actual combat technology is that they both attach great importance to how to stop or prevent the enemy's continuous attacks. For example, karate, its basic essence is to teach people how to avoid enemy attacks. Try to make the enemy's attack ineffective, at least to curb the enemy's second punch to you.
This idea is consistent with the idea of lateral movement in boxing. The White Crane Boxing in China Kung Fu is an important example of this idea. One of them is used to stop the enemy from kicking his lower body.
Multi-target attack and critical attack
In the past, martial artists attached great importance to the value of attacking multiple enemy targets simultaneously or continuously. They know that their value is extraordinary whenever they can hit the enemy's heart. No matter in the game or in actual combat, continuous attacks will make the enemy lose the courage to continue fighting.
Rolling technology
In any kind of martial arts, rolling technique is an essential part. The same is true of self-defense kung fu. Because after you are thrown to the ground by the enemy, you must know what to do next. Remember! You should master the tumbling technique very skillfully, not just how to guard against the enemy. You must learn how to fight. No matter how good your karate skills are, you must understand how good it would be to launch a series of attacks on the ground.
In the first few years of the fighting championship, the value of tumbling technology is very obvious. People who are not good at fighting have nothing to do after their fists and feet are blocked by those who are good at fighting. All martial artists must firmly remember this lesson.
It is worth mentioning that/kloc-China's ancient book "Dodge" (which was later derived from various Okinawa karate) has 48 basic self-defense moves, which can be used for fighting. Obviously, ancient martial arts like tolerance, while modern martial arts like to separate everything.
Physical strength and training
The final similarity between traditional Wushu and actual combat technology lies in physical training. All other qualities being equal, a martial artist with great strength often has an advantage. High-level training can maintain your physical strength and bring it into play when necessary. If you run out of energy in front of the enemy, you can only resign yourself to fate!
In traditional China Wushu, people enhance their strength and physical endurance by lifting big stones or other training. This kind of training enhanced their muscle endurance.
Another kind of kung fu they practice is called "hard training". It is to let different parts of the body, including the abdomen, arms and legs, bear great attack. Its purpose is to enhance the resistance of these parts in combat. Although modern martial artists may not know these things, there are still many people who use boxing or kicking sandbags to enhance their strength.
When karate is taught only in secret times, it is usually limited to personal practice, so the "shape" is extremely developed. But since karate was publicly taught, the proportion of "group players" in practice has also increased. Generally, people who go to the Dojo to practice martial arts have the initial goal of self-defense and being good at fighting, and the practice of "assembling hands" is the most practical way to achieve this goal; In order to achieve this goal as soon as possible, some beginners often ignore the importance of basic movements and devote themselves to the study of duet, which leads to problems such as smaller basic movements and incorrect attack posture. Although practicing duet "except the basic group of hands" in the initial stage can increase a little practical experience, but because of ignoring the practice of basic movements, the lack of change and hitting power has hindered my progress. "Hand-to-hand" is a set of attack and defense procedures agreed by both parties in advance, which consists of basic action techniques. The purpose of its practice is to make beginners obtain the following effects.
First, cultivate the sensitivity of the whole body and understand the cooperation of the whole body strength.
Second, practice offensive and defensive techniques.
Third, learn how to attack the key points and avoid unnecessary blows, so as not to waste physical strength.
Fourth, strengthen the practice and application of basic movements.
Fifth, understand the coordination between timing and breathing.
Sixth, train fighting spirit and cultivate courage.
Generally speaking, the primary team player is the practice that the two sides pose in actual combat, take a proper distance from each other, and then the attacker informs the target and boldly attacks the target, while the defender freely displays the learned skills to fight back. Therefore, it can be said that it is the best way to prepare for practicing free fighting in the future and to cultivate the visual ability of the eyes and the sixth sense needed for attack and defense. Advanced team players, called free team players, are different from actual combat in that the attack target is assumed to be one inch in front of the vital human body, which is called "inch stop". You must practice the basic movements repeatedly, be familiar with each "shape", and enter this stage after the training of basic group players. There are two reasons why you can't practice unarmed group before you master the primary hand group:
1. Prevention of danger: Because when "combining hands freely", on the one hand, you have to attack, on the other hand, you have to parry the enemy's attack. Before you are familiar with the basic technology, it is easy to have accidents.
