How to March and fight in ancient times
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Jade wall war
Open classification: war, history
In 534 AD (the third year of Xiaoxi in the Northern Wei Dynasty), the Northern Wei Dynasty was divided into the Eastern Wei Dynasty and the Western Wei Dynasty. The real power of the two Wei Dynasties was in the hands of prime ministers Gao Huan and Yu Wentai, the former was Xianbei Han Chinese and the latter was Xianbei Han Chinese. The monarch is just a puppet. The Yellow River was the boundary of the two Wei Dynasties, and Ye (now southwest of Linzhang, Hebei Province) was the capital of the Eastern Wei Dynasty, occupying most of the former Northern Wei Dynasty east of Hanguguan. The Western Wei Dynasty took Chang 'an (now Xi 'an, Shaanxi Province) as its capital and occupied the Guanzhong area of the former Northern Wei Dynasty. The two Wei dynasties opposed each other, and were later replaced by Qi and Zhou respectively, and finally Qi was destroyed by Zhou. Shanxi has always been the first place to fight.
With its vast territory and large population, Gao Huan wanted to wipe out the Western Wei Dynasty in one fell swoop. Although Yu Wentai lived in seclusion in Kansai, he serenaded a vast area with few people and lacked food and grass, but he worked hard to govern, paying special attention to the accumulation of victory in the battle, and his confidence and strength increased day by day. In 534 AD, Yang (Mu Puxian), a veteran of the Western Wei Dynasty, crossed the Yellow River eastward, cleverly captured the Eastern Wei Dynasty (now the ancient city of Yuanqu in Shanxi) and entered Hedong (now the southern part of Shanxi). Since then, the natural barrier of Guanhe, which relies on each other, has become unique to the Western Wei Dynasty. This historical phenomenon is quite similar to Anyi (northwest of the county this summer) of Qin Youwei in the Warring States Period, which is very important to the rise and fall of Qin and Wei. Now it is also crucial to the rise and fall of the Wei Dynasty. Because of this, Hedong became the focus of the desperate struggle between the two Wei Dynasties.
In 538 AD (the fourth year of the unification of the West, the first year of Emperor Xiaojing of the Eastern Wei Dynasty), the Lord of the Western Wei Dynasty was located in a dangerous place with jade (now southwest of Jishan Mountain in Shaanxi Province), and it was requested to build a city from Hengnong and move to Yubi Town (now Lingbao in Wei Wendi). The authorities of the Western Wei Dynasty gladly obeyed, and ordered "to add viceroy Fen (now Fenyang, Shanxi) and Jin (now Linfen, Shanxi). Why did Wang Sizheng invite the city to move to the town to build a jade wall? Why did the Western Wei authorities greatly appreciate and support it? Just look at the geographical location of this fortress, and you will know the reason: Yubidi is six kilometers southwest of Jishan County, located in the lower reaches of Fenhe River and the northern edge of Emei Garden in the watershed of Sushui River. Emei is the so-called "Emei Terrace" in geography, which is located between 34 52 ′ north latitude and 35 36 ′ east longitude, and between110 20 ′ and110 20 ′ east longitude. The platform edge is eroded by running water and rivers, forming steep loess cliffs and gullies. Most of the cliffs along the river are more than 50 meters, and the whole platform is like a huge loess castle. In the center of the platform, there are two Gufeng Mountain and Wangji Mountain, which are more than 1000 meters long and face each other from east to west, just like the two eyes of the platform. Occupy Emei Plain, the south-north tunnel in Sushui Valley can be controlled in the southeast, and the east-west tunnel in Fenhe Valley can be controlled in the northwest, which can be used for long-distance assault and retreat, the southwest can be used to defend Chang 'an, and the northeast can defend Yan Ping Jinyang. At the same time, the station is located in the warm temperate zone, with mild climate, fertile land and rich grain and hemp, which is an ideal place to provide military supplies for the people. Therefore, whoever owns the Emei Plain will have the strategic initiative. Now that the Western Wei Dynasty has entered Hedong, if it wants to gain a firm foothold and further consolidate its development, it must hold the Emei Plain-this is the reason why the Western Wei Dynasty built the city and moved the jade wall to the town. Hedong is the key to the competition between Wei, Jin and Eastern Wei, and it is also a "soft spot". Before Gao Huan set foot in Hedong, he was already on pins and needles. Today, it's even more natural to build a jade wall for him-that's why Gao Huan risked his country's fortune to pull it out.
