Mongolians are mainly distributed in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and the rest are distributed in Xinjiang, Qinghai, Gansu, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang and other provinces. The population is 4,806,849,000 (the fourth census 1.990), of which there are1.30,000 in Yunnan, who live in Mengxin Township, Tonghai County, and are divided into five natural villages: Zhongcun, Xiacun, Baige, Jiaoyiwan and Taojiazui. They are descendants of Mongols who stayed in Yunnan during the war with Kublai Khan in the early Yuan Dynasty. It has been more than 740 years since Tonghai Mongolians came to the lakeside at the foot of Qihu and the foot of Fengshan in Yunnan Plateau from the prairie in northwest China. For more than 700 years, we have lived in harmony with the people of all ethnic groups and made friendly exchanges. We have overcome all kinds of difficulties and obstacles with the spirit of self-reliance and national unity, and built Qilu Lake and the foot of Phoenix Mountain into a land of plenty.
Animal husbandry is the main economy that Mongolian people depend on for a long time. In addition, it is also engaged in processing industry, agriculture and industry. At present, it is mainly based on breeding. Mongolian people are good at singing and dancing, and there are two kinds of folk songs: long tune and short tune. The main musical instrument is Ma Touqin. Like wrestling. Mongolian yurts and Lele cars are their companions in nomadic life.
Language: Mongolians have their own language. Mongolian belongs to Mongolian family of Altai language family, and there are three dialects: Inner Mongolia, Weilat and Balhubriat. At present, the commonly used characters were created by 13 century with Uighur letters. /kloc-At the beginning of the 4th century, the original script was transformed by Mongolian scholar Chageyi Voser and became a common Mongolian language. Mongolians in Yunnan can speak Yi and Chinese, and their Mongolian can communicate with Mongolian in the north.
Mongolian journalism, publishing, broadcasting, drama and film have also made great progress. Classics such as The Secret History of Mongolia have been identified as world-famous cultural heritage by UNESCO. The famous heroic epic Jianger is one of China's three heroic epics. "Drinking good things" is listed as one of the important medical inventions that have made outstanding contributions to world civilization.
Main distribution areas: Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Xinjiang, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Qinghai, Hebei, Henan and other places.
history
Mongolia has a long history, and the title of Mongolia was first seen in the Tang Dynasty, when it was only the name of one of many tribes in Mongolia. The tribe originated on the east bank of the Ergon River, and then gradually migrated to the west. Tribes compete to plunder population, livestock and wealth, forming an endless tribal war. /kloc-At the beginning of the third century, Genghis Khan unified the Mongolian tribes and established a unified Mongolian aristocratic regime. 12 19 westward, expanding its territory to central Asia and southern Russia. 127 1, the Mongolian number was changed to yuan. 1279, the Southern Song Dynasty perished and China was unified. The Yuan Dynasty perished in 1368. Since the Yuan Dynasty, Mongolian people have made great contributions to China's politics, military affairs, economy, science and technology, astronomical calendar, culture, art and medicine.
1 May, 9471day, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region was established under the leadership of China * * * Production Party, becoming the earliest autonomous region established in China. Later, nine autonomous prefectures and counties were established:
Mongolian Autonomous County in Northern Gansu Province (1July 29, 950)
Bayinguoleng Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang (1June 23, 954)
Xinjiang Bortala Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture (1954 July 13)
Xinjiang Hebukesaier Mongolian Autonomous County (1954 September 10)
Qinghai Henan Mongolian Autonomous County (1954 65438+ 10/6)
Qianguoerluosi Mongolian Autonomous County, Jilin Province (1 September 9561)
Dorbod Mongolian Autonomous County of Heilongjiang (1956 65438+February 5)
Harqin Left-wing Mongolian Autonomous County, Liaoning Province (1 958 April1)
Fuxin Mongolian Autonomous County, Liaoning Province (1April 7, 958)
taboo
Mongolian people should avoid riding too fast when riding and driving near yurts, so as not to disturb the herd; If there is a fire in front of the door or a sign such as a red cloth strip is hung, it means that there are patients or parturients in this family, and outsiders are not allowed to enter; Guests can't sit on the west kang, because the west is the direction of Buddha worship; Avoid dead animal meat and donkey meat, dog meat and white horse meat; Avoid red and white for funerals and black and yellow for weddings; Avoid baking feet, shoes, socks and pants on the brazier; Smoking, spitting, touching utensils, classics, Buddha statues and making loud noises are prohibited when visiting temples, and hunting near temples is not allowed.
