The situation of the reactor in early autumn is still tragic.
On July 6th, it was bitter, spicy and steaming, but it was not enough for a temporary meal.
I often worry about scorpions at night, but they become flies after autumn.
The strap is crazy and screaming, so why return the book?
Look at the pine trees in the south, there is a short gully, barefoot on the ice.
order
Early Autumn is a seven-character poem written by Du Fu, a great poet in the Tang Dynasty. This poem was written by Du Fu in the first year of Gan Yuan (A.D. 758) when he joined the army with the demoted Duke of Zhangzhou. The whole poem has eight sentences, and the third, fourth, seventh and eighth sentences all use slang, which breaks the routine of metrical poetry.
To annotate ...
① Yu Xin's poem: "May fever."
(2) Cai Yan's Song of Songs: "If you are hungry, you can't eat."
3 "Du Yu": They are all scorpions, which means they are all scorpions. There are many flies and they are very bitter.
Zhao's Notes on the Sting Insect was originally written, but not in the south.
Little pearl scorpion, scorpion, poisonous night. Such as mirror: "stinging ants and bees can harm people." Sting is a scorpion. Western Miscellany: Scorpion, the former is called sting, and the latter is called sting.
Gu Zhuhan's poem: "I like to see scorpions on the wall." I'm glad to retire and go home. Shaoling demoted him, and he thought he was sad. Things also depend on human feelings.
(4) Poem: "The green fly only stops at the spine." Biography of Poetry: "The bluefly is not as good as a villain."
⑤ Tao Qian's poem: "Fasten your belt and wait for the cock to crow." Laozi: "It's crazy to go hunting." Fairy legend: Liu Genzi is crazy. Zhao summarized that it is often said that "everyone has his own ability, and if he does this, he will be crazy." Even this poem is also.
⑥ Tang Shu: Cut into the book period meeting.
⑦ Zhang Heng's "Four Sorrow Poems": "Look south and cry and touch your chest." Penny's poem: "Song Qingyin Ridge." Jiang Yanshi: "The wind is loose and dangerous." Note: "Song Hengsheng said."
⑧ "Songs of the South": "The layer of ice is awkward." Said: the surname Guo, at the beginning of the official position, was replaced by "testing the policy" and "eliminating the disability". However, he was entrusted by the chief executive with the task of writing letters, and did not emphasize his talent. Open goodwill is stronger than friendship. Although we meet for a meal and write poems, we will be grateful for our privacy and be named for future generations. Guo has been in contact with the world for several years, and the public has never mentioned anything about it, but this person is known.
Distinguish and appreciate
The poem begins with four syllables, and slang is used in the third, fourth, seventh and eighth sentences, which breaks the routine of metrical poetry. In the face of this poem, some people suspect that "this must be false:" this proposition is stupid, and the whole poem has nothing to recommend. When Zong Yun shouts wildly, he is humorous in the play. I'm afraid it will never come to this. Ya 'an "(Zhu Han)? "Zhao Gang thinks ... this sigh is bitter and hot, but it is also crazy. "Du Yi" has a precise analysis of this poem, which shows that Shaoling's writing is reasonable: "Many people regard the son of heaven as their servant, and because of his outspoken left-leaning move and heavy reputation, the chief executive should regard others with special respect. I went to Zhangzhou in June and was in a hurry to write a book on July 6, which was very unusual. So through the heat of early autumn and the suffering of flies and scorpions, I am depressed and I am anxious about writing a book. " Du Fu used four conjunctions at the beginning of the poem and several jargon to express his dissatisfaction and shouted loudly. It is also said: "Guo He has been noisy for several years, and the public has not said anything. This person can be known. "In this poem, Du Fu used a lot of jargon, divorced from the routine of rhythm, and made the rhythm colorful by surprise to express special feelings.
This poem breaks away from the routine of melody, but it should be noted that there are scales for great poets to use jargon extensively here. He used parallel words in the third and seventh sentences, and then used parallel words in the fourth and eighth sentences to remedy the damage and restore harmony, which can be described as "doing whatever he wants without exceeding the moment", which is the genius of Shaoling. Here, readers can appreciate Shao Ling's "Words Are Not Amazing and Endless" and understand why it is a "poet saint".
Extension: author
Du Fu (A.D. 7 12- A.D. 770), with beautiful words, called himself a young man with a young age. Han nationality, originally from Xiangyang, is from Gongxian County, Henan Province (now Gongyi, Henan Province). A great realistic poet in Tang Dynasty, together with Li Bai, was called "Du Li". In order to distinguish Li Shangyin, Du Mu and Xiao Du Li, Du Fu and Li Bai are also called Da Du Li, and Du Fu is often called Lao Du.
