He spent most of his life roaming. In the first year of Tianbao (742), under the recommendation of Taoist Wu, he was called to visit the Hanlin in Chang 'an. The style of the article became famous for a while and was quite appreciated by Xuanzong. Later, because he couldn't see the dignitaries, he abandoned his official position in Beijing for only three years and continued to wander. In the second year after the Anshi Rebellion, he felt angry and difficult, and once participated in the Lilin shogunate in Wang Yong. Unfortunately, Wang Yong and Su Zong competed for the throne. After the defeat, Li Bai was dragged into exile in Yelang (now Guizhou) and was pardoned on the way. Wandering southeast in his later years, dangtu county made Li die soon.
Li Bai's poems are mainly lyrical. After Qu Yuan, he was the first person who could really absorb its rich nutrition from the folk literature and art at that time and Yuefu folk since Qin, Han and Wei Dynasties, and concentrated on perfecting it to form his own unique style. He has extraordinary artistic talent and magnificent artistic strength. He is the most outstanding romantic poet in China after Qu Yuan, and is known as "Poet Fairy". He is as famous as Du Pu, also known as "Du Li".
Du Fu (7 12-770): a poet in the Tang Dynasty. The words are beautiful, and the poetry tastes like an old man who claims to be young and wild. Originally from Xiangyang (now Hubei), he moved to Gongxian (now Henan) since his great-grandfather. Du Yes's grandson. I am studious, knowledgeable and politically ambitious since I was a child. In the late kaiyuan period, there were many literati wandering around. Tianbao met Li Bai in Luoyang in 744. After living in Chang 'an (now Shaanxi Province) for nearly ten years, I failed to make good use of it, lived in poverty, gradually approached the people, and had a deep understanding of the dark politics at that time. By offering gifts, you can get an official. An Lushan's army was trapped in Chang 'an, but fled to Fengxiang, where it met Su Zong, and the official left to meet him. After the recovery of Chang 'an, he returned to Beijing with Su Zong, and explored the way for the Four Duke of Huazhou to join the army. Soon, he gave up his official position and went to Qin Zhou and Tonggu. He moved to Chengdu and built a thatched cottage on Huanhuaxi, named Huanhuacaotang. He once served as a staff officer in Jiannan, our ambassador to Yanwu, and was a foreign minister of the school department. In his later years, he took his family out of Shu and died on the way to Xiangjiang River. Speaking of Lei Yang's death. His poems boldly exposed the social contradictions at that time, profoundly criticized the rulers' sins and expressed deep sympathy for the poor people. Being good at choosing the theme of country with universal significance reflected the political corruption at that time and expressed the people's wishes to some extent. Many excellent works show the historical process of the Tang Dynasty from Kaiyuan to Tianbao to division and decline, so they are called "the history of poetry". In art, he is good at using various poetic forms, with diverse styles, mainly depressed; The language is concise and expressive. Inheriting and developing the excellent literary tradition since The Book of Songs has become the peak of realism in China's ancient poetry, which plays an important role in connecting the past with the future. Poems such as "Military Vehicle Shop", "Going from Beijing to Fengxian to recite 500 words", "Spring Hope", "Qiang Village", "Northern Expedition", "Three Officials", "Three Farewells", "Autumn Wind Breaking Cottage" and "Autumn Prosperity" are all told by people. But some works also have a strong "loyalty to the monarch" thought. There is "Du Gongbu Collection"
Among ancient Shanxi poets, Bai Juyi is the most famous. He is another great poet after Li Bai and Du Fu in the Tang Dynasty, and he is also known as the three great poets in the Tang Dynasty with Li Du.
Bai Juyi, a native of Taiyuan, was born in an official family. His great-grandfather, great-grandfather and grandfather are all officials. My father is a doctor in Chaofeng, a driver in Xiangzhou and a young girl in Dali. He is a gift to the servant of the minister of punishment. Because his ancestors were officials in Henan, he lived in Henan. Bai Juyi was born on the 20th day of the first month of the seventh year in Dali, Tang Daizong (AD 772), from Dongguofu, Xinzheng County, Henan Province. Wu Zonghui Chang died in Luoyang in August in the sixth year (846) at the age of 75.
