The main content of this meeting is to discuss the global policy framework to deal with climate change after the expiration of the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol and determine the carbon dioxide emission reduction targets of Annex I countries to the Kyoto Protocol. Since climate change concerns the core interests and development prospects of mankind, whether a meaningful agreement can be reached on the new international climate system makes this conference regarded as one of the most important international conferences since the end of World War II.
As early as June 5438+February 15, 2007, the 13 Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (hereinafter referred to as the Convention) adopted the landmark Bali Road Map, which initiated the negotiation process of strengthening the full implementation of the Convention and the Kyoto Protocol, and made a clear commitment that in 2009, According to the Bali Road Map, at the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, the international community should reach a new agreement on emission reduction targets after 20 12.
What is the point?
Because the medium-term emission reduction targets of developed countries and the transfer of funds and technology to help developing countries adapt to climate change are two substantive issues that plague climate negotiations, it will be difficult to reach a new emission reduction agreement in Copenhagen, and the negotiation deadline set by the Bali road map is likely to be postponed.
At the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, representatives of 192 convention parties will have a fierce game around the following topics: a new round of global emission reduction target agreement, the mechanism for developed countries to provide funds and technology transfer to developing countries to adapt to climate change, the composition of forest protection mechanism and the improvement of clean development mechanism.
Who attended the meeting?
So far, more than 60 heads of state and government have confirmed their attendance at the meeting. China's Foreign Ministry spokesman Qin Gang1October 26th announced that the State Council's Prime Minister Wen Jiabao will attend the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen. British Prime Minister Gordon Brown, French President Nicolas Sarkozy and other heads of state and government all indicated that they would attend the meeting. US President Barack Obama will also attend the meeting.
Copenhagen Climate Conference
What was the result?
Require developed countries to increase emission reduction and increase technical and financial assistance to developing countries ... (all). China promised to delay carbon dioxide emissions, that is, by 2020, China's carbon dioxide emissions per unit of gross domestic product (GDP) will be reduced by 40%-45% compared with 2005.
The following are the attitudes of various countries.
EU: "It would be quite surprising if President Obama flew across the Atlantic to Copenhagen and just repeated the previously announced emission reduction targets of the United States." This is the statement made by Andreas Carlgren, Swedish Environment Minister who participated in the Copenhagen Climate Conference on behalf of the European Union, on the first day of the conference (65438+February 7th).
After the Danish Prime Minister Lars L Rasmussen, the host country of the conference, declared that "reaching an agreement is entirely possible", Carlgren's statement immediately revealed the tension at the negotiating table in the next two weeks.
Carlgren also claimed that the EU is ready to raise the emission reduction target from 20% to 30%, but it needs further efforts from other parties present.
Germany: seeking to play a leading role in emission reduction
Key points: I hope to promote the export of clean energy technology through climate protection.
Germany attaches great importance to climate change and environmental protection, and took the lead in formulating a national plan to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the early 1990s. In addition to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by vigorously developing renewable energy, Germany also seeks to play a leading role in global climate change.
In terms of international emission reduction, Germany believes that industrialized countries led by the United States should undertake the main emission reduction obligations, but emerging industrial countries such as China and India should also take corresponding measures. Hope to promote the export of its world-leading clean energy technology by advocating climate protection.
German Chancellor Angela Merkel 10 called on the international community to take concerted action to eliminate the harm caused by climate warming in her speech to the US Congress on March 3. Merkel expressed the hope that the United Nations Climate Change Conference to be held in Copenhagen in June+February, 5438 will reach a consensus on the goal that the average temperature of the earth will not rise by more than 2 degrees Celsius. Merkel said: "We need a new agreement. The whole world is watching the United States and Europe." She stressed that the opportunity to protect the living environment of mankind should not be missed, and overcoming global challenges can only be achieved through the cooperation of the international community. Merkel urged the US Congress to take practical actions to pass the greenhouse gas emission reduction bill, thus contributing to the outcome of the Copenhagen conference.
In the early 1990s, Germany took the lead in formulating a national plan to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. At that time, the Bundestag decided that on the basis of 1999, by 2005, Germany would reduce the total carbon dioxide emissions of industry, households and transportation by 25 percentage points. Under the constraint of this plan, Germany's greenhouse gas emissions in 2007 decreased by 2 1.3% compared with 1990.
