Key knowledge of geography notes in senior three 1
First, agricultural location factors
Natural factors: topography, climate (light, heat, precipitation, temperature difference between day and night, natural disasters), water source and soil;
Socio-economic factors: market, transportation, policy, science and technology, labor force, planting history, industrial base, etc.
Taking commodity grain agriculture in Sanjiang Plain in Northeast China as an example;
Natural conditions: summer is hot and rainy, with rain and heat at the same time; Flat terrain; Fertile soil; There is plenty of water.
Socio-economic conditions: broad market; Convenient transportation; The land is vast and sparsely populated; High degree of mechanization; Policy support.
Note: Generally speaking, all the places suitable for the development of farming have favorable conditions such as flat terrain, fertile soil, sufficient water source or irrigation water, broad market, convenient transportation and policy support. However, as far as climate is concerned, low-latitude areas with more precipitation often have the advantage of good hydrothermal conditions, while places with less precipitation often have the advantage of strong illumination and large temperature difference between day and night.
The analysis of unfavorable conditions for regional agricultural development should also consider local ecological and environmental problems and natural disasters.
Eco-environmental problems in different areas of China;
Northwest China: land desertification; Soil salinization; Water resources are insufficient. North China: Soil salinization and lack of water resources.
Loess Plateau and Southern Hills: Soil Erosion. Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta and Bohai Rim: air pollution, water pollution, etc.
Daxing' anling and Xiaoxing' anling, Changbai Mountain and Hengduan Mountain Area: Forests have dropped sharply. Dongting Lake, Sanjiang Plain, etc. : Wetlands are decreasing.
Common natural disasters in different regions of China;
North: drought and flood, cold wave, sandstorm, strong wind, etc. South: drought and flood, typhoon, rainstorm, etc.
Southwest: drought and flood, earthquake, landslide, debris flow, etc.
● The water source in arid and semi-arid areas is the decisive condition for the development of irrigated agriculture. Such as northwest China.
Low latitude, lack of heat, such as the northeast; High altitude, insufficient heat, but sufficient light, large temperature difference between day and night, such as the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China; It is hot and rainy in summer, and the rain and heat are in the same period, which is beneficial to crop growth; When it is hot and dry in summer or there is little precipitation all year round, there is plenty of sunshine, and the temperature difference between day and night is large, but the water source is insufficient.
● Terrain affects agricultural types: planting is developed in plain areas, and forestry and animal husbandry are developed in mountainous and plateau areas. The plain area is favorable: the terrain is flat, which is conducive to farming; Disadvantages: not conducive to drainage, easy to waterlogging.
● Soil affects agricultural output: the plain area has deep soil layer and fertile soil; The mountainous terrain is steep and the soil layer is thin; The red soil in the hilly area of southern China is acidic and suitable for the growth of tea trees.
● Developed countries have a high level of science and technology, while developing countries have a low level of science and technology.
The market determines the type and scale of agricultural production. With the development of the city, farmers change food crops into flowers, vegetables, melons and fruits to develop dairy industry. The dominant factor is the market.
The improvement of traffic conditions and the development of refrigeration and preservation technology have expanded the sales scope of agricultural products.
● The main ways to increase the output per unit area: developing science and technology and cultivating improved varieties; Strengthen the construction of farmland water conservancy projects.
Second, the impact of agricultural production on the geographical environment.
Unreasonable agricultural production activities will lead to ecological destruction, environmental pollution and other problems: destroying vegetation, leading to the reduction of biodiversity, soil erosion and land desertification; Overirrigation leads to land salinization; A large number of chemical fertilizers lead to soil hardening; The extensive use of pesticides has led to soil pollution.
Three. Measures for sustainable development of regional agriculture
Adjust the structure of agricultural production; Promote the deep processing of agricultural products, extend the industrial chain and increase the added value of products; Strengthen the construction of farmland water conservancy projects; Develop science and technology to increase output per unit area; Cultivate improved varieties; Improve the agricultural ecological environment and promote the sustainable development of agriculture.
Key knowledge of geography notes in senior three
The second lecture on agricultural regional types
I. Rice cultivation
1, distribution: mainly distributed in monsoon climate zone and tropical rain forest climate zone in Asia, including East Asia, Southeast Asia and South Asia.