When Bai Juyi was born, Li Bai had died 10 years, and Du Fu had died for 2 years. The times need great poets, and Bai Juyi came at the right time. He came from a scholarly family and was extremely clever since he was a child. He learned to write poetry at the age of five or six, and he could distinguish rhyme at the age of nine. In addition, his family and society gave him great stimulation and supervision. He studied very hard when he was young. Later, recalling the reading situation at that time, he said, "I study at night and sometimes I study poetry." I haven't slept for a long time, so that my mouth is sour and my elbow is sore. " When I was a teenager, I once lived a life of refuge, and I knew all aspects of society. These reasons made Bai Juyi an outstanding poet.
Shortly after Bai Juyi was born, a war broke out in Henan. Pu Town, where Li is located, is divided into more than ten states by Henan, and this kind of chaos seems to continue. Peng Cheng County magistrate promoted him to be Bai, a special bus driver in Xuzhou, and sent his son Bai Juyi south to avoid chaos. I have taken refuge from home since I was a child, and later I went to the north and south to prepare for hardship. So when he was 15 years old, he wrote a quatrain that recorded the true feelings at that time; "What do you want from your hometown? Li Yu in Wushan Bay, Chushui. Today, because you went to see your brother, I cried several lines in a book. " Later, there was the Seven Laws of Sending Brothers and Sisters, which was also well written and has been praised. The poem reads: "My fields and gardens were destroyed by the war, and my flesh and blood became the scum of the street ... * * * When you look at the bright moon, you should cry, because your heart is sick in five places." From these poems, we can see Bai Juyi's living conditions and psychological feelings at that time. The separation of his family's flesh and blood can also reflect the degree of social unrest and people's displacement at that time. Bai Juyi spent his boyhood in such an environment.
When Bai Juyi was 0/6 years old, he had written many good poems that could be handed down from generation to generation, the most famous of which was the five-character poem Farewell to the Ancient Grass. It is said that Bai Juyi came to Chang 'an for the first time to visit the old poet Gu Kuang. When Gu Kuang heard that his name was easy to live in, he joked, "Chang 'an is expensive, but it is not easy to live in it. "I read the poem" The Mountain Fire is Unfinished and the Spring Breeze is High "and praised it. It is not difficult to live in Chang 'an with such a style of writing. This poem really shows Bai Juyi's extraordinary talent.
Since arriving in Chang 'an, Gu Kuang has become famous for this. Bai Juyi sometimes lives in Chang 'an and sometimes in other places. He has been to Xuzhou, Xiangzhou, Hangzhou and other places, made friends with some poets and really started his career as a poet. At the age of 27, he took part in the provincial examination, was appreciated by Cui Yan, the secretariat of Xuanzhou, and was sent to Chang 'an for an examination the following year. In the 16th year of Zhenyuan (800), he was 29 years old, and he was the fourth and the first scholar. 365-year-old, 438+0, won the top prize in the exam, met Yuan Zhen and others at the same time, and became friends with Yuan Zhen from then on. In the spring of the age of 32, Bai Juyi was awarded the school book lang, which was regarded as a successful career. At the age of 33, he moved from Luoyang to the State of Qin, Bu Juwei, about a hundred miles away from Chang 'an. At the age of 35, he no longer worked as a school book lang, and was later named as a county captain in Zhouzhi. The following year, Zhouzhi County Commandant was transferred to Jinshi Examiner to supplement Jixian Academy. This winter, he was awarded a bachelor's degree in Hanlin. Just before and after he was awarded a bachelor's degree in Hanlin, he married his sister Yang Yuqing. In the third year of Yuanhe (808), he worshipped the left and collected the remains.
Li Jifu, the prime minister at that time, was dissatisfied with Niu Monks, Confucians and others who criticized the failure of state affairs. Bai Juyi, who was newly appointed as a scavenger, went as far as "On the Human System" and said that he was arbitrarily relegated, so he offended Li Stepfather and Li Deyu and his son, and unfortunately fell into the whirlpool of political struggle at that time. Bai Juyi was always pushed out by Li Deyu in the decades-long struggle between Niu and Li, which determined that his life's official career was not smooth. During his ear-picking, he did his duty and repeatedly dissatisfied the emperor or the powerful minister.
