The arc structure is obvious, and the mountains with orderly ridge boundaries are mainly in three directions: north, northeast-south, southwest, east-west, northwest-southeast. The landscape pattern of Yingde is determined by these three trends. The ridges and valleys in the east are northeast-oriented, while those in the west are northwest-oriented, forming an obvious arc structure.
Middle and low mountains are widely distributed. Most of the land in China is mountainous, with an area of 274,565,438 0.00 mu, accounting for 32.3% of the total area of the city, of which 654.38 0.43 million mu is low mountains with an altitude of 500-800 meters, accounting for 654.38 0.6% of the total area. If hilly areas are included, there are 4,468,200 mu in hilly areas, accounting for 52.5% of the total area.
The river has a wide water source and a narrow outlet, which forms the only outlet of major rivers in flood-prone valley areas, and is discharged through narrow valleys in southern hilly areas, such as Mianyang Gorge (commonly known as Blind Gorge) and Damiao Gorge. More than 34,000 square kilometers of rainwater collection area flowed out of the narrow river, resulting in a waterlogged valley. Due to the accumulation of river water, alluvial plains, river terraces and other accumulation landforms are widely distributed in the territory.
There are various types of karst landforms in the western, central and eastern regions, including solitary peaks, peak clusters, peak forests, eroded marginal lands and mountains, covering an area of 6.5438 0.69 million mu, accounting for 654.38 0.09% of the city's total area.
Geomorphology types mainly include flowing water landform and karst landform.
Flowing water landforms: The main landforms in China are distributed all over the country, and their forms are divided into five types: plains, terraces, terraces, hills and mountains.
Plain can be divided into alluvial plain, river platform plain and mountain plain according to its size. The area is 630,900 mu, accounting for 7.4% of the city's total area. Mainly distributed in Dazhan, Yingcheng, Manya, Dawan, Shigutang, Dazhen and other places, it is the main agricultural land.
Terraces include river terraces, alluvial terraces, alluvial terraces and alluvial terraces. River terrace is the main terrace type in China, with an area of 955,000 mu, accounting for 1 1.2% of the total area of the city. Mainly distributed in the eastern part of the basin and the central part of the Liangjiang Basin.
Terraces, between terraces and hills, are landform types with specific height less than 80 meters and slope less than 15 degrees, and are divided into low terraces and high terraces. The area is 269,700 mu, accounting for 3.2% of the city's total area. Mainly distributed in the eastern basin and the central basin.
Hill is one of the main landform types in China, with an area of 199.3 1000 mu, accounting for 23.4% of the city's total area, which is divided into low hills and high hills. Mountain is one of the main landform types in China, with an area of 2475 1 10,000 mu, accounting for 29. 1% of the total area of the city, which is divided into low mountains and Zhongshan.
Karst landform: There are various karst landforms in China, mainly including: karst plain, karst platform, karst platform, karst hills and karst mountains.
Yingde is located in the southern edge of Wuling Mountain, surrounded by mountains, and is a basin inclined to the south. Huashui Mountain Range is in the east, Huangsinao Mountain Range is in the north, a group of granite, low mountains and hills are in the south, and a series of mountain barriers mainly extend from northwest to southeast in the west.
Huangsinao mountain range runs east-west, about 40 kilometers long, and runs across the northern part of the city. The skeleton mountain range of the landform pattern in China has obvious influence on the natural environment such as microclimate, river hydrology and so on. There are more than 70 peaks in the mountain range above 1000 meters above sea level, including: the bottom of the ship 1586 meters (the highest peak in China), the Twelve Flags 1 150 meters, the zenith 1366 meters, and Ye Ding1.
Huashui Mountain Range extends to the north, northeast-south and southwest, about 60 kilometers long, and runs through the east of the city. It is the natural dividing line between the eastern and central parts of Jiang Ge Basin, and it is the skeleton mountain range of landform pattern in China. There are more than 30 peaks in this mountain range with an altitude of 1000 meters, including Xueshan 1397 meters, Junzi Mountain135 meters, Shuiping Mountain 1 142 meters and Umbrella ×/kloc-0.
