Chrysanthemum is one of the top ten traditional famous flowers in China, and it is also one of the "four gentlemen" among flowers. According to Compendium of Materia Medica, Chrysanthemum morifolium has the effects of dispelling wind, clearing away heat, improving eyesight and detoxifying, and is called "broad-spectrum antibiotic" by Chinese medicine practitioners. Chrysanthemum morifolium was originally wild on a strange peak in Dabie Mountain. It was transplanted to the area around Chunyang Mountain by Taoists of Futian River Temple in the third year of Daoguang in Song Taizong (AD 997). Because this kind of chrysanthemum is "pure and beautiful, fragrant and has the spirit of exorcism" (recorded in Macheng County Records), it was transplanted to the front yard by Taoist believers who entered the temple on the mountain. After that, growers first enjoyed it, then collected it as tea and wine, and gradually discovered its medicinal and dietetic uses. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, under the active advocacy of senior officials and celebrities in Futian River, such as Zheng Yiwei, a university student in Dongge, Mei Guozhen and Mei Zhihuan, the governor of Shanxi, some people in Futian River expanded the planting scope of chrysanthemums from the courtyard to the fields, and explored a set of experiences in planting, breeding, baking and storing Fubaiju. Rich white chrysanthemum began to be regarded as a valuable gift by local officials and sent to Jinling and Kaifeng by savvy businessmen at high prices.
During the Great Revolution, the Red Fourth Front Army was established in Futian River, Macheng, and moved to Macheng, Hong 'an and Xinxian. The people of Futian River gave Fubaiju to the Red Army. Red Army soldiers use Fubaiju to clean wounds when they are injured, and Fubaiju to make tea when they are thirsty, which is very popular among soldiers. /kloc-in the winter of 0/957, when Xu Hui, then Vice Minister of National Defense and Commander of Nanjing Military Region, returned to his hometown of Xujiawa (originally from Macheng, Hubei Province) in Putian Township, Xinxian County, Henan Province, he passed by his grandmother's house in Xianyangyan, Futian River, Macheng, praised her chrysanthemum tea and ordered the guards to take a few kilograms of chrysanthemums back to Nanjing to drink.
Since the reform and opening up, Macheng has always insisted on taking Fubaiju as a leading industry with agricultural characteristics, and listed the chrysanthemum industry as a "600-mile characteristic economic sector" in Macheng, giving strong support in projects and funds. The city also actively carried out chrysanthemum farmers' technical training and established chrysanthemum association, and the quality and output of rich chrysanthemum rose year by year. By 2000, Futian River has become one of the "Three Chrysanthemum Bases in China". In 2005, there were 65,438+6,000 farmers planting Chrysanthemum morifolium in the city, with an output of 1300 tons and an output value of more than 50 million yuan.
In recent years, chrysanthemum merchants from all over the country have gathered in Macheng to trade white chrysanthemums. The city also registered more than one chrysanthemum commodity trademark 10, all of which were standardized under the guidance of GAP. Eight chrysanthemum processing enterprises have been built successively, producing more than 20 varieties of Fubaiju tea beverage series. In 2003, Futian River Town introduced Fuhai Agricultural Development Co., Ltd. by attracting investment, and invested 7.2 million yuan to build Fubaiju Industrial Park covering an area of 13.5 mu. We have obtained independent import and export rights, and built three chrysanthemum inactivation production lines, 12 curing barn, a 250-ton chrysanthemum cold storage, two processing and packaging workshops, and 1 warehouse. Hubei Phoenix Baiyunshan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. is a member of Fubaiju Industry Association, and is also using its GMP workshop to deeply process chrysanthemum health drinks, and has reached production orders with many domestic and foreign merchants.
Second, the identification of the original specimen of "Fubaiju" and the determination of its official scientific name.
Chrysanthemum morifolium' Fubaiju'
Also known as Futian Chrysanthemum, Hubei Chrysanthemum and Chamomile, it is a white chrysanthemum produced in the northern mountainous area of Macheng City, Hubei Province, with Futian River Town as the center. Appraised by scientific experts such as Hubei College of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Hubei Agricultural College, we have confirmed that the original specimen of Fubaiju is Chrysanthemum Head. It is a compositae plant, which grows in the northern mountainous area of Macheng City, Hubei Province, and is processed locally according to traditional or modern techniques. It has the characteristics of "big and thick flowers, white petals, dark yellow stamens, clear soup color, golden color and fragrant breath".