Second, prevent quirks: if you don't pay attention to basic movements and only pay attention to winning or losing, it is easy to form fighting karate and hinder progress. Karate masters are not only superb in skills, but also beautiful in basic movements, which can convince onlookers. The practice of basic movements and basic sparring is monotonous, while free sparring is free and interesting;
When practicing unarmed group, you must pay attention to the following points to make rapid progress:
First, the change and continuation of attack and defense technology.
Second, the coordination of breathing and strength.
Third, distance and momentum.
The above three meals are the direct determinants, so we should pay special attention to them.
What is the most suitable posture and posture for free hand group? Almost every beginner will have this problem. Mr. Chen Hongzong (IAKF Taiwan Province Branch, Shinto Dream Liu Zhang Road Taiwan Province Branch, Japan Rigid and Soft Boxing Club China Boxing Branch) once said: "Karate has no posture, and posture is used to teach beginners. The meaning of this sentence is to warn the reader that he must have both body and mind, not just a formal meaning.
Matters needing attention in karate posture:
First, don't just look at each other's posture and easily judge each other's poor martial arts and negligence.
Second, even if there is a complete posture, it is not enough if the heart is relaxed.
Third, although the other person's gesture is casual and full of loopholes, you should not underestimate your enemy and be careful.
Fourth, don't think about how to attack by looking at each other's posture.
The essence of karate lies in the flexible use of body and mind, and must not be confused by the enemy's posture. In other words, without physical constraints, according to their own tactics, put on a posture that suits them.
Correct combat posture must have three elements:
First of all, make all parts of the body and limbs most suitable for the next action.
Second, the correct posture will never let the other side gain insight into their intentions and expose their actions.
Third, the correct posture still needs to keep the muscles at an appropriate level of tension, so that the body can maintain the most flexible response ability, and the limbs are self-sufficient.
However, it does not lose its agility.
As for the posture that suits your physical characteristics, you can naturally experience it in constant exercise.
As for the interval between unarmed groups, it varies with each person's height, arm length and pace. Generally speaking, the interval between attacking the enemy in the previous step and avoiding the enemy's attack in the next step is the ideal distance. However, during the competition, their positions are constantly changing, so it is very difficult to measure the distance between them correctly. Usually tall people like to keep a large distance and take the opportunity to step out; Short people often jump into each other's arms and start hand-to-hand combat. In short, it is an absolute condition to win by not letting your opponent enter the distance that suits you, but fighting within the distance that suits you. However, beginners should pay attention to: "The possible distance to attack the enemy is the possible attack range." 」
We often hear people say that "attack is the best defense". This is a wise saying. However, the attack rule of stalking is not in this case. Attack is an action to implement skills and strategies. The elements of attack include the judgment of speed and distance and the use of fake action. So no matter what continuous attack, the first punch or the first foot is always the most important. It is best if the first punch can hit the opponent, otherwise the first punch must pave the way for the second and third punches. The purpose of continuous attack is not to waste energy on empty fists. Remember, although the preparation of the attack and the implementation of the attack are two stages of action, in order to make the action in one go, we must make the two stages of action coherent.
As for the way of defense (stopping the opponent's attack), there are countless ways. Mr. Sun Yat-sen, the chief teacher of Japan's empty-handed club, once said, "Receiving skills is the key to success." Only clever defense can produce attack skills. The defense method in karate is not just parry; Enduring the limit is a characteristic of karate.
The experience of many Japanese Wushu practitioners in actual combat
A glimpse of your feet
The four most important points in actual combat are to observe the opponent's dynamics with your eyes, move to the most favorable position with your feet, do not hesitate to make a shot, and boldly issue a powerful fatal blow (one blow will kill).