Du Fu's influence on China's classical poetry is far-reaching, and he is called "the sage of poetry" by later generations, and his poems are called "the history of poetry". Later generations called him Du Shiyi and Du Gongbu, and also called him Du Shaoling and Du Caotang. Du Fu wrote such famous works as Spring Hope, Northern Expedition, Three Officials and Three Farewells. In 759, Du Fu abandoned his official position and went to Sichuan. Although he fled the war and lived a relatively stable life, he still cared about his life and managed state affairs. Although Du Fu is a realistic poet, he also has a wild and unruly side. It is not difficult to see Du Fu's heroism and dry clouds from his masterpiece Song of Drinking Eight Immortals. The core of Du Fu's thought is the Confucian thought of benevolent government, and he has the great wish of "making the monarch Yao and Shun superior, and then making the customs pure". Although Du Fu was not famous during his lifetime, his fame spread far and wide, which had a far-reaching impact on China literature and Japanese literature. About 65,438+0,500 poems of Du Fu have been preserved, most of which are collected by Du Gongbu.
family background
Du Fu was born in Dujia, Jingzhao, and was a scholar-bureaucrat in the north. Its distant ancestors were Du Zhou, a famous cruel official of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and his grandfather Du. Du Fu and Du Mu, another great poet in the Tang Dynasty, were both great scholars and celebrities in the Jin Dynasty. However, the two tribes are far apart. Du Fu comes from Du Yu's second son Du Dan, and Du Mu comes from Du Yu's youngest son Du Yin. As a teenager, Du Fu lived a relatively stable and prosperous life because of his superior family environment. He has been eager to learn since he was a child. At the age of seven, he was able to write poems. "At the age of seven, I thought I was strong, and I sang the phoenix with my mouth open." He is interested in "making the monarch Yao and Shun, and then making the customs pure." When he was a teenager, he was also very naughty. "I remember when I was fifteen, I was a child, as healthy as a yellow calf." Pear and jujube are ripe in August before the court, and the tree day can return to a thousand times. "
Fold young people and enjoy the trip.
At the age of 19 in the 19th year of Kaiyuan, Du Fu traveled to Linyi, Shandong. Twenty years old, roaming wuyue for several years. In the 23rd year of Kaiyuan (735), he returned to his hometown to participate in "rural tribute". Twenty-four years in Luoyang to take the Jinshi exam, ranking first from the bottom. Du Fu's father was Sima, the secretariat of Yanzhou at that time, so Du Fu went to Yanzhou to visit relatives and began a trip to Qi and Zhao [3].
In April of the third year of Tianbao (744), Du Fu met Li Bai, who was given money by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, in Luoyang, and they met to travel with Liang and Song (now Kaifeng and Shangqiu, Henan). After that, Du Fu went to qi zhou (now Jinan). After four years, I went to Yanzhou to see Li Bai in autumn. They visited Taoist temples together, talked about poems and papers, and forged a friendship of "getting drunk and walking hand in hand with the Japanese". At the end of autumn, the two shook hands and said goodbye. Du Fu ended his roaming life of "Zhao Qi is dissolute and Qiu Ma is quite crazy" and returned to Chang 'an.
Folding career is not smooth.
Du Fu lived in the historical period from prosperity to decline in the Tang Dynasty. Du Fu was born in a family of "serving Confucianism and guarding officials" for generations, with profound family knowledge. The early works mainly show the ideal, ambition and expected life path. On the other hand, it shows his political ideal of "respecting the monarch and following it, and then making the vulgar pure". Many works in this period reflected the suffering and turmoil of the people's livelihood at that time, exposed the ugly behavior of the rulers, and then embarked on a life and creative road of worrying about the country and the people. As Xuanzong's politics became more and more corrupt in his later period, his life became increasingly poor and disappointed. In a wandering life.
In the sixth year of Tianbao, Xuanzong called the "all-rounder" of the world to Chang 'an to take the exam, and Du Fu also took the exam. Because the Minister of Electric Power Li directed a farce of "leaving no legacy", all the students who took the exam lost the election. Because the imperial examination was not feasible, Du Fu had to turn to the powerful door to realize his political ideal, but it ended in vain. He lived in Chang 'an for ten years, rushing around offering gifts, unhappy, frustrated in his official career and living in poverty. "He failed to win the first place and was trapped in Chang 'an. "
In the first month of the tenth year of Tianbao, Xuanzong held three ceremonies to worship Taiqing Palace, ancestral temple and heaven and earth. Du Fu then presented three "big gifts" in the winter of the ninth year of Tianbao, which was appreciated by Xuanzong and ordered to be placed in Jixian Hospital. However, he is only eligible to participate in the election and wait for distribution. As the examiner is still Li, he didn't get the official position.