In April of the 6th year of Yuanhe (8 1 1), Bai Juyi settled in Wei Village due to his mother's death, and his beloved daughter Jin Luanzi also died in this year. Bai Juyi has lived in Weiwei village for more than three years, suffering from poverty and illness, and his good friend Yuan Zhen often takes out money to help him tide over the difficulties. In the winter of the ninth year of Yuanhe (8 14), he was named "Dr. Zuo Zan", but later he asked for the urgent arrest of the person who stabbed Wu. As a result, he was hated by the Prime Minister, demoted to the state secretariat, and later demoted to Jiangzhou Sima by Wang Ya, the official of Zhongshu. This continuous relegation is a great blow and lesson to Bai Juyi, which has greatly changed his thoughts. In order to avoid disaster and suspicion, in Jiangzhou, "no more speaking out", "the world will never speak out again", claiming to be "a person who has fallen to the end of the world" He traveled and wrote poems as his career, longing for Tao Yuanming, hoping to be a recluse poet and turn to Buddhism in an attempt to get rid of Buddhism. In short, being demoted to Jiangzhou Sima is a major turning point in Bai Juyi's life.
Bai Juyi lived in Jiangzhou for four years, then moved to Zhongzhou, and was recalled in Yuanhe fifteen years. Xianzong collapsed, and Mu Zong succeeded to the throne, and he was named the Chinese Book Scheeren. Later, he paid a visit to Dr. Shang Shu, learned the imperial edict, sent the doctor away, and transferred to Zhu Guo. Bai Juyi's spirit is heavy and exciting. In the poem, he said, "If you get water, you can get fish, and riding a crane can also be spiritual." However, due to the fierce factional disputes at that time, he was not only powerless, but also "worried all the time" and marveled at "the danger of a trap under the high position". Soon I was disappointed again. Afraid of being a victim of power again, he dared not stay in North Korea for a long time, so he asked to go abroad. In the second year of Changqing (822), he went out to be the secretariat of Hangzhou, avoiding the court that was cruelly wooed by his cronies. Since then, his thoughts have been further depressed. The poem said: "Who knows that fame and fortune are exhausted, and there is no peace." "Dare to speak slowly and be safe." Let it go, let it go, it's a little forgotten. In order to get rid of the troubles of life, Bai Juyi indulged himself with prostitutes, music, poetry and wine. He went whoring and drinking until his later years. Tibetan prostitutes began to have fun in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and were common in the Tang Dynasty, especially Bai Juyi. There are more than a dozen prostitutes whose names are known from his poems. Alcoholic, according to him, "only drunk is the hometown", "often drunk, not awake all day." Song people counted Bai Juyi's poems and said that he had "2,800 poems and 900 drinkers." So it's all escapism and self-anesthesia. He further sought spiritual support from Buddhism, sought a way of liberation, and anesthetized and comforted himself with the negative thoughts of Buddhism. Bai Juyi, who was recorded in Biography of Monks in the Great Song Dynasty, paid a visit to the monks, asked about Buddhism and discussed with them the magical use of Buddhism, mostly after leaving Hangzhou. Bai Juyi then fasted and sat in the Dojo. From then on, he became a good Buddha and often fasted for three months, that is, sitting in the Dojo at home in January, May and September. Therefore, Bai Juyi is also a representative of ancient literati who worships Buddhism and is philosophical, and many people in the past dynasties admire him. In fact, his worship of Buddha is not really to serve the Buddha, but to relieve his troubles and seek liberation. It was a passive resistance to society, a retreat, and a helpless choice under the social environment at that time. It is caused by career bumps and disappointments. After the pain, I devoted myself to releasing my family. Bai Juyi's Biography of Mr. Zuiyin in his later years expressed himself in Baiyun: "Sex is addicted to alcohol, piano and obscene language. All drinkers, piano friends and poetry friends swim with them, and after swimming, they live in their hearts and release their homes. " We can see that he likes to drink in front of the Buddha. He even doubted whether there was a Buddha. At the same time, I learned alchemy. Strictly speaking, Bai Juyi is not a true Buddhist believer. At the same time, his worship of Buddhism is also for fitness reasons. That's why he sometimes sits in the Dojo while fasting, thinking about prostitutes and drinking wine.
Although he was passive, a prostitute, an alcoholic and a Buddhist, he played an important role in caring for the sufferings of the people in Hangzhou. The most famous is to build a lake embankment in Hangzhou to store water and irrigate the fields. In memory of him, people built a dam named "Bai Causeway". In addition, they dug six wells in the city for people to drink.
