France is one of the earliest countries with political parties in the world, and it is also a typical multi-party system in modern capitalist countries. The evolution of French political parties can be traced back to 200 years ago and can be roughly divided into five periods.
The early period (1789 ~ 1870) includes the bourgeois revolution, the first republic (1792 ~ 1804) and the first empire (1865438). 18 15), Bourbon Restoration (18 14 ~ 1830), July Dynasty (1830 ~ 1848). Around the major political issues in various stages, many organized political factions have been formed, such as jacobins, Gironde, Swamp, Mountain, Equality, Angry, Orthodox, Four Seasons, Order, Peace and Radical. Although it was not a political party in the modern sense, it laid the foundation for the establishment of political parties later.
During the period of the Third Republic (1870 ~ 1940), various political parties were established one after another. With the development of the workers' movement and the spread of socialist ideas, the French Workers' Party, the first working-class political party in France, was established in June 1879. After that, many workers' political parties and socialist groups appeared, which were constantly divided, merged and reorganized, and successively formed the French Socialist Party (founded in 190 1), the French Socialist Party (founded in 1902) and the French Socialist Party (that is, the French Socialist Party and the workers founded in 1905). 1920, the French socialist party split again, and most people formed another * * * production party, while a few people remained socialist. French socialists participated in the government many times during the Third Republic. 1June, 899, an independent socialist, A. Millland, joined the bourgeois government for the first time, which caused a heated debate in the international capitalist movement. The main ruling party of the Third Republic is the French Radical Socialist Party founded in 190 1, which evolved from the radicals of the July Dynasty. In the 1920s, some fascist groups appeared in France, such as "French Action" and "Cross of Fire". In order to counter the fascist forces and carry out social and economic reforms, the French Socialist Party, the French Radical Socialist Party and the French Production Party formed the French People's Front in 1935. From 65438 to 0938, the ruling radical socialist party signed the Munich Agreement on behalf of France, and the People's Front split. Until the eve of World War II, except for the Socialist Party and the Producer Party, most political parties in France were parliamentary groups, not mass parties.
The head of the French People's Front is celebrating the election victory (1936).
During World War II,1June, 940, German fascists invaded France, and the Vichy government fell to its knees. In the meantime, except for the far-right French Socialist Party (not the Socialist Party before and after World War II) and the French People's Party, all other political parties were forced to go underground. The French production organization guerrillas launched an armed resistance movement at home, and their strength and influence were unprecedentedly enhanced.
During the period of the Fourth Republic after World War II (1944 ~ 1958), France resumed and established a large number of political parties. The degree of organization and mass base of political parties is higher and wider than before the war. Fourth, the cabinet system in the Republic of China determines the survival of the government, while the proportional representation system in parliamentary elections is not conducive to the formation of a loose alliance in which one party is the majority, usually political parties take turns to govern, resulting in the lack of stability and continuity of the government. During the period of 14, 25 governments were replaced.
During the fifth * * Republic period (1958 ~) 1958 June C.-A.-M.-J. Charles de Gaulle reformed the political system, enhanced the authority of the president, lowered the status of parliament, and reformed the electoral system, and the situation of political parties changed obviously: ① 1958 ~ 65438. But before 1986, the presidential majority dominated the Congress, and after 1988, the advantage was very weak. ② There is a trend of polarization of political parties. After 30 years of development and change, by the early 1980s, there were two major factions (left and right) and four major political parties (France * * *, the Socialist Party, the Union for Defending * * and the French Democratic Union). Socialist Party, Defending Party and Alliance are increasingly prominent in the two wings. (3) The main ruling parties on the left and right show consistent signs in some domestic and foreign policies. From March 1986 to May 1988, there was no irreconcilable opposition between the left president and the right prime minister. 1After the legislative election in June 1988, neither the Socialist Party nor the traditional right wing won more than half of the seats in the National Assembly, forcing them to continue to compromise, move closer to each other and strive for the cooperation of other political parties as much as possible.