Thirdly, the characteristics and cultural connotation of "Fubaiju"
(1) The specific geographical location and geographical environment have formed the unique quality characteristics of "Fubaiju".
Futian River Town, Macheng City, Hubei Province, which mainly produces Fubaiju, is a mountainous area in the north of Macheng, located in the sunshine zone at the south foot of the Yangtze River Huaihe River watershed in Dabie Mountain area. Its landform follows the contour of Dabie Mountain and gradually descends from north to south. Its basic topographical feature is "seven mountains, one water and two fields", where the valley is wide, the hills are undulating, the ridges are staggered, the slope is 5-24 degrees, and the altitude is 65438+. These special geographical features create a good microclimate for chrysanthemums and other compositae plants. It is also the source of Jushui River, with good water quality and no industrial pollution. The soil is characterized by typical yellow brown soil, with deep soil layer and good water retention. Soil organic matter content 1.5%, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen 82ppm, organic phosphorus 1 1.9ppm, available potassium 165ppm. The best planting area of chrysanthemum is the hilly valley between 200 meters and 800 meters above sea level. The research reports of experts such as Zhan Yahua and Chen Keli from Hubei College of Traditional Chinese Medicine show that the Dabie Mountains in northern Malaysia, with Futian River town as the center, are very suitable for the growth of Fubaiju, especially the hilly valley area with an altitude of 200 m ~ 800 m is the best planting area. However, more than 95% of Ma Bei's northern mountainous area, such as Futian River, is the best chrysanthemum planting area.
(2) The specific climate environment maintained the unique natural attributes of Fubaiju.
Futianhe Town and other areas in northern Malaysia belong to the transition zone from subtropical zone to temperate zone, and belong to the humid monsoon climate in Chinese mainland, with an annual average temperature of 13- 16 degrees Celsius, an average maximum temperature of 25.9-28.2 degrees Celsius in July, an extreme maximum temperature of 38-4 1 degrees Celsius and an extreme minimum temperature of 6-651. The annual average sunshine hours are between 1634-2229 hours; The solar radiation is 96.0- 1 12.5 kcal/cm2. The annual average precipitation is1112.2—1688.7mm; The frost-free period of the year is 237 days. It has the characteristics of distinct seasons, moderate precipitation and synchronous water, light and heat, which is very suitable for the growth and development of chrysanthemum. The quality of Chrysanthemum morifolium produced in Futian River and other areas has been repeatedly determined by Hubei College of Traditional Chinese Medicine and other scientific research institutions, and compared with Chrysanthemum morifolium, Chrysanthemum morifolium, Chrysanthemum morifolium and Chrysanthemum morifolium. The results showed that Fubaiju had better quality and taste, especially the contents of total flavonoids and chlorogenic acid far exceeded those of other chrysanthemums. Because the city has been in a state of pure agricultural production for a long time, there is almost no industrial pollution, and in recent years, the city has vigorously promoted the standardization of Fubaiju cultivation, so that the heavy metal content and pesticide residues of Fubaiju are far below the standards approved by the state, and even reach the standards of countries with stricter standards such as Japan. At the beginning of the year, through the matchmaking of Guangdong Mingfeng Tea Company, Chrysanthemum Association has signed production orders for Fubaiju with Japan and Southeast Asian countries, and established a pollution-free production base of 500 mu.
(3) The specific and standardized cultivation mode and processing mode have formed the unique nutritional components and taste characteristics of Chrysanthemum morifolium.
200165438+February, The "Fubaiju GAP Research and Demonstration Base" jointly undertaken by Hubei College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Hubei Meteorological Bureau, Macheng Science and Technology Bureau and Futian River Town People's Government of Macheng City was officially identified by Hubei Provincial Science and Technology Department, Planning Commission, US Food and Drug Administration and Agriculture Department as a major scientific and technological research project in Hubei Province. The GAP working group of Hubei Tunnel was led by Professor Chen Keli from Hubei College of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Members include: Professor Zhan Yahua and Professor Chen Keli from Hubei College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Professor Zhu and Professor Wang Mo from Huazhong Agricultural University, researcher Wang Keqin from Hubei College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, senior engineer from Hubei Meteorological Bureau, and a group of doctoral and master students. Through three years' efforts, on August 30, 2004, the GAP project of Fubaiju successfully passed the expert acceptance organized by the provincial science and technology department. Through the promotion of this major scientific research project, the level and level of Fubaiju industry have been improved more effectively.
First, the ecological environment of Fubaiju producing area was monitored for three consecutive years, and the relevant geographical, climatic and phenological observations were completed.
