Refers to the footwear with natural leather as the upper and leather or rubber or plastic as the sole, which is formed by sewing, gluing or injection molding.
According to the object of wearing, it can be divided into men's, women's and children's leather shoes; According to the wearing season, it is divided into spring and autumn shoes, sandals and cotton shoes; According to the vamp structure, it can be divided into high-system (high waist), low-system (low waist), single leather shoes and sandwich leather shoes; According to the nature of wearing, it can be divided into daily shoes and labor protection shoes.
Leather shoes are breathable, hygroscopic and hygienic. It is the highest grade shoe among all kinds of shoes and boots.
In China, the production of modern leather shoes is only 120 years old. However, because the shape, style, structure and wearing function of leather shoes are superior to other shoes, the production of leather shoes has developed rapidly.
Nowadays, leather shoes have become people's favorite shoes, one of the commodities to beautify people's lives, and a "decisive" product in the clothing category.
Leather shoes, called "shovel" in ancient China, mainly refer to shoes made of animals or artificial leather.
China had leather shoes in the Han Dynasty, among which leather shoes made of raw hides without tanning were called grass shovels, and leather shoes tanned with ripe skins were called health shovels.
In China, the production of modern leather shoes is only 120 years old. However, because the shape, style, structure and wearing function of leather shoes are superior to other shoes, the production of leather shoes has developed rapidly.
Leather shoes are more durable, waterproof and breathable than cloth shoes. You can wear it on formal occasions or at leisure. Many styles. Generally speaking, leather shoes can be divided into business dress shoes, casual shoes, fashion shoes and out shoes.
Modern leather shoes originated in Italy, where the quality of leather shoes is high, but the price is more expensive.
China has three major leather shoes production bases, namely Wenzhou, Guangdong and Chengdu, Sichuan. Leather shoes made in Guangdong are of good quality and the price is in the middle and high end. The leather shoes produced in Wenzhou are mainly middle and low grade. Chengdu mainly produces women's shoes. Leather is divided into pigskin, cowhide and sheepskin. Cowhide is divided into cowhide and buffalo hide; Sheepskin is divided into goatskin and sheepskin. According to its hierarchy, there are three layers: the first layer, the second layer and the third layer.
Identification of the type and quality of skin (there are many types of skin now, and only the commonly used skin is introduced here)
First of all, pigskin
1, smooth surface of pig
Ordinary pig smooth surface is made by different tanning processes on the surface of pig skin. Firstly, the surface of pigskin is coated with slurry, and then colored. The smooth surface of ordinary pigs is shiny, and the pores are arranged very regularly. Generally, all three holes are triangular. According to different regions and different tanning processes, the smooth quality of pigs is also different. I won't explain it in detail here. The smooth surface of pigs is of good quality, delicate and soft. Due to the continuous progress of tanning technology, pigskin can now be processed into many different kinds of skins.
Imitation effect, imitation effect is mainly dull, and some imitation leather can also have some dark lines.
Embossing effect, embossing effect is to press out strips, veins and so on. On the leather surface; Litchi grain effect, this effect is sometimes a bit like the effect of coarse-grained cowhide, but it is essentially different from cowhide. Litchi grains are characterized by slightly thicker skin and coarser grain surface than ordinary glossy surface. Light coating effect, the leather surface is directly coated with different colors, and the gloss is slightly darker than that of ordinary smooth surface. This kind of leather feels better than that of ordinary glossy surface, and it feels saggy when held in your hand. Washing effect, the smooth coating of washing effect is also relatively thin, which is not very different from ordinary smooth surface, except that it feels softer than ordinary smooth surface. You can wash the stains off your clothes directly with water. Rub the skin. The color of the skin is different from that of the bottom. After the finished product is made, you can use sandpaper or other raw materials to wipe the unnecessary parts of the clothes, so that your clothes will become another more fashionable style.
2. Pig suede leather
Ordinary suede leather is processed on the reverse side of the cortex. Suede leather has short and thin fluff on the surface and a layer of mercerization with strong sense of direction on the surface. Sometimes you can see a small number of pores.