Features The main features of French political parties are as follows: ① There are many and complicated political parties. Since 1875 finally established the * * * system, there have been more than 400 political parties with various names. In the 1980s, more than 40 people were still active in French politics. Among them, there are both national and local political parties; There are some political parties in the name of socialism and productism, and some political parties with royalism, anarchism, Trotskyism and national xenophobia as their purposes. Most political parties take safeguarding the capitalist system as their platform. (2) Political parties are unstable. Split, merger, reorganization and new formation of political parties occur from time to time. Around issues such as elections and cabinet formation, political parties often form or dissolve alliances. Since 1944, successive French governments have been multi-party coalition governments. (3) Compared with other existing political parties, the Socialist Party and the * * * Production Party have a long history, tight internal organization and strong mass.
Main political parties The main political parties in France are:
The French Socialist Party has long participated in the ruling left-wing party. 1905, the French Socialist Party led by J. Gade and the French Socialist Party led by J. Raoles merged, which was then called the French branch of Workers' International. Influenced by chauvinism during World War I, he joined the bourgeois government. 1920 12 split at the Tours Congress, and most factions formed another * * * production party. 1936, the anti-fascist people's front founded by the party won the general election, and the leader of the socialist party, L. Bloom, became the prime minister of the government. The party was once disintegrated during World War II. 1943 reconstruction, to participate in the anti-fascist resistance movement. During the four years of the Republic of China, he has been involved in the Coalition government, which promoted the nationalization of France and the development of Europe. Since 1959, the organization has been increasingly divided, and party member has decreased. Since the 1960s, we have adopted the policy of approaching other left-wing parties. From 65438 to 0965, he formed a democratic social left-wing alliance with radical socialist parties. 1968 alliance broke down. 1969 formed a new socialist party. 197 1 merged with * * * and the agency agreement in June, and now Mitterrand is called the first secretary. 1972 formed a left-wing alliance with the * * * production party. In the late 1970s, the * * * Production Party withdrew from the left-wing alliance. 1981may, Mitterrand was elected president; In June, he became a parliamentary majority and won the position of Prime Minister. After the legislative elections in March, 1986 remained the largest party in parliament, but it lost its parliamentary majority status and the position of prime minister. 1After the parliamentary re-election in June 1988, the cabinet was formed again. The party emphasizes internal unity and implements a moderate and pragmatic policy. Oppose racism and pacifism abroad and advocate North-South dialogue. In 1987, there are about 2 1000 people in party member. Starting from 1987, the first subject is P. Maurois. Publish Unity (weekly)
The political delegation of the Socialist Party led by Mitterrand held talks with Li Xiannian, Vice Chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (1981February 10).
The largest left-wing party in France. 1920 12.29 was established and split by the Socialist Party (French branch of Workers International). 1935 participated in the creation of the anti-fascist people's front in July, and 1939 was declared illegal in September. The armed struggle against fascism began at 194 1. 1944 Since September, he has participated in five consecutive coalition governments. 1946 became the largest party in France after the election. 1947 was excluded from the government in may, and then the number of people in party member gradually decreased. In the 1960s and 1970s, we gradually abandoned the two formulations of proletarian dictatorship and Marxism-Leninism, and put forward the idea of building "socialism with French characteristics", which belongs to the category of European capitalism. 198 1 ~ 1984 Join the left-wing coalition government. 1985 The 25th National Congress praised the reform of socialist countries and reiterated that there is no model, center and guiding party in the socialist struggle. 1987, there were about 6 10000 people in party member, most of whom were workers. From 1972, G. Marshall served as general secretary. The central organ newspaper Humanity (Daily).
The French Defence Union is also known as the Gaulle Party. The main ruling party of the Fifth Republic of France. Formerly the French People's Union founded by Charles de Gaulle in 1947, it was dissolved in 1953, and its members were divided into three organizations. 1958 after de gaulle returned to politics, these three factions merged to defend the new alliance in 10, and then they were in power for a long time. 1974 and 1976 lost their positions as president and prime minister respectively. Its organization has been divided and merged several times, and the party name has been changed several times. Since February 1976, it has been called its current name. 198 1 became the opposition party after the legislative elections in June. 1in March 1986, it once again formed a parliamentary majority with the French democratic union, and its chairman, J. Chirac, served as prime minister again until1in June 1988. The party pursues Gaullism, advocates maintaining the system of the Fifth Republic and defending the national independence of France. Since 1980s, efforts have been made to privatize state-owned enterprises. 1988 there are about 350,000 people in party member. Since 1976, Chirac has been the chairman.