The two battles of Yuwei City Wall were triggered by the attack of the Eastern Wei Dynasty on the Jade Wall of the Western Wei fortress. East Wei Jun was personally commanded by Prime Minister Gao Huan; For the first time, Wang Sizheng, the master of West Wei Jun, was the general, and Wei Xiaokuan, the secretariat of Jinzhou, was the general. The first Imperial Pen Battle took place in the early winter of 542 A.D. (eight years after the unification of the Western Wei Dynasty and the first year of Emperor Xiaojing of the Eastern Wei Dynasty). Gao Huan, with great military potential, is known as the "four-mile company battalion", from Jinyang People's Army to Jiangzhou (now Shanxi Xinjiang) along Fenhe Gu Dao. Gao Huan Enemy at the Gates, a carrot and stick, first gave him a secretariat of Bing and advised him to surrender, but Wang Sizheng did not accept it; Gao Huan then surrounded the Jade Wall and attacked it for nine days. It snows every day and there is a war outside the city. The foot soldiers were hungry and cold and suffered heavy casualties, so they had no choice but to retreat. qE0r5f-}C
In 546 AD (12 years of the unification of the Western Wei Dynasty and four years of Wuding of the Eastern Wei Dynasty), Gao Huan devoted all his efforts to the western expedition of Shandong people, aiming at Guanzhong, and Yuxiu was the first to bear the brunt. He even camped for dozens of miles, as if he were at the gates of Yubi. At that time, the soldiers in the city wore tough police uniforms; Gao Huan asked the archer Yuan Thief (a work called Yuan Yi) to shoot it, and each shot hit the target. There are heaped-up mountains outside the city and south of the city, and they want to attack the city condescendingly; Opposite the heaped-up mountains, there are two watchtowers in the city. Wei Xiaokuan is tied upstairs with wood, which is higher than the heaped-up mountains, and there are a lot of weapons waiting. Gao Huan made people shout to the city "I want to take it from the city", so he dug tunnels in the south of the city to approach the south, and at the same time attacked the city day and night from the heaped-up mountains in the north; Xiao Kuan dug a trench along the city to intercept the tunnel and strictly ordered the soldiers to hold the trench. Once the trench was dug outside the city, they immediately captured and killed it, and stored firewood outside the trench and prepared enough bellows. If the enemy lurks in the tunnel, he will blow it up and burn it with fireworks. There is no water in the city, so the water is diverted to Fenhe River. Gao Huan transferred the soldiers to Fenzhou. Filial piety is digging wells in the city. There are attack vehicles outside the city, which are strong and sharp, and will be destroyed wherever they go; The city is sewn with cloth, and the cloth is laid in the direction of the car. Since the cloth is hanging, the car can't break down. Outside the city, turpentine is tied to a high pole, pouring oil and adding fire, burning cloth and burning buildings; Long-handled iron hooks were built in the city, and the rods were cut with hooks, and all the loose hemp fell. Outside the city, the 265,438+0 road passes around the city, putting beams and columns, pouring oil, setting fire and collapsing. However, in this city, people erected wooden fences to stop the collapse. The siege outside the city has been exhausted, and the city is broken. Gao Huan was helpless, making people shout to Wei Xiaokuan, knowing that there were no reinforcements, why not surrender; Wei Xiaokuan answered me that the city is strict and solid, and there is more than enough food and grass. The attacker is futile and the defender is comfortable. Why did they come to the rescue? I'm worried about whether your soldiers will come or not. Gao Huan once again asked people to "shoot the cloud city": "Those who can behead the Lord and surrender, worship Qiu, seal off the country and county, and reward thousands of households. "Wei Xiaokuan wrote a book back, reflecting outside the city of Yuncheng:' If someone beheads Gao Huan, there will be a reward. "Gao Huan and Xiao Kuan were originally obedient at the gates of Shandong Province, and put the knife rest on their necks, threatening to kill the city without falling; Wei Xiaokuan is still unmoved, and the soldiers will feel righteously, which is the heart of survival with the city.
Gao Huan fought hard for 60 years, and nine times out of ten soldiers died, so he got sick and fled at night, and soon he died of resentment in Jinyang. In the Western Wei Dynasty, Wei Xiaokuan was awarded the title of ancient general for his meritorious service in guarding the city, and was awarded the title of Duke of Zhong Jian with Kaifu. In the early years of Baoding in the Northern Zhou Dynasty (AD 56 1 year), Wei Xiaokuan and Xun established the Jade Wall, and established the Xun State in the Jade Wall. Wei Xiaokuan was still awarded the history of the Xun State.
In the YuBi War, from the tactics used by Gao Huan to Wei Xiaokuan's guarding city tactics, it can be said that Jin Mu has everything from fire, water and soil, and all of them have reached the extreme level in ancient wars. This may be the richest and most complete tactical connotation involved in a battle in the history of ancient wars.