In the 14th year of Tianbao, Du Fu was awarded the rank of Hexi Commandant, but Du Fu didn't want to be appointed as the official position of "If you don't be Hexi Commandant, you will bend over", so the court changed him to the right guard and took charge of the government soldier Cao (a junior official who was responsible for guarding the staff of armor and managing the access key). Du Fu stayed in Chang 'an for more than ten years because he was 44 years old. In order to make a living, he accepted this useless job. In November, Du Fu went to Fengxian Province. Just as Du Fu entered the room, he heard crying. It turned out that his youngest son starved to death. Based on ten years' experience in Chang 'an and his experiences along the way, he wrote the famous "From Beijing to Fengxian, reciting 500 words".
Folding war and displacement
In November of the 14th year of Tianbao, An Shi Rebellion broke out. In June of the following year, Tongguan fell and Xuanzong fled hastily. In July, Prince Hengli was established in Lingwu as Su Zong. At this time, Du Fu had moved his family to Qiang Village in Yinzhou (now Fuxian County, Shaanxi Province) to take refuge. He heard that Su Zong ascended the throne and went north alone in August to join Lingwu. Unfortunately, he was captured by the rebels on the way and brought to Chang 'an. Wang Wei, who was also captured, was closely supervised, and Du Fu was not imprisoned because of his small official position. Despite personal misfortunes, Du Fu always cared about the country and the people. During the An Shi Rebellion, he always paid attention to the development of the current situation. During this period, he wrote two articles, Guo's Situation in Huazhou and Five Questions about the Examiners in Hehuazhou, offering suggestions for exterminating the Anshi Rebellion and considering how to reduce the burden on the people. When the soldiers and horses of Li, the main force of the rebel army, passed through Huazhou, they wrote a poem "Two Kansai Soldiers Going to Guanzhong for Standby" to express their patriotic enthusiasm.
Statue of Du Gongbu
In April of the second year of Zhide (757), Guo Ziyi's army came to the north of Chang 'an. Du Fu ventured out of Chang 'an from Jinguangmen in the west of the city, crossed the opposing two armies, and joined forces with Su Zong in Fengxiang (now Baoji, Shaanxi). On May 16, Su Zong awarded Zuo Shiyi, so it was called "Du Shiyi". Unexpectedly, Du Fu was soon demoted to Huazhou (now Huaxian County) for saving houses, which angered Su Zong and took charge of sacrifices, music, schools, elections, medical care and examinations. After arriving in Iowa, Du Fu was very depressed and upset. He often goes to Zhengxian Pavilion on the Xixi River (near the old viewing platform in Xinglin Town today) to relieve his worries. In his poems, such as Tizhengting, Bitter Story of Early Autumn, Independence, and Skinny Horse Travel, he expressed his sigh and resentment at those who were frustrated in their official career, indifferent in the world and treacherous. Du Fu was rescued by Prime Minister Zhang Gao and released. But "the emperor didn't pay much attention to the records", and Su Zong no longer reused Du Fu. In September this year, Chang 'an was recovered. 1 1 month, Du Fu returned to Chang 'an and remained there to collect the remains. Although he was loyal to his duties, he was eventually implicated in the Fang Yi case and was demoted to join the army in June of the first year of Gan Yuan (758).
At the end of the first year of Gan Yuan (758), Du Fu temporarily left Huazhou to visit relatives in Luoyang and Yanshi (both in present-day Henan). In March of the following year, the battle between Tang Jun and Yecheng (now Anyang, Henan Province) broke out and Tang Jun was defeated. On his way back to Huazhou from Luoyang, Du Fu was deeply touched by the endless disasters brought by the war and the patriotic behavior of people who endured humiliation in the war. He wrote immortal epics-three officials (Xin 'an official, Shihu official, Tongguan official) and three farewell (newly married, resigned, homeless). "I am full of sadness and trouble because people travel far away."
Folding southwest drift
In the summer of 759, in the second year of Gan Yuan, there was a drought in Huazhou and Guanzhong. Du Fu wrote "Summer Sigh" and "Summer Night Sigh", worrying about the time and hurting the chaos, and lamenting the suffering of China refugees. After beginning of autumn this year, Du Fu felt sad about the dirty politics, gave up his secretarial position in Huazhou, joined the army and went west to Qin Zhou (now Tianshui, Gansu). Du Fu wrote more than 30 poems during his tenure in Huazhou. Du Fu finally arrived in Chengdu after several twists and turns. With the help of Yanwu and others, he built a thatched cottage on the banks of Huanhuaxi in the west of the city, which was called "Du Fu Cottage" or "Huanhuacao Hall" in history. Later, it was recommended by Yanwu as the festival capital, and the whole family lived in fengjie county, Sichuan.