The French League for Democracy was founded in February 1978 by * * and the Party, Social Democratic Center, Radical Socialist Party, Social Democratic Party, Prospect and Reality Club and Direct party member, and was formally established in June of the same year. Since its establishment, it has been the main ruling party since June 198 1. 65438+March 0986 ~ 65438+May 0988 participated in administration. The purpose of the alliance is to coordinate the actions of the political parties, groups and individuals that make up the alliance and work for national unity and fairness. Internally, it is in favor of maintaining the fifth Republican system, advocating a certain degree of social reform, and advocating the implementation of liberalization policies in the social, economic and cultural fields. Advocate the realization of European political and economic integration. 1988, there were about 3 10000 people in party member. 1in June, 988, v Giscard d'Estaing was elected as the president of the alliance. The main reasons why all parties in the alliance still maintain their original institutions and independence are: ① * * * and the party. Commonly known as giscard school. Established in 1977. Its predecessor was the National Federation of Independence and People (hereinafter referred to as Independence and Party) founded by Giscard d'Estaing in 1966. 1974 Giscard d'Estaing became the main ruling party after he was elected president. 1may, 977, it merged with other guiscard organizations and was called * * * and the party. The party advocates risk-free reform, French-style democracy, Western European Union, and attaches importance to developing relations with the United States. 1987 There were about190,000 people in party member, mostly business owners, senior staff and freelancers. ② Social Democratic Party Center. 1976 May was formed by the merger of the former Democratic Center, the Progressive Democratic Center and the New Democracy Club. 1988, there are about 43,000 people in party member, mostly business owners and farmers. ③ Radical Socialist Party. One of the earliest political parties in France. Established in 190 1. 1924 formed a left-wing alliance with the socialist party and participated in the government many times. 1935 participated in the creation of the anti-fascist people's front. 1936 became one of the main ruling parties. During the ruling period, he pursued the policy of appeasement to the outside world, connived at the aggression of German and Italian fascists and brought down the People's Front. The party was once disintegrated during World War II. Rebuilt at 1944. During the Fourth Republic, it was still one of the ruling parties, but its influence was not great. The Fifth Republic is the opposition party. Since 1960s, he has been allied with other political parties and joined the Democratic and Socialist Left Alliance from 65438 to 0965. 197 1, the party began to split, and its right wing cooperated with the democratic center. The left wing formed an alliance with the * * * Production Party and the Socialist Party, and another left-wing radical movement was formed at 1973. Party member is rare, but most of them are representatives of local forces. ④ Social Democratic Party. 1973 12 was established, formerly known as the social democratic movement, and changed its name to 1982 10. 1987, there were about 1. 1 10,000 people in party member, most of whom were divorced from the socialist party.
The National Front has also been translated into the National Front. One of the extreme right-wing parties in France. 1972 10 was established in 10. Formerly known as the banned fascist organization "New Order Party". Since the 1980s, the party's votes in the European Parliament and the French parliamentary elections at all levels have been rising. 1986 won the same seats in the National Assembly as France in March, but only 1 seat in the legislative election in June. 1988. Its founder and chairman, J.-M. Le Pen, failed to run for the presidency twice in 1974 and 1988 respectively. The National Front advocates nationalism, xenophobia and racism, which has a certain influence among unemployed youth. 1988 there are about 50,000 people in party member.
Attached:
Main existing political parties in France:
Socialist Fran? French socialist party
French communist party? French producer * * *
France defends * * * and alliances.
Alliance Fran? Union for French Democracy
National front
France has a centralized system, which has long denied local autonomy and prohibited the existence of regional political parties. After World War II, some political parties appeared in Brittany and Corsica, demanding some local autonomy, but they had little influence on the French political situation.