2. Location conditions:
Favorable: monsoon climate, rain and heat at the same time; Flat terrain; Adequate water resources; The soil is fertile. Adequate labor force; Planting has a long history and rich experience; There is a habit of eating rice, and the demand is large. Disadvantages: monsoon climate, frequent droughts and floods (strengthening the construction of farmland water conservancy projects).
3. Production characteristics: (one big, one small, one high and three low)
Large amount of water conservancy projects, small production scale, high output, low commodity rate, low level of mechanization and low level of science and technology.
Second, commodity grain agriculture
1, distribution: mainly distributed in the United States, Canada, Russia, Ukraine, northeast and northwest (sparsely populated areas).
2. Crops: wheat and corn (dry crops)
3. Location conditions: it is hot and rainy in summer, and the rain and heat are in the same period; The terrain is flat and open; Adequate water resources; Fertile soil; The land is vast and sparsely populated; Broad market; Convenient transportation; Policy support; Science and technology are developed (developed countries).
4. Production characteristics: large production scale, high commodity rate, high level of mechanization and high level of science and technology.
Third, pasture animal husbandry
1, distribution: arid and semi-arid climate zone with vast grassland; (Typical representative: Argentine pampas grassland)
2. Location conditions: mild climate and lush vegetation; The land is vast and sparsely populated, and the land rent is low; Close to the harbor, convenient transportation.
3. Production characteristics: large production scale, high commodity rate, high degree of intensification and specialization.
4. Inspiration from grazing in Argentine pasture: enclosure grazing, rotation grazing, planting feed, opening up water sources and cultivating fine cattle.
Four. Dairy processing industry
1, Distribution: Western Europe, New Zealand, Great Lakes in the Northeast of the United States, China, Beijing, Shanghai and other big cities.
2. Location conditions: the climate is cool and humid, which is conducive to the growth of juicy grass; Flat terrain, vast grassland area; Cities are densely populated and have a vast market; Convenient transportation.
3. Production characteristics: high commodity rate, high degree of mechanization, intensification and specialization.
Five, mixed agriculture (planting and animal husbandry in the same proportion)
1, typical example: Murray-Darling Basin in Australia;
2. Production target: planting wheat and grazing sheep;
3. Features: benign agricultural ecosystem; Reasonable arrangement of farming time; Strong adaptability to the market.
4. The typical example of mixed agriculture in China is pond production in the Pearl River Delta.
Key knowledge of geography notes in senior three 3
The third lecture on industrial location selection
(B) Analysis of industrial location conditions
Natural conditions: land, water resources, mineral resources and energy.
Socio-economic conditions: market, transportation, policy, science and technology, labor force, industrial and agricultural foundation.
Environmental conditions: consider wind direction, river flow direction, etc.
Take the industrial development of Shanghai or the Yangtze River Delta as an example;
Advantages: Linjiang and Linhai, with superior geographical position; Rich in water resources; Broad market; Convenient transportation; Policy support; Rich labor force and high quality; High scientific and technological level; Good industrial and agricultural foundation; Good conditions for cooperation.
Disadvantages: insufficient mineral resources and energy; Serious environmental pollution; Land is tight.
Compared with the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta also has disadvantages such as weak industrial base, low level of science and technology, lack of talents and narrow economic hinterland. The four industrial bases in China all have problems such as insufficient energy supply, serious environmental pollution and tight land use. In addition, the water resources in North China and Northwest China are insufficient, the level of science and technology in Northwest China is low, the infrastructure is backward and the ecological environment is fragile.
Key knowledge of geography notes in senior three 4
The fourth lecture on the formation of industrial zones
I industrial agglomeration and industrial regions
1. industrial linkage: production linkage (i.e. input-output linkage, such as old industrial areas);
Spatial connection (that is, the use of infrastructure, many domestic economic development zones are like this)
2. Industrial agglomeration:
Significance: ① strengthen information exchange and technical cooperation with infrastructure, ③ reduce freight and energy consumption, and finally reduce production costs and obtain economies of scale.
3. Industrial regions: industrial linkages form industrial agglomeration, and industrial agglomeration forms industrial regions.
Second, industrial diffusion and industrial transfer.
1. Purpose: It is conducive to giving play to regional advantages (cheap labor, cheap land, resources, market, etc. ), reduce the production cost and obtain the maximum economic benefit; It is beneficial to alleviate the land shortage in the former industrial zone and reduce environmental pollution.
2. Diffusion law: Developed regions often transfer labor-intensive and resource-intensive industries to underdeveloped regions, while retaining technology-intensive and capital-intensive industries.