During Gao Huan's illness, Yuxiu was trained as a teacher after Jinyang. After the defeat, he inspired the soldiers and asked his master Hu Lvjin to write Red Music. This is a famous sentence that has been passed down through the ages: "The Chile River, under the shady mountain, has a sky like a vault and a cage covering four fields. The sky is wild, and the wind blows grass and sees cattle and sheep. " This nomadic folk song, which depicts the vast and magnificent grassland in the north, was handed down from the official book by the Battle of Jade Wall.
As far as the overall national strength and military strength of the two Wei Dynasties are concerned, the Eastern Wei Dynasty has an absolute advantage, but the Gao Huan Group: First, relying on its vast territory and abundant resources, enriching the people and strengthening the horse, blindly underestimating the enemy, and only revealing its upcoming tactics to the enemy through the propaganda of war. Second, corruption is ruled by officials. The so-called "civil and military rule rarely leads to incorruptibility", in which the corps commander first plunders the thieves within the people and then seeks the bandits outside, while Gao Huan insists that "all the philosophers touch the front, and throughout their lives, they are greedy and take the big place." Since the authorities are insatiable, eager to travel, uneven and unworthy, how can the army win? Third, the war work is weak, and the battle of Jade Wall twice, although both were field battles in winter, were both cities of attacking people. The first time was "heavy snow, soldiers were hungry and cold, and many people died", and the second time was "suffering for 60 years, the sick and wounded died". How can we win? The Western Wei Dynasty was the antithesis of the Eastern Wei Dynasty. First of all, despite being at a strategic disadvantage in terms of national strength and military strength, Yu Wentai Group can pay attention to carefully planning every battle, define a small victory as a big victory, and gradually increase its strength and morale. Secondly, the bureaucracy is relatively clean and the military discipline is relatively clean. As Yu Wentai said in the battle of Tongguan in 537 AD (three years of unification in western Wei Wendi and four years of filial piety in eastern Wei Dynasty), "There is no greed to despise your enemy, and no mob to bully you. If you use your life, you will be rewarded. If you don't use your life, you will be embarrassed. " Take several key figures in the Imperial Pen War as an example. General Wang Sizheng got 30 kilograms of gold and sealed it all. Wei Xiaokuan is "sensitive and honest, dabbling in history" and "good at comforting the court and winning the hearts of the people". Pei Xia, who has a long history, "devoted himself to death, loved the people like children, only ate salt and vegetables ... the day he left office". Therefore, the Western Wei Dynasty was able to turn defeat into victory and won the battle of Jade Wall.
In the ancient battlefield of Yubi, there is a general record in ancient literature: "The ancient city of Yubi is in the south of Jishan County. ..... The city is 80 miles back, surrounded by deep valleys. " According to today's on-the-spot investigation, Yubi Ancient Town Site is located in the north of Baijiazhuang, 6 kilometers southwest of Jishan, with geographical coordinates of 35 34 ′15 ″ north latitude and110 56 ′ 50 ″ east longitude. When the geographical position is right, it will run to the northern edge of Emei, and the Fenhe River is in the north. The situation changed suddenly. The wall of the north city collapsed after being washed by Fenhe River, and most of it did not exist. The south is cut by loess gully, and the south slope is broken. Up to now, there are still 150 meter walls well preserved. Bottom width 1 1 m, height 1 to 3 m, rammed layer 10 cm. There are also huge gullies on the east and west sides, eroded by running water, and the gullies collapsed, leaving 30 meters left in the Dongcheng wall. According to the macro-restoration of the remains, the ancient city of Yubi is roughly in the range of north of Baijiazhuang, north of west Beijing Pingmu Paper Mill and south of east Beijing Pingmu Screw Factory, with a length of about 4 kilometers, which is slightly concave from east to west according to the natural topography. There are still remnants of tunnels dug by Gao Huan in the ditch outside the Dongcheng wall. There is a so-called "mass grave" outside the west wall, and there are still white bones in the cliff, which is creepy. It is the remains of the soldiers who besieged Gao Huan in those days. "Seventy thousand people died and gathered in one hill"; There are still beacon towers in the north and west corners.