In the spring of the second year of Guangde (760), he moved to Shu again, and Du Fu returned to the thatched cottage where he had been wandering for nearly two years. Yanwu recommended Du Fu to be Yuan Wailang, the Ministry of Industry for proofreading, and served as Yanwu's staff officer. Later generations also called Du the Ministry of Industry. Soon Du Fu resigned again. During these five or six years, Du Fu was still living a hard life. He said, "The book of a thick and generous old friend is broken, and the son who is hungry is desolate" ("Madman") "Fools don't know the ceremony of father and son, so they are angry and beg for food and cry to the East Gate." He used some details of his life to show the hardships of his life. He said that his children are not sensible, don't know how to respect their fathers, and don't know the courtesy of their masters. When they are hungry, whether they are fathers or not, they should follow the ceremony of father and son. When you are hungry, you clamor for food and cry at the east gate. In the autumn wind and rainstorm, Du Fu's hut was dilapidated, and his wife was hungry and couldn't sleep all night. He wrote "The Hut was Blown by Autumn Wind".
Guangde in April, Yanwu died, Du Fu left Chengdu. After passing through Jiazhou, Rongzhou (Yibin), Yuzhou (Chongqing), Zhongzhou (Zhongxian) and Yun 'an (Yunyang), it arrived in Kuizhou (Fengjie) in the first year of Dali. Thanks to the care of Bai Maolin, the magistrate of Kuizhou, Du Fu was able to stay here for the time being, take care of the 100 hectare public land in Dongtun, rent some public land by himself, buy a 40-acre orchard, hire several employees and take part in some labor with his family. During this period, the poet's creation reached a climax. In less than two years, he wrote more than 430 poems, accounting for 30% of the existing works. During this period, his works include Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night, Autumn Wind Broke the Straw Shed, Shuxiang, Yellow River Banks Recovered by the Imperial Army, Gordon, Moon Landing Building and many other famous works. One of the most famous poems is: "An De Wan Lou, all the poor people in the world are happy." And the "leaves fall like waterfalls, and I think the long river always rolls forward" in "To the Top" is a swan song.
Folded Jiangzhou died.
In the third year of Dali, Du Fu was homesick, took a boat out of the gorge, first went to Jiangling, then to the police, and drifted to Yueyang, Hunan at the end of the year. During this period, Du Fu lived in a boat. Because of the difficulties of life, not only can we not return to the north, but we are forced to travel further south. In the first month of the fourth year of Dali, from Yueyang to Tanzhou (Changsha), from Tanzhou to Hengzhou (Hengyang), and then back to Tanzhou. In the fifth year of Tang Daizong Dali (770), Zang Jun made an insurrection in Tanzhou, and Du Fu fled to Hengzhou again. He had planned to go to Chenzhou to take refuge in his uncle Cui Kun, but when he went to Leiyang, he had to stop at Tianyi Fang when the river rose. He didn't eat anything for five days. Fortunately, the county magistrate Nie sent someone to deliver wine and meat, and was saved. Later, Du Fu had to travel more than 200 miles upstream from Leiyang to Chenzhou. At this time, the flood did not retreat, and Du Fu returned to the north with one heart. At this time, he changed his plan, went downstream and returned to Tanzhou. In the winter of the fifth year of Dali, Du Fu died on a boat from Tanzhou to Yueyang. At the age of 59.
Major achievements
Du Fu's middle-aged poems are called "the history of poetry" because of his gloomy poetic style and feelings of worrying about the country and the people. Du Fu's poems, composed of 36 poems about immortals in Qing Dynasty, are good at ancient style and metrical poems with diverse styles. They accurately summed up his own work style with the words "depressed and frustrated", but mainly depressed. Du Fu lived in the historical period from prosperity to decline in the Tang Dynasty. Most of his poems are about political darkness and people's suffering. His poems reflected the social contradictions and people's sufferings at that time. His poems recorded the historical changes of the Tang Dynasty from prosperity to decline, and expressed the lofty Confucian spirit of benevolence and strong sense of hardship, so they were called "the history of poetry". Du Fu is concerned about the country and the people, with noble personality and exquisite poetic skills. Du Fu wrote more than 1500 poems in his life, many of which are famous works that have been handed down from generation to generation, such as Three Officials, Three Farewells and Du Gongbu Collection. Among them, the "three officials" are Shi Haoguan, Xin 'an official and Tongguan official, and the "three farewell" are newly married, homeless and resigned. Du Fu's poems handed down from generation to generation are the most extensive in the Tang Dynasty, and he is one of the most outstanding poets in the Tang Dynasty, which has a far-reaching influence on later generations. Du Fu's works are known as the scars of the world and the sages in poetry. The people are in poverty, and the bottom of the pen is turbulent. He is a realistic poet.