The second is to investigate the germplasm resources of chrysanthemum, determine the germplasm standard of Fubaiju, determine the type and category of chrysanthemum, the purity and fineness of varieties, and complete the fingerprint drawing of Fubaiju. Formulate intertillage weeding method and study chrysanthemum topping method.
The third is to summarize the traditional planting experience and formulate the SOP of Fubaiju through research and analysis. Carry out research on seedling standardization and complete cutting propagation, ramet propagation and seed propagation. The operating rules for field management of Fubaiju were formulated. Formulate comprehensive prevention and control strategies such as the use of low-toxic and low-residue pesticides, crop rotation and soil fertilization.
Fourthly, according to the nutritional characteristics of chrysanthemum, the fertility of local soil and the principle of balanced fertilization, the research on special fertilizer for chrysanthemum has been carried out, and the formula of special fertilizer has been formed, and the patent is being applied for. Research on selenium-enriched fertilizers will be carried out to form new medicinal characteristics in fertilization.
Fifth, according to the planting and processing methods of authentic medicinal materials, the Classification Standard of Fubaiju (Trial) (2004) was formulated, and the operating rules of chrysanthemum harvesting and processing management were formulated, and the processing methods such as harvesting time, enzyme fixation and drying were explored.
In order to transform these research results into specific industrial technologies, the municipal party committee and municipal government organized chrysanthemum farmers to extensively carry out chrysanthemum planting technology training, so that more than 0/000 chrysanthemum farmers in the whole city could fully master the new technology of chrysanthemum planting and processing, and set up Macheng Fubaiju Industry Association to guide the development direction of chrysanthemum industry in the whole city. From June 2005 to February 2005, Fubaiju passed the local standards of Hubei Province formulated by Hubei Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision.
In order to ensure the quality assurance stipulated in the certification trademark of Fubaiju, Fubaiju Industry Association hired doctoral tutors from Hubei College of Traditional Chinese Medicine and School of Resources and Environment of Huazhong Agricultural University as technical consultants to guide the construction of the quality control system of Fubaiju. Under the guidance of Hubei Fenghuang Baiyun Mountain Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., a member company, the laboratory has been actively established, which has the high-precision detection ability to detect the contents of total flavonoids, chlorogenic acid and other drugs in Fubaiju. The detection of pesticide residues and heavy metals shall be carried out by Huanggang Quality and Technical Supervision Bureau designated by Huanggang Quality Inspection Institute with inspection qualification.
Chrysanthemum production in the whole city is implemented according to provincial local standards (DB42/334-2005). Good and standardized planting and processing techniques ensure the unique nutritional components and taste characteristics of Chrysanthemum morifolium. Appraised by experts from Hubei College of Traditional Chinese Medicine and other scientific research institutions, Fubaiju is sweet, bitter and slightly cold. Has effect in nourishing live, improving eyesight, expelling pathogenic wind, clearing away heat, remove toxic materials and relieving swelling. Indications: wind-heat cold, dizziness and headache, tinnitus, red eyes and sore throat, furuncle, etc. Drinking chrysanthemum tea for a long time can clear the heart, improve eyesight, calm the nerves, calm the liver and reduce fire, clean the five internal organs, detoxify and strengthen the body, improve intelligence and prolong life, and prevent many diseases. It can relieve the condition of patients with coronary heart disease and inhibit staphylococcus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and influenza virus. It has anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-free radical effects, and has good curative effect on inhibiting SARS and other viruses.
(4) The profound cultural connotation of more than 1000 years has accumulated the specific humanistic characteristics of "Fubaiju".
It is recorded in the Book of Rites: "On the occasion of Qiu Qiu, there were yellow flowers in the chrysanthemum." Wang Shuzhi of Jin Dynasty praised chrysanthemums in "The Song of Lanque": "Orchids are spring, chrysanthemums are autumn. Aromatic smoked herbs are colorful and dazzling. Which fragrance is more fragrant. "
Su Shi, a great literary master, was the first person to write poems for Fu Baiju. During the Northern Song Dynasty, Su Shi was demoted to Huangzhou. During this period, he was invited by Chen Jichang, a famous person in Macheng, to enjoy chrysanthemums in the northern mountainous area of Macheng. Su Shi described the benefits of drinking Fu Baiju in the poem "Eating Chrysanthemum Soup in the Evening": "It has a aftertaste, smells better than Qiu Lan, and the gods are bold and awe-inspiring ... Haoran raises the desert and prolongs life."