Five-pointed star Meihua Mountain extends from northwest to southeast, about 30 kilometers long. This mountain range forms the natural boundary between the central region and the western karst basin. The main peaks are: Qishan 1 178m, Wuzhishan 1 144m, Langmangshan 850m, Beifeng 979m, pentagonal plum blossom 906m, Lutiao 911m.
Paradise Mountain extends from northeast to southwest, about 18km long. This mountain range is the main mountain range in the southern hilly area, which has certain influence on the formation of precipitation centers in the south. The main peaks are: Egongnao 608m, Herringbone 830m, Ying Ge Tou 90 1m and Paradise Mountain 790m.
Wolf Sannao Mountain range runs east-west, about 25 kilometers long. This mountain range is one of the most important mountains in the hilly and mountainous areas in the south, and the middle part is cut by the Beijiang River, forming the Damiao Gorge. From 1982 to 1983, the data of the second soil survey in yingde city showed that the soil in yingde city was divided into 10 soil types, 15 sub-types, 52 soil genera and 145 soil types. The soil area is 79810.2 million mu, accounting for 93.8% of the city's total area, including 6,824,700 mu of natural soil, accounting for 80.2%; Cultivated soil 1 156400 mu, accounting for 13.6%. Natural soils are mainly lateritic red soil, red soil, red calcareous soil and yellow soil, accounting for 48.7%, 27.0%, 65%, 438+05.8% and 6.6% of natural soil respectively. The main cultivated soils are paddy soil, lateritic red soil dryland, red calcareous soil dryland (red mud land) and moist sandy soil dryland, accounting for 64.8%, 20. 1%, 7.9% and 6.8% of cultivated soil respectively.
Red soil, the largest soil type in China, covers an area of 3,559,200 mu, accounting for 4 1.8% of the city's total area and 44.6% of the soil area. The red soil area is 1840600 mu, accounting for 2 1.6% of the city's total area and 23. 1% of the soil area. Paddy soil is the most cultivated soil type in China, with an area of 749,800 mu, accounting for 8.8% of the city's total area and 9.4% of the soil area. Widely distributed in hilly areas, valley plains and limestone peak forest areas. Besides Beijiang River, Jiang Ge River and Lianjiang River, there are 16 tributaries, and the rainwater collection area exceeds 100 square kilometers.
Beijiang River: Qinshui in ancient times, the second longest river in the Pearl River system, has two sources: Dongyuan Mianshui originated in damao mountain, Shijie County, Xinfeng County, Jiangxi Province, and Wuyuan Wushui originated in Mashikun, Linwu County, Hunan Province. Shaoguan city, the intersection of the two rivers, formerly known as Beijiang. Take Zhen water as the mainstream. It is 258 kilometers from Shaoguan City to the mouth of Sanshui District, Foshan City. It joins the Xijiang River through Sixiankeng in Sanshui District, and the mainstream flows from Dongping Waterway to the South China Sea through Shiziyang and Humen. It starts from Gao Qiao Village, Shakou Town in the north and ends at Jiuhengshi, Qingxin County in the south, running through the territory for 98 kilometers. The rainwater collection area in the south of the territory is 34,000 square kilometers, of which the area of Beijiang River system directly under the Yangtze River is 1.8 1.7 1 square kilometers, accounting for 32.0% of the total area of the city. Worry-free river, except for a few canyon sections, the rest of the river is more than 400 meters wide. The river slope is gentle, and the average riverbed gradient is 0.7‰. Besides Jiangge River and Lianjiang River, there are four tributaries of Guantian Water, Xianqiao Water, Boluokeng Water and Lidong Water on the main stream. The Beijiang River system is rich in runoff, and the average runoff in flood season is115.8 million cubic meters, accounting for 74.3% of the annual runoff. Mianyang Gorge and Damiao Gorge have tight passages. From Shaoguan to Guangzhou, navigation can be carried out all year round.