In June 2008, the German Bundestag passed the "Climate and Energy Package" proposed by the government, with the goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions in Germany by 40% compared with 1990 by 2020. In order to achieve this goal, Germany vigorously develops renewable energy, mainly wind power generation and solar power generation, increases the contribution rate of renewable energy to the national energy demand, and strives to increase the proportion of clean energy power generation in Germany from 15% to 30% by 2020. Germany will also invest heavily in promoting the promotion of clean energy vehicles and new building insulation materials.
Russia: capable of achieving the goal of reducing emissions by 40%.
Viewpoint: It is suggested to establish a multilateral or global environmental protection fund.
A few days ago, the reporter interviewed Alexei, a Russian climate change expert and head of the global climate change project of WWF's Russian representative office. Kokorin. He said that Russia is less affected by climate change, and the Russian government does not think it is urgent to solve the climate change problem. Russia is fully capable of becoming a leading country in international emission reduction.
Kokorin said that the Russian government has done a lot of work in greenhouse gas emission reduction, and formulated relevant energy-saving and renewable energy development plans. The implementation of these plans will effectively curb the growth of greenhouse gas emissions, thus helping to reduce Russia's emission level. However, he believes that the motivation of the Russian government to take these actions is more to get rid of the economy's excessive dependence on energy.
Kokorin said that Russian President Dmitry Medvedev expounded Russia's international emission reduction obligations before the G-8 summit in June this year, mainly including two aspects: First, Russia plans to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 30 billion tons by 2020; Second, Russia plans to reduce emissions by 1990 10%- 15% by 2020. Kokorin believes that it needs to be revised here, because the forest factor is not considered in this index, and the forest can absorb about 65,438+00% of greenhouse gases. In addition, Russia's economic growth rate exceeds the growth rate of emissions. For example, from 2000 to 2007, Russia's economy grew at a high speed, and its annual emissions only increased by 1%- 1.5%, so Russia can actually achieve the emission reduction target of 40%. This shows that Russia is fully capable of becoming a leading country in international emission reduction. Of course, this requires Russia to make efforts in energy conservation, energy efficiency improvement and afforestation.
Kokorin believes that Russia can conditionally provide financial support to developing countries.
The plan under discussion in Russia is to establish a multilateral or global fund, similar to the Global Environment Facility, which will engage in green technology transfer, help developing countries reduce emissions, adapt to climate change and prevent large-scale commercial logging of tropical rainforests. Such funds should not operate under the mechanism of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, because this will limit the number of countries providing funds, but they cannot be completely divorced from the Convention and can be supervised by the relevant institutions of the Convention. In this case, Russia will provide some funds.
Australia: actively promote emission reduction legislation
Key points: We hope to play a greater role in the international arena through climate change affairs.
Climate change has been a priority policy goal since Rudd's government came to power in Australia. The Australian government urged China to pass the greenhouse gas emissions trading bill before the joint climate change conference in June+February, 5438, hoping to play a leading role in the South Pacific and play a greater role in the international arena through climate change affairs.
Global warming will affect Australia's biodiversity, and sea level rise will directly threaten the survival of Australia's surrounding islands. However, due to the differences of domestic interest groups and the pressure of economic development,
Australia has been hesitant to deal with climate change. Until 65438+February 3, 2007, the new Prime Minister Kevin Rudd signed the Kyoto Protocol, which was the first major event that Kevin Rudd and his government did after being sworn in that day. At that time, he issued a statement saying, "This is the first official action of the new government, which shows the determination of the new government to deal with climate change and is of great significance for Australia to continue to cope with global climate change at home and with the international community."
The greenhouse gas emissions trading bill actively promoted by Kevin Rudd's government is called "one of the most ambitious emission reduction plans", with the goal of reducing Australia's greenhouse gas emissions by 25% by 2020. The bill also binds nearly 1000 large polluting enterprises in Australia to buy carbon dioxide emission quotas, which account for more than 75% of Australia's total greenhouse gas emissions.
Australia's greenhouse gas emissions only account for about 1.5% of global emissions, but its per capita greenhouse gas emissions have surpassed those of the United States because of its heavy dependence on coal for power generation. According to the latest report released by the Australian Department of Climate Change and Water Resources on August 9th, from1September 1998 to March 2009, the greenhouse gas emissions in Australia increased by 1.6% annually on average. If greenhouse gas emissions are not controlled, carbon pollution in Australia will be 20% more serious than that in 2000 by 2020.
The Australian government was scheduled to start implementing greenhouse gas emissions trading next year, but the bill was blocked again and again after it was submitted to Congress. At present, the Australian government and the opposition party are still negotiating and continue to urge the bill to be passed before the United Nations Climate Change Conference.
Brazil: "voluntary" emission reduction decision
Key points: Brazil still has great potential for emission reduction.