Li Zhi, a famous progressive thinker in Ming Dynasty, once lived in seclusion in Longtan, Macheng. In late autumn, because he admired the name of Xiaolongtan at the foot of Chunyang Mountain on the Futian River, he took several disciples to visit Longtan. He happened to witness the blooming of Fubaiju near Chunyang Mountain, and was amazed, so he followed the example of Tao Yuanming in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and drank chrysanthemum tea in nearby people, which was full of praise. This history was recorded by him in his Travel Notes of Xiaolongtan, which was recorded in great detail.
Mei Guozhen, governor of Shanxi Province in the Ming Dynasty, praised Fu Baiju: "Its seedlings can be used as vegetables, its leaves can be sipped, its flowers can be decorated, its roots can be used for medicine, its bags can be used as pillows, and it can be brewed and drunk. It is useless from beginning to end. "
Yu Chenglong, praised as "the first honest official" by Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty, often went to Macheng to investigate cases when he was a Tongzhi in Huangzhou Prefecture. Once he accidentally drank Fubaiju, he sang "Chrysanthemum Poetry": "If you want to know your old age, you can't see the flowers until all the herbs are gone." Zheng Yiwei, a college student from Dongge, Macheng, and Mei Zhihuan, a famous poet, even praised Fu Baiju in their poems.
During the revolutionary war, the rich chrysanthemum also added luster to the red land of Futian River. 193 1 year, 1 month, the Red Army, active in the border area of Hubei, Henan and Anhui, joined forces with the diverted 15 army in Shangnan Bamboo Garden and headed for the nearby Futian River. Co-edited as the Red Fourth Front Army, with Kuang Jixun as the commander and Xu as the chief of staff, with a total strength of about12,500. Futian River has also become the birthplace of the Red Fourth Front Army. People in Futian River Old Street used chrysanthemum tea to entertain their soldiers, so that soldiers suffering from eye diseases and sore throat could recover. Xu and other old marshals recorded these in their memoirs. Wang Shusheng, Chen Zaidao and Xu, the generals of Macheng, have a special liking for the rich white chrysanthemum produced in the north of Macheng.
For thousands of years, Macheng people's love for chrysanthemum also contains special humanistic connotation. Influenced by Tao Yuanming in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Chrysanthemum is known as "the hermit in the flower" and is famous for its aloof and noble. Influenced by Li Shizhen and other famous doctors, chrysanthemum has the characteristics of "exorcism". Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Macheng people (especially Futian River and other northern mountainous areas of Mashan) have gradually formed the custom of climbing and picking chrysanthemums on the Double Ninth Festival. Every year around the Spring Festival, folk songs and dances such as lotus-scented dancing and flower picking are decorated with patterns of Fubaiju. The name of Fubaiju contains the word "fu", which adds a festive and peaceful "fu" to Fubaiju, and folk songs sing Fubaiju.
In recent years, in order to comprehensively improve the cultural taste of Fubaiju and expand its popularity, Macheng Municipal Party Committee, Municipal Government and Fubaiju Association hold Chrysanthemum Culture Festival every year, which has set off the climax of folk chrysanthemum literary and artistic creation activities. Municipal government, township government and association enterprises have also established chrysanthemum websites, creating a broad platform for Fubaiju to go out of Dabie Mountain and go to the world.
Today, when building a well-off society and a new socialist countryside in an all-round way, the characteristic brand and industry of "Fubaiju" is even more important. What is worthy of pride and joy is that Fubaiju has become a veritable urban peasant industry. Fubaiju Industry Association was also awarded the title of "Top 30 Advanced Rural Specialized Cooperative Economic Organizations in Hubei Province" by Hubei Provincial Department of Agriculture, Civil Affairs Department and Provincial Administration for Industry and Commerce.
Facing the new situation, as an ancient green brand, Fubaiju, which has remained fragrant for thousands of years, is facing a good development opportunity to go out of Dabie Mountain, go abroad and cross the ocean. To this end, we will continue to make persistent efforts to enhance our strength, especially with the declaration of certification trademarks as a new starting point, creatively carry out our work, and earnestly advocate the chrysanthemum farmers and merchants in the city to build the Fubaiju brand with integrity. Once the certification trademark declaration is successful, we will fully control the trademark application, planting production, product inspection and annual inspection, ensure that the trademark users of Fubaiju are honest and trustworthy, put an end to cheating behaviors such as adulteration, shoddy and short weight, effectively polish the brand of Fubaiju, and make Fubaiju live in Wan Li.