Jiangge River: Originated in the east of Shipu, wengyuan county, with an average width of 80-90 meters and an average riverbed gradient of 65,438 0.24 ‰. The main stream flows into China from Xiarongjiao, Guandu, wengyuan county, and passes through Qingtang Town, Qiaotou Town, Wan Yu Town, Dazhen Town and Yingde Overseas Chinese Tea Farm along the way. After meeting Baishashui at Shizikou, it flows into the main stream of Beijiang River at Donganzui via Changhu Lake, with a total length of173km, including 69km of domestic flow and1289.5km2 of rainwater collection area. There are six tributaries along the main stream: Qingtang Water, HengShi Shui River, Xiaobeijiang River, Dazhenshui River, Baisha River and Tam River, among which Dazhenshui River and Xiaobeijiang River originated in China, and the other tributaries originated in Fogang, Xinfeng and wengyuan county respectively. Abundant runoff, with an average runoff of 3.95 billion cubic meters in flood season, accounting for 79.3% of the annual runoff.
Lianjiang: Also known as Xiaobeijiang, it was called Lianshui in ancient times, and it is the largest tributary of the main stream of Beijiang River. It originated from the ground stone in Xingzixu, Lianzhou, and the upper section is called Northeast Water. After arriving in Lianzhou city, it is called Lianjiang, which flows into Beijiang River at the mouth of Lianjiang River through Lianzhou, Yangshan and Yingde, with a total length of 262 kilometers and a total drainage area of 65,438+100000 square kilometers. The main stream enters the northwest of China from Yangshan County, with a domestic flow of 80 kilometers, an average river bed gradient of 0.77‰, and a rainwater collection area of 2,572.4 square kilometers, accounting for 45.4% of the city's total area. The main stream flows into Beijiang River at Jiangkou via Qingkeng Town, Zhangbei Town, Xiniu Town, Shihuipu Town, Shuibian Town and Lianjiang Town. There are six tributaries along the coast, namely Boluo water, Tian Xin water, Huangdong water, Zhutian water, Songqing water and waterside water. Rainfall is also abundant, with an average runoff of 8.404 billion cubic meters in flood season, accounting for 86.5% of the annual runoff. The river bed is flat and prone to floods. The main stream is the main waterway connecting Lianzhou, Yangshan, Shaoguan and Guangzhou. Yingde is located in the transition zone from the south subtropical zone to the middle subtropical zone, and belongs to the subtropical monsoon climate. Warm and humid airflow prevails in the south in summer and dry and cold northerly winds prevail in winter. According to the natural season division method of Guangdong Meteorological Bureau, that is, the four seasons are divided according to the five-day average temperature: the average temperature is stable below 10℃, which is called winter; Stable above 22℃, called summer; Stable at 10℃-22℃, that is, spring or autumn. The characteristics of natural seasons in Britain and Germany are as follows: spring (March-April), warm and cold at first sight, rainy; Summer (May-September) is hot and rainy, and occasionally dry; Autumn (65438+1October-165438+1October) is cool, dry and often dry; Winter (65438+February-February of the following year) is less cold, with occasional cold and rainy days.
Britain and Germany are rich in climate resources, but there are many kinds of weather and climate disasters, which occur frequently, mainly including: low temperature and rainy weather, late spring cold, high temperature, cold dew wind, frost, thunderstorm, strong wind, squall line, hail and other natural disasters.
The annual average temperature is 2 1. 1℃, and it varies between 20. 1℃ and 22.0℃. In a year, the average temperature in Leng Yue is 11℃, and the extreme minimum temperature is -3.6℃ (196 1 year1day). The hottest month is July, with an average temperature of 28.9℃ and an extreme maximum temperature of 40.1℃ (July 23, 2003). The annual average frost date is 6 days, the average first frost date is 65438+ February 25th of the current year, and the whole day is 65438+ the following year1October 22nd. The daily range of the average temperature (the difference between the highest temperature and the lowest temperature in a day) is 8.3℃, the maximum daily range of the average temperature in 65438+February is 9.8℃, and the second maximum is 9.4℃ in 165438+ 10. The minimum daily range of the average temperature is April.