Brasilia, Brazil–The Brazilian government announced on June 165438+ 10/3 that it plans to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 36. 1% to 38.9% on the expected basis by 2020. Brazil will submit this emission reduction plan to the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen in June+February, 5438.
According to Brazilian media reports, Brazilian President Lula 165438+ 10 13 convened a meeting of heads of civil affairs offices, the Ministry of Environment, the Ministry of Science and Technology and other relevant departments in Sao Paulo to reach an agreement on emission reduction targets. Dilma, director of the Brazilian Civil Office? Rousseff said at a news conference that she hoped that this "voluntary" commitment to reduce emissions would show the world the clear position of the Brazilian government in tackling climate change.
Rousseff said that the most optimistic estimate is to achieve the goal of reducing emissions by 38.9% by 2020, including 6. 1% for agriculture and animal husbandry, 7.7% for energy industry and 0.4% for steel enterprises. Some analysts say that if this goal can be achieved, Brazil's greenhouse gas emissions will be close to its emission level in 2020 1994, which is equivalent to a reduction of 20% on the basis of 2005.
As the largest developing country in the southern hemisphere, Brazil has a clear-cut attitude on climate change. President Lula has repeatedly asked developed countries to fully realize their historical responsibilities and make greater commitments in reducing emissions.
According to a preliminary report compiled by the Brazilian Ministry of Science and Technology, the total area of forest farms in Brazil is 360,000 square kilometers, almost equal to that of Germany. As long as Brazil aims to reduce 80% of deforestation in 18% forest farms, it is equivalent to reducing1.25438+billion tons of carbon dioxide emissions. Brazil is also a big country in biofuel research and development. If the application of biofuels is further promoted, 50 million tons of carbon dioxide can be reduced every year. In addition, if government departments subsidize returning farmland to forests in agriculture, 1 1 10,000 hectares of grassland for grazing will be restored.
Carlos, a meteorologist at the National Wide-area Institute of Brazil? "This is only a preliminary estimate, but it shows that Brazil has great emission reduction potential," Noble said.
Africa: speak with one voice
Key points: seek $65 billion in environmental compensation
Before the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, African countries unified their positions and sought industrialized countries to pay $65 billion as compensation for the victims with the least carbon dioxide emissions and the greatest impact.
In August this year, African countries held ministerial meetings and special summits of 65,438+00 countries in succession to discuss their common position in Copenhagen. In September, members of the Southern African Development Community 14 held a summit in Kinshasa, the capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, to further coordinate their positions on climate change. 10 10 In early October, African countries held a meeting in Ouagadougou, the capital of Burkina Faso, and decided to seek $65 billion in environmental compensation from industrialized countries, and demanded that industrialized countries reduce their emissions by at least 40% compared with the level of the 1990s by 2020.
Africa, with 53 countries, has a greater say in Copenhagen. Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles said in early September that African countries only want to use their "quantitative" advantages to seek a favorable climate change convention, otherwise they will veto any agreement. He also revealed that Africa will send a unified team to attend the meeting to negotiate on behalf of African countries and the African Union, and it is absolutely not allowed to reach another agreement that is not conducive to Africa.
African countries are also preparing to form an 80-nation alliance with poor countries such as island countries to seek the goal that the global average temperature increase will not exceed 65,438 0.5 degrees Celsius compared with that before industrialization by 2020, which actually requires industrialized countries to achieve at least 45% emission reduction.
Earlier this year, Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles pointed out that the pollution in the northern hemisphere was closely related to the famine that the country suffered in the 1980s, and rich countries should pay compensation.
According to a report published by the Geneva-based Global Humanitarian Forum in May this year, the total emissions of the 50 poorest countries in the world are less than 1%, but more than 90% of them are suffering from the adverse effects of climate change.
United States: Still holding a negative attitude towards climate negotiations.
Key points: It is necessary to set up obstacles to the transfer of advanced energy technologies.
After the Obama administration took office, it actively pushed Congress to pass legislation to formulate medium-and long-term plans for the US climate policy, but the legislative process was far behind expectations. At present, as the country with the largest per capita greenhouse gas emissions, the United States is still passive in dealing with climate change, which makes the prospect of reaching a comprehensive climate agreement in Copenhagen not optimistic.
The withdrawal of the United States from the Kyoto Protocol under former President Bush disappointed the international community. The United States has been the target of criticism because of its negative attitude towards climate change.