custom
Greet each other when meeting, even strangers should say hello; When colleagues meet acquaintances, they usually ask "Sai Bai Nu" (hello). If you meet elders or people you meet for the first time, ask "Hosai Bainu" (hello). It is a traditional Mongolian virtue to entertain passers-by (whether you know them or not), but you must respect your host when you are a guest in a Mongolian home. After entering the yurt, you should sit cross-legged on the carpet around the stove, but the west of the stove is the owner's residence, so you can't sit casually when the owner is not sitting. Guests generally drink milk tea sent by their hosts, and it is impolite not to drink it; The host asks for dairy products, and the guests should not refuse, otherwise it will hurt the host's heart. If it's inconvenient to eat more, just eat a little.
Offering Hada is also a noble courtesy of Mongols. When offering Hada, the giver hands it down to the other party, and the recipient also takes it with both hands or lets the giver hang Hada around his neck to express his gratitude.
Mongolians pay great attention to etiquette and rules when entertaining guests. For example, if you eat mutton, you usually give the sheep's pipa bone with meat and four long ribs to the guests. If you entertain guests with beef, give them a spine with meat, half a rib and a fat sausage. The biggest banquet for the guests is the mutton banquet. The feast of the whole sheep includes bones, limbs, ribs, thoracic vertebrae, sheep's head, and in some areas, sheep's heart, liver, rectum and stomach are added. The production method is to pour all parts of the whole lamb into a cauldron. After the water temperature rises, add a certain amount of cooked yogurt and gently boil it, and turn it frequently. Sausage, belly, heart, liver and burnt sheep head are cooked in another pot. Add seasoning and serve. When opening a banquet, put the cooked parts into a big plate with the tail facing outward, and carve a "ten" on the sheep's head to symbolize good luck. When eating, the host should ask the guests to cut the recommended bones of the sheep, or the elderly should cut them first and then eat them together. Before the girl gets married, the family must cook the lamb breast for the girl as a farewell. Roast whole sheep used to be used for sacrificial ceremonies or Aobao, but now it has become a special dish for grand festivals or welcoming VIPs.
religion
Mongolians believed in Shamanism in the early days, and generally believed in Lamaism after the Yuan Dynasty.
Dress
Jewelry, robes, belts and boots are the four main parts of Mongolian costumes, and the ornaments on women's heads are mostly made of agate, pearls and gold and silver. Men wear robes to tie their waists, while women embroider lace patterns on sleeves and high collars, which is similar to that of the Mongols. Women like to wear clothes of three different lengths. The first one is a close-fitting dress with sleeves reaching to the wrist, the second one is a coat with sleeves reaching to the elbow, and the third one is a collarless double-breasted vest with straight rows of flashing buttons, which is particularly eye-catching. Mongolian people have the fashion of solidarity and mutual assistance, and festivals include Spring Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Torch Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival. Mongolian people are good at singing and dancing, and there are two kinds of folk songs: long tune and short tune. Their favorite dance is called "Tiaoqu". Everyone forms a circle, clapping and singing while jumping. In recent years, the contact with relatives in Inner Mongolia has increased, and the "Nadam" event has been held to attract guests from all over the world.
Holidays and festivals
Traditional festivals include "White Festival", offering sacrifices to Aobao, Nadam, and the game of the brave on the grassland: bristle Festival.
The biggest festival of the Mongolian people in a year is the annual festival equivalent to the Spring Festival of the Han people, also known as "Baiyue". Legend has it that it is related to the whiteness of milk, which means wishing good luck. The time of the festival is roughly the same as the Spring Festival. On New Year's Eve, every family eats hand-grabbed meat, including jiaozi and pancakes. On the morning of the first day, the younger generation will offer "farewell wine" to their elders.
