(Hangzhou Urban Planning and Design Institute)
I. Background and significance of urban water system planning
Since ancient times, human civilization and water have existed. Because rivers, rivers, lakes, streams and seas have the advantages of water intake and navigation, waterfront often develops from the initial resting place of human beings to the dense area of modern urban business culture. Water is the lifeblood of the city, and rivers contain the history of the city.
Urban water system has many functions, such as water supply, flood control and drainage, sewage reception, ecological conservation, transportation, recreation and so on. Water system is the basic natural resources and strategic economic resources of urban development, the foundation of urban existence and development, the key resource and environmental carrier in the process of urban formation and development, and it is related to the survival and development of cities.
In recent years, due to the new understanding and orientation of urban water system, some cities have successively carried out the compilation and research of urban water system planning. Due to the diversity of departments and service objects, the planning purposes and methods of urban water system planning vary from place to place, and they are still in the exploration stage on the whole.
As a resource closely related to people's lives, urban water system plays an important role in improving the quality of urban life and highlighting the image of the city. This is of great significance to ecological environment construction and urban development space expansion. As the society and government departments gradually realize the prominent position of water system in the process of urban development and the great significance of water system to urban planning and construction, the compilation of urban water system planning has been put on the agenda.
Compiling urban water system planning is the need of making good use of water resources, creating water environment and promoting the construction of waterfront public open space, improving urban environment, enhancing urban competitiveness and adapting to the new stage of social economy, and building a harmonious society and implementing Scientific Outlook on Development. Therefore, urban water system planning should be one of the important planning in the field of urban planning. Compiling urban water system planning will be a new and important task for planners.
Second, the content of urban water system planning
Urban water system planning should pay attention to ecological construction, guide environmental improvement, enhance city image, serve social economy and build harmony between people and water. Urban water system planning should move from single engineering planning to comprehensive planning of water system protection and construction, reflecting many functional elements of urban water system.
Based on the reinterpretation of urban water system planning, urban water system planning mainly includes the following aspects:
(1) Reasonable water distribution
Cities are built on water, and the relationship between water and cities is very close. The form of water system space affects the overall spatial structure of the city. Therefore, water network should become an important part of the whole urban pattern. On the premise of maintaining the connectivity of urban water network and forming a continuous water network, we should rationally plan the layout structure of urban water network, determine the primary and secondary rivers and water surfaces, and build an urban water network system that is coordinated with the urban spatial structure.
Planning should re-integrate existing rivers, adjust unreasonable rivers, and put forward rivers that need to be communicated and added. Coordinate river courses with planned roads, pay attention to river course layout, and make full use of valuable land resources.
(2) Ensure water safety
Water safety is the premise of urban water system, including drinking water source safety and flood control and drainage safety.
The safety of urban water source is the primary task of urban water system planning. In the water system planning, the overall layout of urban water sources should be put forward according to the urban water supply project planning, and the standby water sources should be defined to ensure the water resources for urban water supply and water intake and ensure the safety of drinking water sources. Minimize the function setting of other water bodies in urban water sources to avoid unnecessary interference to the water quality of water sources.
Flood control and drainage to ensure urban safety is the main function of urban rivers. Water system planning should be based on urban flood control and drainage planning layout, reflect the engineering measures related to water system in flood control and drainage planning, and coordinate the contradiction with other engineering facilities.
(3) improve the water environment
Good water environment is the foundation of harmonious and sustainable development of human and water, and good water quality is an important condition for the function of water system to play. Nowadays, water pollution has become a * * * problem in the development of many places. The normal and sustainable utilization of water system is affected by the decline of water quality, and the recovery of water quality in polluted rivers is a long process.