After Obama took office, the United States showed a more active attitude on climate change. In his first speech to the United Nations General Assembly in late September this year, Obama acknowledged that climate change was caused by human activities and believed that climate change could only be solved by human beings themselves. Obama acknowledged that climate change is mainly caused by developed countries, which have the obligation to play a leading role in the global response to climate change. The United States will achieve emission reduction targets by investing in clean energy, improving energy efficiency and reducing emissions.
According to the American Clean Energy Security Act (also known as the Climate Act) passed by the US House of Representatives at the end of June, the greenhouse gas emissions of the United States in 2020 will be reduced by 17% on the basis of 2005 (equivalent to a reduction of 4% on the basis of 1990) and will be reduced by 83% by 2050. The bill also introduces a greenhouse gas emissions trading mechanism called "cap and trade" to promote the formation of the US carbon trading market.
In the climate bill announced by Senate Democrats at the end of September, based on 2005, the emission reduction targets for 2020 and 2050 were set at 20% and 80% respectively, and the short-term emission reduction targets were set higher. However, analysts believe that this bill is difficult to pass.
165438+1On October 3, the declaration issued by the US-Europe summit indicated that the United States hopes to achieve the goal of reducing global greenhouse gas emissions by 50% on the basis of 1990 in 2050.
At present, the clean energy technology in the United States is mainly in the hands of private enterprises, and commercial transactions between enterprises are the main channel for technology transfer. The American government believes that technology transfer between enterprises involves commercial interests and intellectual property rights, and it is necessary to follow the market rules and strive for success. For this reason, the U.S. government has not been very active in promoting technology transfer, and sometimes even set obstacles to the transfer of advanced clean energy technologies to developing countries. The US House of Representatives also passed a resolution in June, claiming to formulate policies to prevent the Copenhagen Climate Change Conference from weakening US intellectual property rights in wind, solar and other clean energy technologies.
Japan: Emission reduction targets have sparked domestic debate.
Key points: Worried that emission reduction targets will affect its international competitiveness.
The Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) government is more active in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and Yukio Hatoyama put forward the goal of "reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 25%" shortly after he took office as prime minister. However, this move has caused controversy in Japan, and the economic community has serious resistance to "reducing emissions by 25%". Whether this goal can be specifically implemented remains to be seen. On the other hand, for its own benefit, the Hatoyama government has a positive attitude towards providing emission reduction assistance and technology transfer to developing countries.
In the previous LDP era, although Fukuda's cabinet proposed a long-term goal of reducing emissions by 60% to 80% compared with 2005, it did not express its position on the medium-term goal in 2020. As late as June this year, Aso's cabinet indicated the medium-term goal of reducing emissions by 65,438+05% in 2020 compared with 2005. The international community, especially developing countries, generally believe that this emission reduction target is too negative.
After Yukio Hatoyama was elected as Japanese Prime Minister, he announced the medium-term target of reducing emissions by 25% in 2020 compared with 1990 in late September, which was well received by western media.
Although Hatoyama left room for Japan in his statement, he stressed that the premise of the above emission reduction targets is to build a fair and effective international framework that includes all the "major emitters" of greenhouse gases in the world. However, this goal has caused a heated debate in Japan.
Japanese economic circles are mainly worried that excessive emission reduction targets will affect their international competitiveness, especially in the fields of steel, electricity and oil. At present, the heads of economic organizations such as the Japan Federation of Economic Organizations and some large enterprises have publicly asked the government to reconsider this goal. Many business leaders claim that the goal of "reducing emissions by 25%" will further lead to the hollowing out of Japanese industries and an increase in unemployment. According to the calculation of Aso's cabinet era, even the emission reduction target of 8% will reduce Japan's real GDP by 0.6% every year, increase the unemployment rate by 0.2%, and increase the average annual household burden by 77,000 yen. If the target is 25%, the unemployment rate in Japan will increase by 1.3 percentage points, and the family burden will increase by 360,000 yen. At the request of the opposition party, Hatoyama's cabinet decided to re-measure the impact of the 25% emission reduction target on the family burden at the end of 10.
Let's just say ... failed. ..
In short, developed countries use developing China countries as a shield and emission reduction as an excuse to weaken the strength of developing countries and safeguard their own interests. .....
Why is it held in Copenhagen?
Copenhagen, the capital of the Kingdom of Denmark. Located in the eastern part of Danmehilan Island, facing Malm?, an important Swedish seaport, across the Oresund. It is the political, economic and cultural center of Denmark, the largest and most important city in China, the largest city in Northern Europe and a famous ancient city. Although Costa Rica has a high geographical latitude, it is influenced by the Gulf Stream and has a mild climate. 1-The temperature in February is about 0℃, and the average temperature in July and August is 16℃. The average annual precipitation is 700 mm.