3. Industrial transfer
(1) Influencing factors: labor cost, land price, internal transaction cost, market, etc.
(2) Purpose: to reduce costs and expand the market.
(3) Impact: (Analyze the ecological, economic and social impacts from both favorable and unfavorable aspects. )
For immigrant areas: optimize the industrial structure, promote the process of industrialization and urbanization, and promote economic development; Promote related industries and foundations.
Building facilities to increase employment opportunities; May aggravate environmental pollution. (Developing labor-intensive and resource-intensive industries)
Moving out: promoting industrial optimization and upgrading; Alleviate traffic congestion and land shortage and improve environmental quality; This may lead to
The rising unemployment rate has affected the short-term economic development. (Developing technology-intensive and capital-intensive industries)
● Developed countries invest and build factories in developing countries, the main purpose of which is to use the cheap labor resources of developing countries, and then occupy the local market and take advantage of their cheap land prices.
When developing countries invest and build factories in developed countries, they will mainly consider the technological advantages and information advantages of developed countries and avoid tariff barriers.
● The factors of production flowing from developed areas to underdeveloped areas mainly include capital, technology, talents and advanced management experience, while those flowing from underdeveloped areas to developed areas are generally cheap labor and resources.
● Advantages of attracting industrial transfer in underdeveloped areas: superior geographical location and proximity-; Low land price; Cheap labor; Convenient transportation; Beautiful ecological environment and strong environmental carrying capacity; The existing development degree is low and the development space is large; Policy support.
Third, traditional industrial areas.
(1) Ruhr, Germany
(1) is mainly distributed in Ruhr, the industrial zone in central Britain, the industrial zone in northeast America and the industrial zone in central and southern Liaoning, China.
(2) Development characteristics: Traditional industrial areas are generally developed on the basis of rich coal and iron resources. The main industrial sectors are coal, steel, machinery and chemical industry. The industrial structure is single.
(3) Conditions for the development of Ruhr area: abundant coal resources; Close to the iron ore area; Adequate water resources; Convenient land and water transportation; The market is vast.
(4) The reason of Ruhr's decline: single industrial structure; The energy status of coal has declined; World steel surplus (overcapacity); The influence of the new technological revolution; Serious environmental pollution; Mineral resources are increasingly exhausted; Land shortage and traffic jam.
(5) Remediation measures in Ruhr District: optimizing industrial structure and developing tertiary industry and emerging industry; Update equipment and transform traditional industries; Develop science and technology to improve the utilization rate of resources; Control pollution and beautify the environment; Expand traffic and improve the traffic network; Extend the industrial chain and increase the added value; Build a brand; Expand the market.
(3) Description of distribution characteristics of natural resources:
Resource type, resource quantity (reserves), resource distribution (widely distributed or concentrated, where concentrated? ) and so on.
For example, take the non-ferrous metal mineral resources in southern China as an example: there are many kinds of resources; Large reserves; Widely distributed.
(4) resource development conditions (generally, it can be carried out from three aspects, and attention should be paid to distinguishing favorable conditions and unfavorable conditions when evaluating)
(1) Resource reserves: It can be evaluated from the following aspects: the size of resource reserves, the size of distribution range, the number of types, the quality and so on.
(2) Mining conditions: It can be evaluated from the aspects of coal seam thickness, buried depth, topographic and geological conditions and whether it can be mined in the open pit.
(3) Market conditions: We can evaluate whether the consumer market is vast or not and according to the market distance.
(3) Traffic conditions: Whether there are convenient traffic conditions.
(4) Capital and technical conditions: It can be analyzed from the level of economic development and science and technology.
Fourth, the new industrial zone.
1, Italy New Industrial Zone (light industry, mainly labor)
Compared with the traditional industrial zone, the main features of the new industrial zone in Italy are: mainly small and medium-sized enterprises; Mainly light industry; Decentralized production process; Low capital concentration; Industry is scattered in small towns or rural areas.
2. "Silicon Valley" in the United States (high-tech industry, technology-oriented)
(1) favorable location conditions: superior geographical position and beautiful environment; The climate is pleasant; There are institutions of higher learning; Convenient transportation (mainly by air and expressway); Military orders (special conditions).
● General layout conditions of high-tech industries: close to institutions of higher learning and rich in talents; Beautiful environment; Convenient transportation; Policy support.
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