In May of the 4th year of Changqing (824), his term in Hangzhou expired. Except prince Zuo bastard, Shi Dongdu. So, he lives in Luoyang Road. I have been an official for 20 years, but I can't get enough money to buy a house, so I have to pay it back with two horses. This shows that he is an honest official. In the second year, except for Suzhou secretariat, he was only in Suzhou secretariat for more than a year, and was exempted from county affairs due to illness. Liu Yuxi went to the state secretariat, and Liu returned to Luoyang with Bai. A year later, Bai Juyi was transferred to the position of assistant minister of punishments and named Jinyang Gongjun. At the age of 58, that is, in the spring of the third year of Daiwa (829), Bai Juyi said that he was ill and refused to come back. Since then, I have never returned, except for Henan Yin, seeking to avoid illness. At the age of 64, he refused to worship except in the same state, changed to a prince of Shaofu, and divided the company into the east capital. Due to negative emotions and health reasons, he doesn't want to be an official anymore. At the age of 60, his son Ali died, which was another blow to the poet. At the age of 73, he opened eight stone beaches in Longmen to facilitate boat trips. He died at the age of 75.
Judging from Bai Juyi's official career, although he is mostly an official, he is always in a state of anxiety and anger. As a poet, his achievements are remarkable, which can be said to be known to both the government and the public, even to women and children. Probably because of wandering when I was young, I was demoted several times later, and I became an immortal poet because of my extensive experience and deep understanding of society.
Bai Juyi's poems, as I said before, have been well written since childhood. /kloc-at the age of 0/6, the sentence "wildfire spring breeze" became a famous sentence through the ages. The most famous narrative poem "Song of Eternal Sorrow" is a masterpiece of China's ancient poetry, which was written when he served as the zhouzhi county Order at the age of 35. The poem is based on the story of Xuanzong and Yang Guifei, which is circulated among the people. It is fictional and vividly written. It is vivid and touching, and is regarded by critics as a masterpiece of long poems in the Tang Dynasty, which occupies a prominent position in the history of China's poetry. In this poem, he dared to criticize Tang Xuanzong's debauchery. There are even such languages as "the emperor of China, eager to shake the beauty of an empire" and "the emperor, from then on, gave up his early hearing". The affectionate description of them is both ironic and full of pity. Speaking of the situation in Where Are You Going, the pen is quite emotional. The whole poem rises from the twists and turns of the story, full of emotion and complexity, which gives people great appeal.
At the age of 45, he wrote a long poem, Preface to Pipa, which was also highly praised by people. After he was demoted to Jiangzhou Sima, he said goodbye to his friends in Jiangtou, Xunyang. At the farewell banquet on the ship, he suddenly heard the sound of playing the piano on the neighboring ship and invited him to move the ship. He was very sad. It turned out that he was an old singer who lived alone in an empty boat, and he was also infinitely sad, relying on the piano to express his bitterness. After listening to her life story, Bai Juyi was not only deeply sympathetic, but also thought of her own misfortune, which led to the feeling that "we are both unfortunate-we will meet at the end of the day." We understand. What is the relationship between acquaintances? ",and make this long poem comparable to" everlasting regret ". In front of me, I described the living conditions and tragic life experiences of geisha, and then I wrote, "I left the capital for here a year ago, and now I am a sick exile here in Jiujiang." Finally, I said, "But who among them cried the most? , this Jiujiang officer. My blue sleeves are wet. " "Sima Qing", so it has become an allusion. This poem has many advantages in artistic techniques, with meticulous description and harmonious syllables, especially the paragraph describing the sound of pipa, which is really amazing. The most important thing is the sincerity of feelings. These two long poems are priceless treasures left by Bai Juyi to future generations.