In Xilin Gol League, people not only celebrate the New Year's Festival, but also celebrate the "Horse Milk Festival" every summer. Before the festival, every household should slaughter sheep for mutton or lamb feast, and also squeeze horse milk to make wine. On the festival day, every herdsman's family will take out the best milk powder, cheese, milk tofu and other dairy products and put them on a plate to entertain guests. Koumiss is considered as a sacred drink, dedicated to distinguished guests.
Nadam convention: held every summer and autumn in leisure time for grazing. "Nadam" means entertainment or games in Mongolian. The content includes wrestling, horse racing, archery, dancing and material exchange. In addition, many new contents have been added after liberation, such as track and field, ball games, cultural performances, photo exhibitions, film screenings, and exchange of production experience. This has become the favorite activity of the Mongolian people.
Luban Festival is a traditional Mongolian festival in Xicheng, Tonghai County, Yunnan Province. It is held every year on the second day of the fourth lunar month for one day. The Mongolians who live here have learned building techniques from other brothers. The houses they built are not only unique and beautiful, but also durable, which is praised by people of all ethnic groups nearby. In order to commemorate and celebrate the achievements of civil architecture, they designated the second day of the fourth lunar month as Luban Festival. On the day of the festival, masons, carpenters and masons who go out for construction, no matter how far or near, will rush home for the festival. Every village has to kill pigs and sheep, and it also has to do operas. People also picked up the Luban statue carved from sandalwood, beat gongs and drums and swam straight to the villages. Then, everyone gathered on the court to sing and dance. Their favorite dance is called "Dance Music". When jumping, the young men are the first to lead. They held the leading ukulele and danced while playing. The crowd behind them is divided into two rows, sometimes in a circle and sometimes interspersed with each other. The formation is changeable and the scene is very active.
After the festival, the village is busy harvesting wheat and rapeseed, plowing and transplanting rice. After finishing these farm work, craftsmen went out to contract construction in droves.
Dietary customs
There are many distinctive Mongolian foods, such as roast sheep, roast whole sheep with skin, hand-pulled mutton, fried sheep, roast leg of lamb, milk tofu, Mongolian buns, Mongolian pies and so on. There are: thin cream, Mongolian standing dairy products; Milk skin; All-sheep banquet is a traditional Mongolian banquet dish, which is also often used for sacrificial activities. Roasted sheep cooked with Erdos flavor dishes in Inner Mongolia; Chinese cabbage and mutton rolls; Xinsu cake, a traditional Mongolian folk cake; Dry rice, Mongolian snacks.
Mongolian herders regard sheep as the guarantee of life and the source of wealth. Three meals a day, every meal is inseparable from milk and meat. Food made of milk is called "Chaganyide" in Mongolian, which means holy and pure food, that is, "free food"; Food made of meat is called "Ulan Yide" in Mongolian, which means "red food".
Besides the most common milk, Mongolians also eat goat's milk, horse's milk, deer's milk and camel milk. Some of them are used as fresh milk drinks, and most of them are processed into dairy products, such as dried yogurt, milk tofu, milk skin, cream, thin cream, cream residue, cheese crisp, milk powder, etc., which can be eaten at dinner and are also snacks suitable for all ages. Dairy products have always been regarded as excellent treasures. If there are visitors, they should be introduced first. If the child comes, he should also put milk skin or cream on his head to show his good wishes.