Top suede leather is washed with water. This kind of leather feels better, and it is more elastic and drape than ordinary suede leather.
The first suede modified leather is the leather modified by the front or the back. Can be made into printing, film pasting and oil film.
Printing is generally processed into different patterns on the smooth surface of suede leather. Sticking a film is to stick a film on the suede of suede leather. This kind of leather is very bright, and it is a fashionable leather, but its disadvantage is poor air permeability (this is best not to explain to consumers).
Oil film leather is a kind of raw material made by rolling a layer of three oils on suede. Can be processed into oil film leather with imitation effect. When it is folded or wrinkled, there will be some lighter wrinkles, which is normal.
3. Pig suede leather
There are essential differences between pigskin suede and pigskin suede. Its suede is slightly thicker than suede, and triangular pores can be seen on the pigskin. The softness and tensile strength are far less than those of top suede leather, and the opening of leather is far less than that of top suede leather. Two-layer suede leather can also be processed into many different kinds of modified leather like the first layer suede leather, because the price of two-layer suede leather is cheaper and can not reflect the grade of clothing. So we seldom use this kind of leather in domestic sales.
Second, sheepskin.
1, sheepskin
Sheepskin is characterized by thin skin, soft, smooth and delicate feel, small pores, irregular and even cross-section and oblate shape. Sheepskin is a high-grade raw material in leather clothing.
Now sheepskin has broken the traditional style and been processed into many different styles such as embossing, washing and printing.
2. Goatskin
The structure of goatskin is slightly stronger than sheepskin, so its tensile strength is better than sheepskin, and its surface layer is thicker than sheepskin, so it is more wear-resistant. The difference with sheepskin is that the grain surface of goatskin is rough, the smoothness is not as good as that of sheepskin, and the feel is slightly worse than that of sheepskin.
Goatskin can now be made into many different styles of skins, and it can imitate old skins after washing. This kind of skin has no coating and can be washed directly with water, which does not fade and has a small shrinkage rate. Wax film leather, which is made by rolling a layer of wax on the leather surface. When this kind of leather is folded or wrinkled, there will be some lighter wrinkles, which is normal.
Third, cowhide
Because cowhide can reach a certain thickness and fastness, it is mainly used for leather goods and leather shoes. Cowhide is characterized by fine pores, uniform and tight distribution, full leather surface, stronger leather board than other skins, and solid and elastic hand feel. There are also many kinds of cowhide garment leather. At present, cowhide has not been processed into different styles of leather as much as pigskin and sheepskin.
The second layer of cattle is also used for clothing, but it is generally suede leather for clothing. The difference between it and the second layer pig is that the suede fiber is coarse, but there are no pores. Cow two-layer modified leather is mainly used for leather goods. It is difficult to identify the smooth or old-fashioned effect on the second floor of the cow. There are also shoes made of crocodile skin, snakeskin and other skins. Leisure is a state of life and lifestyle pursued by modern people, and it is a special expression of modern culture in modern life. Leisure has often become a fashion symbol in contemporary life, covering all aspects of life, such as walking, fitness, traveling, shopping and so on. Pleasing oneself and enjoying colorful life, leisure has become one of the indispensable indicators of life and quality of life pursued by modern people. The concept, connotation and function of casual shoes are closely related to this new ideal and lifestyle. People decorate and show themselves with the shape, brand and connotation of casual shoes, from which they get an aesthetic pleasure and symbolic spiritual satisfaction. From the use point of view, casual shoes should have both practical and beautiful functions, and the lack of any one will seriously affect the usability of casual shoes. Practical function is the premise of the existence of casual shoes, and aesthetic and symbolic functions are important extension functions of casual shoes. Because casual shoes conform to people's desire for leisure life in the fast-paced era of speed economy, they will become a popular theme in the future. With the rapid changes of social economy, people's values and aesthetics are increasingly personalized and diversified. Comfort, fashion, health and personality have become the focus and new favorite of people. The role of casual shoes It is very important to choose a pair of suitable shoes. Generally speaking, if you go to the seaside or visit places of interest on the flat ground, you can choose to wear sports sandals or casual shoes; If you go to mountainous areas, mainly for mountain climbing, rock climbing or outdoor adventure, you'd better choose sports and leisure shoes with large sole particles, strong grip, non-slip and wear resistance. 