Undetermined consistency refers to the consistency of pause (attack) and wait (defense), that is, the integration of attack and defense.
Third, don't let go of your opponent in the following three situations, you must attack:
(a) when the other party just pushed.
(2) when hesitating.
(3) When swinging out (refers to the moment when the opponent's attack is completed and pauses halfway).
Three first (a) first (the other side will fight back at the beginning of the action).
(2) Take the first step (see each other's actions and fight back when their actions have not yet taken effect).
(3) successively (make the opponent's attack invalid, and then seize the opportunity to fight back).
The four taboos in Sun Tzu's Art of War are surprise, fear, doubt and confusion.
Triple Kill (1) Killer (a weapon that destroys the body).
(2) Kill him (block the opponent's moves).
(3) kill him (defeat the opponent's fighting spirit).
Reflexion means being distracted by other things.
There should be no slack in your heart when attacking the enemy.
"Eye Pay" refers to the place where the eyes look, which means that when confronting an opponent, the eyes look at the scenery with distant mountains on the other side, not just a part, but a glimpse.
Rank and position of karate:
Like judo and Taekwondo, the grade of karate is also expressed by the color of the belt, and each school has its own grading rules, such as Songtao Pavilion Stream: 10 ~ 9: leucorrhea (beginners).
Grade 8: Yellow Belt Grade 7: Orange Belt Grade 6: Red Belt Grade 5: Green Belt Grade 4: Blue Belt Grade 3: Purple Belt Grade 2 ~ 1: Tea Belt (divided into two sections and one section).
Leucorrhea: After getting started, buy it with Taoist clothes.
Yellow belt: physical fitness, basic skills, five groups of hands, safety period.
Red belt: yellow belt, three groups of hands, Ping 'an II.
Orange belt: all the contents of the red belt, three groups of hands (positive and negative) and three paragraphs of peace.
Blue ribbon: orange ribbon, all contents, one group of hands, four sections of peace.
Green Belt: All the contents of the blue belt, one group of hands, five stages of peace, three people in actual combat, and a broken board.
Purple belt: the whole content of the green belt, a group of hands, iron riding junior, five actual combat, three broken boards.
Tea Ribbon: Purple Ribbon, one set of hands, two sets of freestyle, 10 people in actual combat, five pieces of broken board.
Black belt (entering the section): The tea belt contains all the contents, eleven sets, twenty people in actual combat and ten pieces of broken boards.
Leucorrhea is bought with road clothes, and then it depends on everyone's efforts.
Qualifications required for WKF promotion of the World Karate Federation:
Primary stage: (must be 16 years old or older)
The second stage: those who have obtained the first stage (must be 16 years old or older)
The third stage: those who have obtained the second stage (must be 16 years old or older)
Four stages: those who have gone through three stages for more than three years (over 30 years old, length of service 1 1 year).
Five paragraphs: those who have passed four paragraphs or more (over 35 years old, working experience 16 years or more).
Six segments: five segments, more than five years (4 1 year, 2 1 year).
Seven paragraphs: those who have passed six paragraphs for more than 6 years (over 48 years old and have more than 28 years of working experience).
Eight paragraphs: seven years or more after obtaining seven paragraphs (over 58 years of age and over 38 years of service).
Jiuduan: Those who have passed more than 8 years since obtaining Jiuduan (over 60 years old).
Ten paragraphs: more than 9 years have passed since the acquisition of nine paragraphs (over 70 years old)
Only karate masters who have made great contributions to the development of karate can get more than four black belts!
abstract
Whether you are a disciple of Asian Wushu or a student of American Wushu, you must master the above six basic points if you want to learn actual combat kung fu.
You must study hard to use continuous chopping to force the enemy to yield.
You must try to avoid using high kicks and concentrate on practicing kicking the enemy below the waist.
You must learn to attack the most vulnerable part of a potential enemy.
You must integrate offensive and defensive fighting skills into your own kung fu, so that you can have better adaptability.