Among Bai Juyi's other poems, satirical poems written in his early days are highly appraised and praised, especially Qin Zhongyin and New Yuefu. Bai Juyi, who has just entered the official career, reflects the sufferings of people's livelihood and cries for justice. His courage of "being ignorant of current affairs and keeping secrets" is very admirable. Qin Zhongyin has 65,438+00 songs, the first one is like a sword. The heavy wife accused the government of offering surplus grain and harming the people. "Take my silk and buy my immediate pet." "Being light and fat" describes that the dignitaries attending the banquet are full of energy and rich in food and wine. Finally, "there is a drought in the south of the Yangtze River, and people in Quzhou eat people!" Song and Dance is about the happy life of ministers who like to drink in broad daylight and sing and dance in the middle of the night. The conclusion is "I didn't know there were death row inmates who froze to death in the township prison!" " "Buy Flowers" is about rich people bidding for peony in Chang 'an, boasting of luxury. Finally, it says, "A bouquet of dark flowers is a blessing to ten families." Marriage proposal sympathizes with poor women who are difficult to marry, injured friends lament the miserable life in the bitter land, and injured houses satirize the giant Daxing Building for "a million lessons". "No Officer" mocked those greedy people who refused to retire in their eighties and nineties. "Maid Li" expressed dissatisfaction with falsely praising some people for not erecting a monument for a good official. Wuxian expressed regret that many people didn't understand traditional culture at that time. It can be seen that they are all critics, whippers and grumblers, which is a powerful exposure to the dark politics of Dezong Zhenyuan to Xian Zongyuan and their early days, hurting the ruling class. No wonder "when you smell Qin Zhongyin, those powerful and close people will look at each other and change color." Bai Juyi is also conceited about his Qin Zhongyin. He said in a poem titled "15" after compiling his collection of poems: "One" Long Hate "has a unique style, and ten" Qin Yin "are close to the sound."
"New Yuefu" and "Qin Zhongyin" are about the same period, which is another important group of poems in Bai satirical poems, with 50 poems, which are about the relationship between Gaozu's martial arts and Yuanhe. The time span is larger and the content is wider than Qin Zhongyin. Bai said his Yuefu poem in "Zhi Zhi": "I am also a disciple of the monarch, why am I depressed? You can't cry. Every article has no empty words, and every sentence should be standardized. One's work is extremely dangerous to others, but a poet's words are very painful. If you don't have a high rhythm, don't complain. Pushing songs makes people sick. I hope the emperor knows. " It can be said that he wrote the declaration of New Yuefu, which is also the best interpretation of New Yuefu. Famous works, such as Selling Charcoal Weng, Du Lingcuo, Hyun Si, and Xinfeng Folding Arm Weng, are novellas of New Yuefu. Each poem has a clear and strong central idea, that is, it is stated in the preface that it is "bitter palace", "hurting farmers", "greedy for female labor", "worrying about sericulture expenses", "mourning for the cold", "abstaining from seeking immortality" and "corrupt officials" and so on. These poems have a clear distinction between love and hate. Apart from satire, there are also praises. These poems fully explain what Bai Juyi opposes and praises, and are the true expression of the author's mind. In his Preface to New Yuefu, he clearly declared that these poems were "written for the monarch, ministers, people, things and things, not for writing." It's true ",claiming that what he wrote is a real event, and it also shows the fighting spirit of a young and middle-aged poet to help the poor and help the evil. In terms of poetic style, he inherited the fine traditions of The Book of Songs, Yuefu classical poems and Du Fu's poems, and adopted the free syntax of folk songs at that time, forming his own creative style.
In a word, Bai Juyi's Qin Zhongyin and New Yuefu are the most combative works of all his poems. Together with Song of Eternal Sorrow and Pipa, they are the essence of Bai Juyi's poems and the most valuable parts of China's ancient poems.
Bai Juyi classified his poems into four categories. Besides satirical poems, there are leisure poems, sentimental poems and miscellaneous poems, most of which are well written. Generally speaking, early poetry is more valuable than later poetry. It is a pity that his later poems no longer have the edge of youth because of the cold world.
As a great poet and brilliant poet, Bai Juyi's creative talents are various. His poems are diverse not only in artistic form, but also in ideological content and artistic style. One of the greatest characteristics of white poetry is that the language is easy to understand, but at the same time it has undergone a lot of artistic processing. In the poetry circle, there is a story, and an old woman is also explaining white poetry. In "Tang Yin Tong Qian" written by Hu Zhenheng, a poetic theorist in the Ming Dynasty, Zhang Wenqian, a poet in the Song Dynasty, once saw the record of Bai Juyi's manuscript, saying that "the original work is not lost, but the first work is lost", which shows that Bai Juyi is diligent in writing and proofreading poems. The artistic level of his poems is the result of the author's efforts.