The water environment planning in urban water system planning should follow the principle of combining "source control" with "ecological restoration", and put forward the water quality control countermeasures of river network from the aspects of external control (sewage interception and non-point source control), internal control (sediment restoration) and river water supply (water distribution, reclaimed water and rainwater utilization). In addition to the traditional drainage planning, biological treatment technology should be comprehensively used to control pollution sources, supplemented by measures such as river water distribution and reoxygenation to restore the self-purification ability of rivers. On the premise of sewage interception on both sides of the river and water distribution in the river network, water body restoration technologies (artificial floating islands, river organisms and mobile aeration facilities, etc.). ) to improve the water quality of river network. River banks should pay attention to ecology, avoid mortar masonry, improve water permeability, form a natural circulation of groundwater and river water, provide a good habitat for aquatic animals to thrive, and increase the self-purification ability of water bodies.
(D) the construction of water landscape
Water landscape is the most distinctive part of urban natural landscape. Water landscape planning should form a unique urban landscape system with water as the pulse, green as the clothing, culture as the connotation, people-oriented and urban landscape blending. It should be combined with urban water system to show rich and colorful water landscape; Combined with urban functional areas, create a rich and diverse water landscape; Combined with urban green space, establish a green grid system; Combine urban culture to create a landscape system with individuality and local characteristics.
Through the evaluation of river landscape, the classification of river landscape is determined. Rivers are divided into important landscape rivers, secondary landscape rivers and general landscape rivers, and the guiding points of landscape planning and design of various rivers are put forward. The design elements such as water form, riparian treatment, riparian vegetation, riparian building interface, landscape corridor, night lighting and landscape nodes are used to guide the urban river landscape construction.
When determining the plane alignment of urban rivers, we should try our best to keep the natural curvature of rivers and the cross section of rivers, so as to make urban rivers return to the natural state. In landscape planning, make full use of the green belt of not less than15m controlled by both sides of the river, as a link and channel connecting various parks, open spaces and biological species migration in the city, and become a place for citizens to exercise, relax and relax nearby.
(E) Reflect the water culture
Culture is the soul of a city. Urban culture has a long history and various types. Water system is an important carrier of urban culture, bearing the profound cultural accumulation and cultural heritage of the city for thousands of years. By combing, excavating, protecting and developing the connotation and charm of various river civilizations and historical and cultural resources along the river, the intangible cultural connotation will be transformed into tangible material forms, and combined with modern civilization, historical and cultural characteristics, folk culture and diversified water culture will be highlighted to create a new water culture that keeps pace with the times.
Many cultures in the city are born of water and flourish because of water. Such as drinking water culture, water use culture, water control culture, swimming culture, water search culture, water elimination culture, water exploration culture and wading business culture, shipping culture, bridge culture, dam culture, riverside architecture culture and so on. Every river has its own unique derivative culture. We should put forward the overall spatial framework of river context by comprehensively grasping various characteristic cultures, and use various cultural carriers to embody it in the water system.
(6) Developing water economy
Water economy is to transform the landscape, environment and engineering value of urban water system into economic value. For example, beautiful rivers bring about the appreciation of land and real estate prices on both sides of the strait, and carry out water tourism activities. Water tourism is one of the important contents of developing water economy.
Water system brings aura and vitality to the city. Water is one of the most indispensable tourism elements, and water tourism can add rich colors to urban tourism. Water tourism is a close combination of water system and scenic spots. The good environment of the river and the unique scenery along the coast have become wonderful and rich tourism contents. Carrying out water tourism can not only reflect the characteristics, shape the image of the city, but also meet the requirements of social development.
Water tourism planning needs to be considered as a whole with urban tourism planning and other tourism resources, closely combined and coordinated, and a whole water tourism network with internal communication and external exchange should be constructed. According to the distribution of water tourism resources, choose rivers with certain tourism value, connect individual scenic spots in series into chains, and combine waterway and land transportation to form a smooth tourist route. Through reasonable tourism organization and various forms of tourism activities, an urban river water tourism system with macro coordination and micro heterogeneity is formed, which is suitable for different needs.
(7) Orderly water space
Humans are naturally hydrophilic. Living by water and having fun with water is a kind of realm that people yearn for. With the gradual consolidation of urban economic foundation, the development of waterfront has become the focus of urban construction in China, and even the phenomenon of hydrophilic economy has appeared.