1. Comfort is the first factor, followed by shock absorption+grip+anti-slip+warmth. Generally speaking, if you go to the tropics or islands, you can wear sports sandals or casual shoes mainly for water activities and land visits. Going to the metropolitan area, mainly for sightseeing or shopping, it is recommended to wear ordinary flat shoes; If you go to mountainous areas, you should mainly engage in outdoor activities such as mountaineering, running or jungle exploration. It is best to choose sports and leisure shoes with large sole particles, strong grip, non-slip and wear resistance. The key to reduce the impact between the foot and the ground when walking is the design of the sole. As far as "shock absorption function" is concerned, thick rubber soled shoes are much better than thin leather soled shoes. If the shock absorption of shoes is not good, it is easy to cause foot discomfort and pain. On the other hand, professional casual shoes also have air cushion design, which effectively reduces the impact. The integrated design in line with human mechanics can completely relax the pedals, and you won't feel tired even if you travel for a long time. I suggest you compare it more when you buy it. The most important thing is-try it on and let your feet score it yourself. 2. Design and analysis of shoes with efficient movement system-whether walking or climbing a mountain, your feet are constantly repeating four movements-braking (anti-skid), supporting (support), buckling (extension) and Propet (propulsion), and the pressure on your feet is roughly S-shaped along the centerline. Efficient exercise system can provide enhanced friction, flexibility and toughness according to different pressure distribution, which is suitable for long-term wear. ACT TECHNOLOGY's quadruple perspiration system-the first quadruple perspiration absorbs sweat close to the skin. For the second perspiration, the artificial fiber cushion tongue is used to replace the airtight cushion used by ordinary leather shoes to accelerate the circulation of air and temperature. The third breathable nylon suture can quickly volatilize the moisture in the first and second inner layers. The last weight is the tongue of the drainage shoe, which adopts the cool design of needle-like fiber mixed with mild nylon with high permeability to evaporate all the sweat on the feet and keep the feet dry. 3. How to wear various activities: A. Shopping: general clothing+casual shoes B. Outing: windbreaker+multifunctional outdoor sports shoes or casual sandals C. Snow: snowsuit+waterproof boots or snowshoes D. Jungle and swamp: waterproof jacket+sports sandals or canvas shoes E. Rock climbing and fishing: windbreaker+multifunctional outdoor sports shoes F. Selection principle: light and resistant to falling.
Sports shoes are designed and manufactured according to the characteristics of people who participate in sports or travel. The soles of sports shoes are different from ordinary leather shoes and rubber shoes, and are generally soft and elastic. It can play a certain buffering role. Exercise can enhance elasticity, and some can also prevent barefoot injury. So when doing sports, most people should wear sports shoes, such as basketball and running. The soles of sports shoes and travel shoes are flat-bottomed, with great plasticity and elasticity, which has a certain buffering effect on teenagers' running and jumping, so many teenagers like to wear them today. However, long-term wearing has many disadvantages: due to the increase of temperature and humidity in shoes, the ligaments on the soles of teenagers are easy to relax and lengthen, and the soles of feet gradually widen and become flat feet over time. The materials used in travel shoes are mostly rubber, plastic, sponge, nylon, canvas and so on. Poor ventilation. Sweaty feet are in this "closed" environment for a long time, which is easy to cause fungal reproduction and spread, and dermatoses such as beriberi, dermatitis and eczema appear. Teenagers in their developmental stages are not only useless but also very harmful. Sports shoes or sports shoes are flat shoes without heels. It can't ensure that the center of gravity of the human body is evenly distributed on the whole sole of the foot, and can't keep the muscles, ligaments, bones and spine of the body in normal positions and working conditions. After teenagers put on sports shoes or sneakers, their body gravity changes and the stress distribution on their feet is uneven, which will affect their footwork. Fourth, football shoes Football shoes are better to identify. Generally, football shoes are much more dexterous, and the shoes are thinner and fit better. The outstanding features are that the sole has die nails and convertible nails, which can adapt to the football field and provide good grip, and the toe cap and upper have obvious stitches, which can prevent deformation and are durable. Five, all-around sports shoes are suitable for people who like a variety of sports and only practice a few times a week. There are two kinds: training type and speed type. The training type toe cap is slightly tilted, with rubber turnover, and the upper is made of nylon mesh cloth; Speed is similar to running shoes. Sixth, aerobic sports shoes are generally high-top shoes, which are relatively light. The sole pattern is not deep, suitable for sports on the carpet; The sole line is deep or multidirectional, which is suitable for sports on the wooden floor. 7. Skateboarding shoes are also called "casual shoes". The shoes are lighter, and the rubber soles emphasize the grip performance, which can better grasp the skateboard.