When Bai Juyi was alive, his poems spread widely and had great influence, which made him very proud. Bai Juyi said in "Nine Books with Yuan": "From Chang 'an to Jiangxi for three or four thousand miles, there are often poets in rural schools, Buddhist temples, anti-tourism and boating; At the mouth of the earth, monks, widows, virgins, there are always servants who recite poems. "Yuan Zhen also said Bai Juyi's poem," In the past twenty years, provinces, temples, posts and walls have been banned without books, and ministers, concubines and horses have no discomfort. As for those who sell Moeller Street in the market, or take it as wine and tea, it is everywhere. "A person's poetry has such a social effect in contemporary times, which is rare in ancient times. Not only that, Bai Juyi's poems gained great international reputation and numerous foreign readers at that time, and were circulated and created in Japan, Silla (now Korea), South Japan (now Vietnam) and other countries. According to historical records, at that time, Emperor Emei of Japan copied many poems of Bai Juyi and secretly recited them in his secret house. King Khitan personally translated the white poems into Khitan characters and ordered the ministers to read them aloud.
It goes without saying that Bai Juyi's poems have a great and far-reaching influence on later poems, and white poems will always be loved by people all over the world and spread through the ages.
Wang Anshi
( 102 1~ 1086)
Reformer, thinker and writer in Song Dynasty. The word Fu Jie, no, is Mid-Levels. Linchuan, Jiangxi (now Fuzhou, Jiangxi) is known as Mr Linchuan in the world. Li Qing was the fourth scholar in the second year (1042). Served as a local official for many years. Wang Anshi believes that the root of social poverty in Song Dynasty lies in merger. Therefore, Song Renzong and Zhao Zhen called for a comprehensive reform of the written law since the early Song Dynasty in the book "Wan Yan Shu" written in the third year of Jiayou (1058), so as to reverse the situation of poverty and weakness and immediately realize the reform of the written law. The feudal scholar-officials also placed high hopes on Wang Anshi and looked forward to his coming to power as soon as possible. Because he was deeply appreciated by Zongshen, in the second year of Xining (1069), Wang Anshi became a political counselor, and the next year he was promoted to prime minister, and began to vigorously promote political reform and reform. Wang Anshi clearly put forward that financial management is the prime minister's first priority, explained the relationship between political affairs and financial management, and thought that only on the basis of developing production can the national financial problems be solved well. After Wang Anshi took office, he continued to play this view. In the reform, he took the development of production as the top priority and put it in the first place. Although Wang Anshi emphasized the leading role of state power in the reform, he disapproved of excessive state intervention in social production and economic life, opposed excessive patent collection, and put forward and adhered to the proposition and practice of "not too much monopoly law". Under the guidance of Wang Anshi's above thoughts, the reformists formulated and implemented a series of new laws, from agriculture to handicrafts and commerce, and from rural areas to cities, and launched a wide range of social reforms. At the same time, the reformists headed by Wang Anshi reformed the military system, improved the quality and combat effectiveness of the army, and strengthened control over the vast rural areas; In order to cultivate more talents needed by society, the imperial examination and school education system have also been reformed. The political reform violated the interests of the big landlords and bureaucrats, and Empress Dowager Cixi, royalty and conservative scholar-officials joined forces to oppose the political reform. So Wang Anshi and Ning JaeHee went on strike for the first time in seven years. See you next year. Wang Anshi can't get more support after the resumption of the phase and can't carry out reform. In the ninth year, Yu Xining resigned as prime minister for the second time and has lived in jiangning house ever since. In the first year of Yuan You, Song Zhezong (1086), conservatives came to power, and all previous new laws were abolished. Wang Anshi died of depression soon.
In philosophy, Wang Anshi inherited and carried forward some thoughts of Laozi, which is a traditional and simple dialectical thought. Biography of Hong Fan and Notes on Laozi are his major works in this field, and the latter has been lost. His articles are famous for their comments and are listed as the Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties. In terms of poetry, he wrote many poems reflecting social reality in his early years. There are two books handed down, one is Collected Works of Mr. Linchuan and the other is Collected Documents of Wang Wen, both of which are mixed with other people's works. Wang Anshi, formerly known as Shu and Jing, was named Wang or Wang Wengong after his death.