Waterfront space is a transitional area from water system space to urban construction land space. Its functions are mainly reflected in: first, as a place to carry out waterfront public activities, it reflects its publicity and appreciation; The second is to show and enhance the image of urban waterfront space through the mutual contrast of water environment, green landscape and architectural landscape; Third, it is used as a waterfront biological channel and a place to intercept non-point source pollution to reflect its ecology.
Waterfront space, as an important public open space in the city, should be used as a window to show the charm of the city. It should emphasize the harmony between man and nature, man's harmony and happiness, embody the fairness of the city, and let more people enjoy the best environment of the city.
Water system planning provides planning guidance and framework urban design guidance for waterfront development. According to the characteristics and functions of the river, the minimum width and conventional width of the green line on both sides of the river are controlled. While ensuring the continuity of walking, combining with the development of surrounding land to form rich riverside space, on the premise of ensuring the blue line of river course and the green line of waterfront determined by urban planning, the requirements of landscape space such as sight corridor and waterfront interface are put forward.
Three, Hangzhou city water system planning
Based on the above analysis, Hangzhou water system planning focuses on the overall layout of water system, water safety, water environment, water landscape, water culture, water economy, waterfront space control and so on.
(1) Reasonable water distribution
Hangzhou, with rivers, lakes and wetlands, is adjacent to the East China Sea and is a water town in the south of the Yangtze River. Rivers crisscross and lakes are scattered all over the city, forming a unique vein texture of water system. Jianghu has nurtured many people and made Hangzhou a beautiful place in Zhong Ling.
According to the spatial distribution of water resources and water system, the overall spatial structure of urban water system in Hangzhou is: with rivers as the axis, lakes as the core, five layers and three levels, interconnected into a network.
That is to say, the Qiantang River and the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal are the main axes of the spatial development of the urban water system, and the West Lake, Xianghu Lake and Xixi Wetland are the important cores. According to the water level characteristics of the river network system, the urban water system is divided into five regions: canal water system, Shangtang water system, Xiasha, Shangsi and Jiangnan. According to the weight of rivers in safety, environment, culture, landscape, economy and waterfront space, urban rivers are divided into three levels: main rivers, secondary rivers and tributaries. Pay attention to the overall water system interconnection mode of "point-line intersection and continuous network" (Figure 1).
Figure 1 Spatial Structure of Urban Water System
(2) Ensure water safety
Drinking water sources in Hangzhou come from Qiantang River and Dongtiaoxi River in Taihu Lake Basin. In the planning of water system, the position of urban water intake is defined, the requirements of water source protection are put forward, and the first-class protection zone and the second-class protection zone are delineated along the upstream and downstream of the water intake. The planning of other related water systems should avoid the adverse impact on the water intake.
The flood control in Hangzhou is mainly the channel flood of Qiantang River. The direction of urban drainage is mainly the eastern plain of Hangjiahu and Qiantang River. According to the drainage conditions of Qiantang River and the internal topography of the urban area, the urban flood control and drainage can be divided into canal water system, Shangtang water system, Shangsi, Xiasha and Jiangnan. The main drainage channels and drainage pumping stations are determined.
(3) improve the water environment
The water system in Hangzhou is a plain river network with extremely low flow rate and weak self-purification ability. By introducing passenger water into urban rivers, the polluted rivers are diluted by increasing the flow, and at the same time, the self-purification ability of rivers is improved. The water diversion and distribution project takes Qiantang River as the water distribution source of the urban river, forming a water circulation system of "Qiantang River (upstream)-Canal-Shangtang River-Qiantang River (downstream)", and introducing the source of Qiantang River into Shangsi and Xiasha rivers for water distribution. At the same time, through facilities such as Babao Pumping Station and Qibao Pumping Station of Qiantang River, the urban river water will be discharged into Qiantang River as soon as possible to reduce the possibility of sewage entering the river network in the eastern plain of Hangjiahu Lake.