Mongolian meat is mainly beef and mutton, followed by goat meat, camel meat and a small amount of horse meat, and yellow mutton is also hunted during the hunting season. There are more than 70 kinds of traditional ways to eat mutton, such as all-sheep banquet, tender-skinned all-sheep banquet, all-sheep banquet, roasted sheep, roasted sheep heart, fried sheep belly and stewed dishes with sheep brain. The most distinctive ones are Mongolian roasted whole sheep (peeled and roasted), oven roasted whole sheep with skin or Alashan roasted whole sheep, and the most common one is grasping sheep by hand. Mongolians pay attention to the clear cooking of mutton and eat it immediately after cooking, so as to keep the mutton fresh and tender, especially when cooking mutton, avoid overcooking it. The Mongolians in the Mongolian-Chinese mixed area in the east of Inner Mongolia also like to add seasonings to cook the meat into crispy mutton. In some areas, Mongolians also like to cut the meat on the tenderloin of sheep into large pieces and fry it into fried meat slices, which is called "big fried sheep" by the people. Beef is mostly eaten in winter. It's all beef banquets, and more is stewed, braised and made into soup. Camel meat and horse meat are also eaten, and fried hump slices are dipped in sugar, which is a dish. Experienced chefs are also good at cooking beef tendon, deer tendon, bullwhip and oxtail into various therapeutic dishes. For the convenience of preservation, beef and mutton are often made into dried meat and bacon.
Fried rice is a unique Mongolian food, which occupies the same important position as red and white food in daily diet. Mongolians in the western region also have the custom of "bumping people" with fried rice. Add sheep oil, red dates, brown sugar and white sugar to make fried rice, mix well and knead into small pieces to serve as tea and rice. Steamed millet is mostly used to cook porridge with diced meat, and crushed noodles can be used to make pancakes; There are more and more foods made of flour in Mongolian daily diet, the most common ones are noodles and pancakes. They are good at making distinctive Mongolian buns, Mongolian pies and stuffed Mongolian cakes. Mongolians in Alashan and Erdos in the west also have the habit of making "Zhang Ru" with flour. The Zhelimu League in the east is rich in buckwheat, and the pancakes baked with buckwheat flour are a distinctive local food.
Mongolian people can't live without tea every day. In addition to drinking black tea, almost everyone has the habit of drinking milk tea. The first thing in the morning is to boil milk tea. Milk tea is best boiled with clear water. After boiling, pour it into a clean pot or a pot filled with tea powder, and simmer for 2-3 minutes, then mix fresh milk and salt to boil. Mongolian milk tea sometimes adds butter, or milk skin, or fried rice. , fragrant and salty, is a nourishing drink containing many nutrients. Some people even think that it's okay not to eat for three days and not to drink milk tea for one day. Mongolians also like to cook milk tea with fruits, leaves and flowers of many wild plants. Boiled milk tea has different flavors, and some can prevent and treat diseases.
Most Mongolians can drink alcohol, mostly white wine and beer, and some areas also drink milk wine and koumiss wine. When Mongolian people brew milk wine, they first put fresh milk into a barrel, and then add a small amount of yogurt-loving juice (more sour than ordinary yogurt) as a starter, and stir it every day. After all the milk turns sour in 3-4 days, they can put it in the pot and heat it. The pot is covered with a bottomless wooden bucket, and several small pots with big mouths facing down are hung inside the bucket. Then, put an iron pot full of cold water on the bottomless barrel. Yogurt evaporates after heating, condenses into liquid after cooling, and drops into a small basin. Every holiday or when friends and relatives get together, there is a habit of drinking a lot. Koumiss is fermented from fresh koumiss without distillation.
marriage customs
Mongolians generally start to talk about marriage in autumn and August. The young man's parents entrusted their trusted relatives to choose a good day to take their son to see his aunt in China. If the girl and parents take a fancy to the young man, they will accept Hada and a plate of cake, and the matter will be settled. Winter is a good day for a wedding. After the date is selected by both parties, the groom's family will go to the girl's house to meet relatives in the evening. At this time, the wedding has begun, and various ethnic styles and interesting wedding programs are constantly staged until the East turns white. As soon as the wedding team got on the horse, they went to the groom's house with the wedding team. When it was not far from the groom's house, the farewell team stopped. When they got home, the farewell team came back with the groom's parents and relatives for the second time. After the mother-in-law lifts the veil for her daughter-in-law, the bride and groom should kowtow and propose a toast to their parents, wedding ceremony and relatives. Everyone will also sing a toast and dance excitedly, and the joy will ripple on the grassland.
Civilian residence
"Mongolian yurt" is the Manchu name of Mongolian herdsmen's housing. "Bao" means "home" and "house" in Manchu. In ancient times, yurts were called "vault", "felt tent" or "felt house".