From the split of the Northern Wei Dynasty into the Eastern Wei Dynasty and the Western Wei Dynasty in 534 AD to the unification of the Sui Dynasty in 589 AD, in about half a century, the Eastern Wei Dynasty and the Western Wei Dynasty had two wars in 542 AD and 546 AD respectively. In the tripartite battle of the Eastern Wei Dynasty, the Western Wei Dynasty and the Southern Dynasty, the Eastern Wei Dynasty had advantages in national strength and military strength, and they won and lost each other in actual combat. After the war of Yu Bi, the weakest and poorest Western Wei Dynasty won two wars of Yu Bi, so it always took the strategic initiative in the tripartite competition, maintained an unbeaten record in previous major battles, and its national strength came from behind until the Northern Zhou Dynasty based on it and the Sui Dynasty based on the Northern Zhou Dynasty finally realized the second great reunification in the ancient history of China. From this, we can see the historical and strategic position of Yuxiu Battle and Yuxiu Fortress in the ancient history of China.
Battle of Canny, 2 16 On the plains outside Canny, 80,000 infantry and 6,000 cavalry of the Roman army fought with 40,000 infantry and10.4 million cavalry of Carthage. The conductor was paulus of Rome and Hannibal of Carthage. Roman infantry in the middle, cavalry in the wings. Infantry are arranged in 70 rows, which are divided into left, middle and right roads. Heavy infantry is placed in the center of the formation, with a certain distance between each row. The cavalry were placed on the left and right wings of the infantry: the right wing was a small number of cavalry composed of Roman citizens, and the left wing was the cavalry of the Italian League. Left, right and left 1000 cavalry as a reserve. The Roman army took the central front as the core, and the military density was relatively high, in an attempt to make a breakthrough in the central government. The Carthaginian army has weak infantry on the central front and strong infantry and cavalry on the two wings. And keep 3 thousand cavalry as a reserve. The overall shape of Carthage is a convex crescent. The battle began at 9 am. First, the shooter's volley, and soon began hand-to-hand combat. The center of the Carthaginian army retreated backward, and the front changed from a convex crescent to a concave crescent. The Carthaginian heavy cavalry quickly defeated the Roman cavalry and began to outflank the Roman army. Hannibal sent 500 light infantry to surrender. At noon, the southeast wind blew hard on the battlefield, and sand flew into the eyes of Roman soldiers, making their actions difficult. 500 soldiers who pretended to surrender began to chop down the Roman army around them. Because they were behind the front line, the Roman army could not understand the actual situation and panicked. At this time, the Carthaginian heavy cavalry has completed the siege. Due to the high density of the central Roman army in the front line, it was unable to move freely under siege, and the fighting continued until sunset. It is said that 54,000 Roman soldiers were killed and18,000 were captured. Six thousand people died in Carthage.
The Battle of Shaoyo River, a classic battle in which Mongolian troops defeated European cavalry. According to the evolution of arms and wars, the process of fighting is as follows: 124 1 year, Subutai and Badou of Mongolia led an army to attack Eastern Europe, forcibly crossed the Carpathian Mountains, and prepared to meet in the Hungarian plain. On the far wings of the two armies, two small cavalry units swept Poland, Silesia and East Prussia along the way to cover the strategic intention of the main force. Before the Mongolian army arrived in Pace City, Hungarian King Bella saw through the intentions of the Mongolian army and immediately organized an army of 654.38+10,000 people to seek a decisive battle with the Mongolian army. The main force of Mongolia's nearly 60,000 people retreated slightly to avoid the attack of the Hungarian army. In April, the two sides finally confronted each other on the Shoyo River. After Hungary judged that the other side was the main force of Mongolia, it quickly seized a huge bridgehead and built a solid barracks with a large number of carriages on the west bank, waiting for the attack of the Mongolian army. After the follow-up engineers arrived, the Mongolian army immediately shot at the Hungarian army guarding the bridgehead with trebuchets and rockets at dawn. The defenders were instantly defeated under the unprecedented attack, and the Mongolian cavalry quickly crossed the bridge and attacked the main force of the Hungarian army who had just woken up. When the Hungarians rightfully lined up and prepared to kill the Mongolian army, which was absolutely inferior in number, they soon discovered that this was not the main force! The main force of the Mongolian army is about 30 thousand people, and they have crossed the Hanjiang River in the south at night nearly a hundred miles away. The Mongolian main force killed the Hungarian army from behind, and the chaotic Hungarian army immediately retreated to the solid barracks for self-defense. Mongolian engineers fired dense boulders, rockets, poison arrows (historical records show that Mongolian poison arrows contain arsenic croton, which can produce strong toxic smoke) and burning oil at the barracks. The Mongols adopted the tactic of "siege is inevitable", and the Hungarians quickly collapsed and fled from the gap. However, the Mongolian army, dressed in light clothes, is much faster than the fugitives and can withstand it. It can constantly change horses and intercept them everywhere. In the Battle of Shoyo River, more than 70,000 Hungarian troops were killed.