In accordance with the requirements of urban drainage engineering planning for sewage pipeline construction, strengthen the construction of sewage pipelines on both sides of the river, intercept the sewage discharged into the river, and build key sewage interception areas in the old city of Zhonghe and Donghe. Obviously, the effluent from Chengxi Sewage Treatment Plant will be recycled to the canal water system as a recharge source. Sandun Wetland Park, Chengxi Wetland Park and Xitanghe Wetland Park are constructed by using natural water surface to treat the surrounding sewage. Construction of key rainwater control areas in the early stage of Zhonghe and Donghe rivers in the old city. Construction of key ecological river restoration areas in Qinglong District, Chengbei Park and Ding Qiao. Construction of Xixi Wetland Ecological Demonstration Base.
(D) the construction of water landscape
The layout structure of water landscape is "two districts, three sides and eleven corridors".
Two belts: the canal landscape belt and the Qiantang River landscape belt.
Three sides: West Lake landscape, Xixi wetland landscape and Hu Xiang landscape.
Eleven corridors: determine the main and secondary river landscape corridors that have an important impact on the urban landscape. Including Tang Yuhang River, Shangtang River, Wulitang River, Yanshan River, Xitang River, Zhonghe River, Tiesha River, Harmony Harbor, Beitang River, Wubao River and Guanhe River.
According to the different types of urban rivers, it is divided into natural scenery section, artificial environment section, historical scenery section, commercial office section, cultural and educational section, industrial section and so on. The river landscape in residential areas is mainly beautified and afforested, emphasizing recreation and leisure functions to create a beautiful and quiet living environment. Emphasize the openness and appreciation of the river in the center of public buildings, and create urban public open space with water as its feature. Combined with the development space such as city square, we will carry out various activities of hydrophilic cities, such as Canal Cultural Square and Chengbei Sports Park. The protection and restoration of the original functions of rivers in historical blocks and ancient towns such as Changhe Historical Block, Xixing Historical Block and Sandun Ancient Town emphasize culture and openness.
(E) Reflect the water culture
According to the cultural content and carrier of Hangzhou river, the overall spatial framework of Hangzhou water system context is determined, that is, "one axis prospers five districts, two belts connect four districts, three feng shui landscapes and six characteristics".
One axis: the development axis of modern culture in Qiantang River, leading the trend of modern civilization.
Five pieces: Zhijiang Resort, Qianjiang New City, Qianjiang Century City, East Railway Station and Xiasha Sub-city, which are determined in combination with key construction areas in the near future.
The two zones, the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal and the Xiaoshao Canal, carry thousands of years of cultural heritage.
Four districts: four historical and cultural blocks where cultural resources gather, namely, the old city of the main city, the old city of Xiaoshan, the historical and cultural blocks in the Mid-levels and the historical and cultural blocks of Sandun.
Three geomantic treasures: West Lake Scenic Area, Xixi Wetland and Hu Xiang Tourist Area. Rich natural resources are the source of the prosperity of Hang Cheng's elegant culture.
Six points: six water culture nodes, namely Changhe Old Street, Xixing Old Street, historical and cultural block west of Chen Gong Bridge of Canal, Xiaohe Straight Street at the junction of Canal and Xiaohe, four cultural nodes featuring the urban features of Hangzhou in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, a cultural node reflecting the urban features of Hangzhou in past dynasties at the junction of mountains and rivers, and a modern cultural node of Hangzhou in the Republic of China featuring Tanghe-Jianqiao.
(6) Developing water economy
"Waterfront, paradise on earth" is the slogan of Hangzhou tourism city brand concept, "Waterfront" emphasizes the important position of water, and "Paradise" embodies high-quality feelings. Based on the overall positioning of Hangzhou tourism, highlight the decisive role of "water" in building a waterfront paradise and establish an infectious and competitive image of water tourism.