There are round yurts, large and small, and large ones can accommodate more than 20 people to rest; Little people can also accommodate 10 people. The construction of yurts is very simple. Generally, draw a circle according to the size of the bag where it is suitable for aquatic plants. Then Hana (made of 2.5-meter-long wicker) was erected along the drawn circle, and Wuni (a wicker with a length of about 3.2 meters) was erected at the top to kidnap Hana and Wuni together into a circle. Even if a herder settled on the grassland.
After the yurt was built, people decorated it. Spread a thick carpet, place furniture, and hang picture frames and posters around. Now some furniture and electrical appliances have also entered the yurt, and life is very comfortable and happy.
The biggest advantage of yurts is that they are easy to assemble and disassemble. Easy to move. When it is erected, the Hannah will be opened to form a circular fence. When disassembling, folding Hannah back will reduce the size and can also be used as a board for cattle and carriages. A yurt can only be carried by a two-humped camel or a two-wheeled ox cart, and it can be covered in two or three hours.
Although the yurt looks small, it has a large use area. And indoor air circulation, good lighting conditions, warm in winter and cool in summer, not afraid of wind and rain, very suitable for herders to live and use frequently.
Because the Mongolians in Balikun have lived together with the Han nationality for a long time, their costumes are close to those of the Han nationality. Only a few elderly people wear traditional Mongolian costumes, including blue headscarves, blue big-breasted robes, ribbons around their waist and leather boots. However, on major festivals, Mongolian men and women should wear traditional national costumes, lacy Mongolian robes, colorful silk belts and Mongolian leather boots, which are heroic and majestic.
In the past, Mongols were mainly nomadic, so they lived in yurts. Now, in addition to nomadism, a considerable number of Mongolians are engaged in agricultural production or farming and animal husbandry, and have settled in villages and towns.
The traditional diet of Balikun Mongolians is mainly pasta, milk, meat and wild leeks, onions and mushrooms in summer. Later, due to the long-term mixed living among the Han people, engaged in the life of semi-farming and semi-grazing, vegetables are now widely eaten. Mongolian people are warm, generous and sincere in hospitality. When entertaining guests, they must propose a toast and sing a "toast song" to create a warm atmosphere and express their welcome, blessing and respect to the guests. Mongolians especially advocate respecting the elders and caring for the younger generation. If an older elder comes to the family, you must meet him and tie up your horse. When the elders want to leave, they should also hold the saddle on their horses.
Mongolian festivals are mainly Spring Festival and Aobao Festival, as well as some Lantern Festival (Zulu Festival) and Maier Festival. The first day of sending winter to welcome the Spring Festival, that is, the Spring Festival, is called "Chagan Sari". Mongolians have their own unique ways to celebrate the Spring Festival. May 13 of the lunar calendar is Aobao Festival, which is the most common ritual activity of Mongolian people. Aobao is a common mountain pile on the grassland for people to sacrifice. At the top, you should insert willow branches into clusters and erect poles into columns. "Making a mountain out of stone" and "regarding it as a god" are the embodiment of mountain gods, land gods and nomadic protector gods, and are typical of shamanism's primitive worship. On the day of offering sacrifices to Aobao, people happily gathered in front of Aobao to offer sacrifices. First, lamas burn incense and recite scriptures. After offering the offerings, people walked around Aobao's palm from left to right and kowtowed three times, praying for God's blessing. After Aobao Festival, there will be horse racing, wrestling, archery, singing and dancing and other recreational activities. Therefore, offering sacrifices to Aobao is not only a religious activity, but also an opportunity for young Mongolian men and women to display their talents, skills and emotional exchanges.
Horse racing, wrestling and archery are called "three heroic arts" and are the specialties of grassland riders. Mongolians, both men and women, have learned to ride horses since childhood, and have been riding horses in Ma Rufei since they were teenagers. They can bend down and pick up handkerchiefs, whips and other things that the horse put on the ground when running. Wrestling is also a favorite competitive activity of Mongolian people, and the wrestling scene is wonderful and exciting. Archery is the strong point of Mongolians, and it is also a skillful sport that has been passed down to this day.
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