8. When hiking in the wild, hiking shoes often step on the sand, walk on the uneven ground, and sometimes need to walk through the mountain stream. Hikers' backpacks with heavy shoulders are easy to sprain and slip, so hiking shoes are generally middle uppers with protruding soles, which emphasize the grip performance.
Nine, hiking shoes Due to the harsh environment and cold and windy climate, these shoes are generally very heavy, very strong, extremely tough, and require very good warmth. If it is snowy in mountainous areas, professional high-altitude hiking shoes are generally double-layered, the outer boots are plastic, and the inner boots are warm and breathable materials, which can resist the cold of MINUS 40 degrees Celsius. All-hard soled shoes can be matched with snap-in crampons or skis. Sports shoes, as the name implies, refer to shoes worn during fitness or competitive sports. It can meet people's various needs and ensure that people's feet can play their basic functions in sports. Sports are divided into competitive sports and fitness sports, as well as leisure sports and entertainment sports. No matter what kind of exercise, you need to wear protective shoes to improve the exercise effect.
Broadly understood as: the shoes used in the training process of fitness, leisure, entertainment and professional competitive sports and in official competitions are sports shoes. Including travel shoes, leather sports shoes, rubber shoes, cloth shoes and slippers. In a narrow sense, sports shoes refer to shoes specially designed and produced for professional athletes to participate in competitive sports training and official competitions. This kind of shoes not only requires the comfort, protection and aesthetics of ordinary sports shoes, but also pays attention to how to avoid sports injuries, enhance sports functions and improve sports performance. Whether in a broad sense or a narrow sense, sports shoes should meet the requirements of sports characteristics. Whether it is fitness or competitive sports, sports shoes are required to meet the requirements of mechanics, biology, ergonomics, kinematics, sports physiology and hygiene, and we should also consider helping athletes improve their sports performance or create better sports performance. Therefore, the design and manufacture of sports shoes should fully consider the characteristics of sports, which is a sign that sports shoes are different from other footwear such as leather shoes. The biggest and most fundamental difference between sports shoes and leather shoes and rubber overshoes lies in their functions. Generally, leather shoes and rubber overshoes mainly emphasize anti-skid, comfort, warmth, breathability and beauty in function. In addition to meeting the above requirements, sports shoes should also have elasticity, energy regression, shock absorption, foot rollover control, sports protection, sports physiology and health requirements, and improve sports performance according to the particularity of sports. According to different functional characteristics, sports shoes can be divided into the following five categories: 1, and control action category: it is suitable for people with moderate and severe varus foot and high weight, which can improve the runner's control over heel and running action and support the arch of the foot. Its external characteristics are thickened arch and moderate weight of shoes. 2. Shock-absorbing pad: Suitable for runners with good running skills. Use the forefoot or the middle of the foot to land, and use the sole and lateral support. The weight of shoes is medium and heavy, and the soles are thick. 3. Stable category: suitable for runners with mild to moderate varus foot, supported by medial and lateral feet. Shoes have moderate self-weight. 4. Competition category: Suitable for runners with good running skills, light weight or mild varus foot. Shoes weigh less. 5. Cross-country: The sole is thick and the groove is deep, which is suitable for running on natural ground such as land and forest. Shoes have a heavy weight.