It is planned to fully tap the water tourism resources, extend outward from the narrow water tourism focuses such as West Lake, Xixi, Canal and Qiantang River, make full use of the overall water tourism resources from point to surface, and form a smooth water tourism network, so that Hangzhou not only has water resources, but also has water tourism products, making "water" the first perception of Hangzhou city for tourists.
Around the five major water tourism scenic spots, such as West Lake, Xixi Wetland, Canal, Qiantang River and Xianghu Lake, a spatial development pattern of water tourism with West Lake as the center of water tourism development, Beijing-Hangzhou Canal and Qiantang River as two axes, and West Lake Scenic Area, Xixi National Wetland Park and Hu Xiang Leisure Business Tourism Zone as three parts will be constructed. Create the concepts of ecological water, humanistic water, prosperous water and flowing water, and put forward four separable tourism themes: natural experience tour, historical humanities tour, metropolis fashion tour and water town customs tour.
Yuhang Tanghe Tourism Line, Canal Tourism Line and Shangtanghe Tourism Line, which are proposed in the planning, have been launched on the National Day of 2008 as three golden water tourism lines in Hangzhou. Along the way, you can appreciate the beauty and exquisiteness of Xixi Wetland, the water transport culture of Tang Yuhang, the rural scenery of Shangtang, the ancient civilization of Beijing-Hangzhou Canal and the grandeur of Qiantang River.
(7) Orderly water space
Water system planning puts forward the orientation of waterfront space planning. Including general principles, general principles, development control, development guidance and other parts. General principles include functional elements, ecological elements, landscape space requirements, historical and cultural protection and utilization, traffic routes, etc.
Control a certain width of waterfront green belt outside the water control line, and the scope of waterfront green belt shall be subject to the delineation of waterfront green control line. Waterfront greening control line should be arranged as public green space, and the greening should have sufficient publicity and continuity. Waterfront recreation roads should be arranged in combination with the waterfront greening control line.
The planning and layout of waterfront should maintain a certain spatial openness. Control the traffic, greening and landscape corridors leading to the coastline according to local conditions, and the width of the corridor should be greater than 20 meters. Waterfront every 200 ~ 250 meters should be set up through the water channel. A certain distance should be kept between the road parallel to the river and the river to ensure the environmental needs of the waterfront space.
Control a certain area outside the waterfront green belt as the waterfront building control area. There should be enough distance between the waterfront building control line and the waterfront greening control line. The planning and layout of waterfront building control area should fully consider the influence of natural characteristics of water, skyline, water landscape and architectural layout on waterfront landscape, which should be conducive to shaping waterfront space landscape.
Fourth, conclusion and thinking.
Urban water system planning should realize the overall goal of "clear water, smooth water, green shore, beautiful scenery, livable and prosperous" through the positioning of planning objectives such as "reasonable water layout, ensuring water safety, improving water environment, creating water landscape, embodying water culture, developing water economy and orderly water space".
Urban water system planning involves hydrology, ecology, environment, society, economy, municipal engineering and many other fields, and is the result of coupling natural system, social system and economic system. Urban water system planning should move from single engineering planning to comprehensive planning, so as to guide the protection and construction of water system, organically connect the plans completed by various professions from different angles, coordinate the infrastructure related to water system, avoid conflicts and contradictions, and make the planning of various professions complement each other, thus embodying the integrity, safety, historicity, coordination and comprehensiveness of planning.
Urban water system planning should be divided into two stages. The first stage is urban water system planning, which is equivalent to the overall planning stage; The second stage is the planning of a single river, which is equivalent to the detailed planning stage. Under the framework of urban water system planning, the planning of a single river course is compiled, and the related concepts and schemes in urban water system planning are implemented concretely.
Through the practice of urban water system planning in various places, the technical system and standard system of urban water system planning are established, and the compilation methods and technical guidelines suitable for urban water system planning are formulated, which provides scientific basis for urban water system planning and fills the theoretical gap of urban water system planning in China.
Also participating in the project are Tang Hairu, Mao Bin, Jiang Jiangfeng, Gui Ming, Yang Yidong, Ding Xiaoping,,,.