Precipitation: the average annual precipitation 1, 906.2mm, the maximum in wet years is 2657.2mm( 1, 975), and the minimum in dry years is 1, 399.9mm( 1, 963), and the difference between the maximum and minimum years is nearly/kloc. The rainfall in a year is mostly concentrated from April to September, and the precipitation is 1524.2mm, accounting for 83.0% of the whole year. The precipitation from April to June is 92 1.7mm, accounting for 50.2% of the whole year. There are two areas with more precipitation in the south and north of Yingde: from the south of Li Xi Town to Lianjiang Town, with an average annual precipitation of 2100 mm-2,500mm; The average annual precipitation in the northern mountainous area of Hengshitang Town is 2100 mm; The average annual precipitation in most other parts of the city is1900 mm. The average annual precipitation (daily precipitation ≤0. 1 mm) is 163.5 days, accounting for 44.8% of the total number of days in the year, and the maximum number of days is 208 days (1975), accounting for the total number of days in the year. The youngest is 129 days (1977), accounting for 35.3% of the total days of the year. The annual distribution of precipitation days is more in spring and summer and less in autumn and winter. May is the most in a year, averaging 20.5 days; 1 1 month is the least, with an average of 6.5 days.
From 23: 00 on June 1994 to 00: 00 on June 19, the highest water level in the north of Yingcheng was 34.5 1 m, which exceeded the warning water level (26 m) by 8.5 1 m, which was the highest water level after the founding of the People's Republic of China. On July 18, 2006, the highest water level in the north of Yingcheng was 34. 19 m, which exceeded the warning water level by 8. 19 m, which was the second extreme value after the founding of the People's Republic of China. According to historical records, the biggest flood in Britain and Germany in the 20th century occurred in 19 15, and the highest water level north of Yingcheng River was 37.03 meters. Followed by 193 1 year, the highest water level in the north of Yingcheng is 35.52 meters.
Evaporation: annual average evaporation 17 17.9mm, and annual average relative humidity of 77%; The minimum relative humidity appears in autumn and winter and is controlled by the winter wind. Autumn is crisp and there is little precipitation, so the humidity is also small, and the minimum relative humidity is 1 1%. According to relevant standards: 65438+ 10-2 months wet; It is very humid from March to June; Wet from July to September; 65438+1October-165438+1October is semi-humid; It is semi-arid in 65438+February, and the minimum relative humidity is 1 1%.
Sunshine: the annual average sunshine hours are 163 1.7 hours. The interannual variation is between 1357.6 hours and 22 10 hours. The most sunshine in a year is July, with an average of 2 18 hours, accounting for 52.5% of the sunshine hours in the same period; The sunshine is the least in March, with an average of 64.3 hours, accounting for 17.3% of the sunshine hours in the same period. On average, there are 62.2% days in a year, and the sky is covered with clouds, rain and fog.
Wind power: Yingde is located in the monsoon area, and the change of monsoon dominates most of the wind direction changes in a year; On the other hand, mountains, hills, canyons and other landforms affect the wind direction. The wind direction varies from place to place, but the dominant trend is still northerly winds prevailing in winter and southerly winds prevailing in summer. The annual average wind speed is between 1.7 m/s, and the annual average variation is between 1.8 m -2.2 m/s ... In a year, the average wind speed is the largest in June 5438+ 10, with an average wind speed of 2.3 m/s; The average wind speed is the smallest in June and August, with an average wind speed of 1.2m/ s. Affected by weather systems such as peak areas, local thermal convection and typhoons, the number of windy days in Yingde area above 8 (equivalent to more than17m per second) is two days on average and five days at most. In a year, July has the highest probability, with an average of 0.5 days. The wind speed automatically records the average maximum wind speed10min,18m per second, and the instantaneous maximum wind speed is 29m per second, which is equivalent to the gale of 1 1, which appeared on July 30th, 984.