According to the historical records of Denmark, Copenhagen was a small fishing village and trading place in the early 11th century. With the increasing prosperity of trade, it developed into a commercial town in the early 12th century. In the early15th century, it became the capital of the Kingdom of Denmark. Copenhagen in Danish means "port for merchants" or "port for trade".
The population of Copenhagen is 50 1 ten thousand (in 2006, it was 1 month). Most of the country's important food, shipbuilding, machinery, electronics and other industries are concentrated here. Copenhagen's seaport is the largest commercial port in Denmark, with wide waters and excellent equipment. More than 35,000 ships enter and leave the port every year, and more than half of Denmark's foreign trade is imported and exported through here. There are railways connecting Copenhagen with jutland and Scandinavian countries by train ferry. There are many international routes passing through here, and it is the railway and aviation hub of Western Europe and Northern Europe. Copenhagen is not only a traditional trade and shipping center, but also a new manufacturing city. National 1/3 factory is built in Greater Copenhagen. The main industrial projects include shipbuilding, machinery, canning and wine making. The local East Asia company, Bumster-Wynn Machinery and Shipping Company, is world-famous. After 1950, the industry and population moved to the suburbs, and the urban population gradually decreased. Cars, electrified railways and buses are the main means of urban transportation. There is an airport 8 kilometers southeast of the city. Colleges and universities include Copenhagen University (1479), Danish University of Technology, Danish Institute of Technology, Royal Conservatory of Music and Academy of Fine Arts (1754).
Copenhagen has a beautiful and clean city appearance, and the emerging large-scale industrial enterprises and medieval buildings complement each other, giving it both the flavor of a modern city and the characteristics of ancient style. Among many ancient buildings, some ancient palaces and castles are the most representative. Located in the center of the city, Christianburg is the oldest. The present Christian Fort was rebuilt after it was destroyed by fire in 1794. It used to be the palace of the Danish king, but now it is the seat of parliament and government building. The Kroenburg Palace, built on the rock at the exit of the Oresund, used to be a military fortress to guard the ancient city, and it still preserves the batteries and weapons built at that time. In addition, Amarinburg, the palace where the Danish king now lives, is also quite famous. The bell tower of Copenhagen City Hall is often crowded with curious tourists. Because there is an astronomical clock, the components are complex and the workmanship is exquisite. It is said that this astronomical clock not only runs extremely accurately, but also can calculate the positions of the planets in space, and can tell people the name, date and year of the Gregorian calendar, the operation of constellations, solar time, Central European time and sidereal time. This astronomical clock was made by a locksmith named Olson, who spent 40 years of hard work and a lot of money.
There are more than twenty museums and more than ten parks in Copenhagen. One of the most beautiful is the seaside park next to the Langlini harbour in Copenhagen. There is a world-famous bronze statue of the mermaid on a boulder there. This was created by Danish sculptor Eriksson in 19 13 according to Andersen's fairy tale "The Daughter of the Sea". Like the bridge in London and the tower in Paris, it became the symbol of Copenhagen. In March 2006, the Copenhagen municipal government decided to move the mermaid statue to the deep sea, because too many tourists caused too much damage to the sculpture. In addition, the amusement park in the city center is a world-famous entertainment place, and there are China-style buildings in this park. There is also a spectacular "Geffen Fountain" on the quiet tree-lined road of Longrini and his party. In the center of a flower-shaped pool, a huge circular stone pier stands, and waterfall-like spring water is sprayed around the bottom of the stone pier. Above the stone pier, a half-naked goddess, waving a whip in her right hand, raised her braids in the high wind and looked very resolute and courageous. The four strong cows she drove pulled the cart with their heads down. According to legend, ancient Denmark was robbed by magic, and the goddess Gifion came down to save it. She turned her four sons into four cows before trying her best to pull Denmark out of the sea. Gao Peng, a famous Danish sculptor, created this striking bronze sculpture according to this myth and legend. The numerous bronze sculptures in Copenhagen make this ancient city full of poetry and painting. The largest zoo and aquatic museum in northern Europe is also in Copenhagen. Founded in 1479, the University of Copenhagen is the earliest institution of higher learning in Northern Europe. In order to see the beautiful scenery and places of interest in Copenhagen, about10 million people come to Copenhagen from all over the world every year.
Its pleasant climate, beautiful scenery, long culture and developed transportation are the first choice for hosting the World Climate Conference.