Brief introduction of nationalities
Buyi is one of the ethnic minorities in China. 2,545,059 people, including more than 2 million in Guizhou Province, accounting for more than 95% of the Buyi population. They mainly live in two Buyi and Miao autonomous prefectures in southern Guizhou and southwestern Guizhou, and in counties (cities) such as Duyun, Dushan, Pingtang and Zhenning in Guizhou 10. The rest are scattered in Yunnan, Sichuan, Guangxi and other provinces (regions).
Buyi area has beautiful scenery and colorful natural scenery. More than a dozen tourist attractions such as the famous Huangguoshu Waterfall, Guiyang Huaxi, Anshun "Dragon Palace" Cave and Panjiang Tiesuo Bridge welcome thousands of tourists every year. In addition to tourism resources, wildlife resources and mineral resources are also rich.
Buyi language belongs to Zhuang-Dai branch of Zhuang-Dong language family of Sino-Tibetan language family, and has no mother tongue. Buyi language came into being in 1950s, but it has not been widely popularized. Now there is more commonly used Chinese.
Buyi people mainly focus on agriculture and have a long history of planting rice. Enjoy the title of "America". Hongshui River Basin is also one of the most important forest areas in China.
national history
Buyi nationality is an indigenous people in the southeast of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, who worked and lived here as early as the Stone Age. Buyi people are related to Liao, Baiyue and Baipu in ancient times. In the Tang dynasty, it was called "Southwestern People"; Song and Yuan Dynasties were called "Fan Man" and "Zhong Jia Man Man"; They were called "Zhong Man people" in Ming and Qing Dynasties. After the founding of New China, they were collectively called Buyi people.
Buyi and Zhuang are of the same origin and were a branch of Baiyue in ancient times. Nowadays, the Buyi people still retain some customs and habits of the Guyue people, such as living in a dry bar room and knocking on bronze drums. Some people think that Yelang Kingdom in the Western Han Dynasty is related to Buyi people today. Some Buyi people call themselves Buyi and Buyi Covenant, while others call themselves Buyi and Booman. After the founding of New China, Buyi people were used as the national title according to national identity.
Since the Song Dynasty, the Buyi people have been fighting against the exploitation and oppression of the feudal ruling class. In modern history, they also fought against foreign churches, Japanese imperialism and Kuomintang reactionaries. They are a country with a glorious revolutionary tradition.
Ethnic diet
The staple food is mainly rice. People like to steam rice into rice with a special cooker "Naozi". Buyi people generally like to eat glutinous rice, which is often used as a staple food to improve their lives or adjust their tastes. Cold dishes, "moss frozen meat" and "bean jelly" are the favorite foods of Buyi people. Sauerkraut and sour soup are almost essential for every meal, especially for women. There are also blood tofu, sausages, and flavored dishes made of dried fresh bamboo shoots and various insects.
Buyi people are mostly good at making pickles, bacon and lobster sauce, and the unique folk pickle "hydrochloric acid" is famous at home and abroad. Among the meat dishes, dog meat, dog enema and beef soup pot are the top dishes. When the Buyi people kill pigs, it is customary to put some salt in the blood basin first, and then stir it with pig blood. After solidification, add chopped green onion and seasoning, boil the soup in water and boil it with pig blood, which is called "promoting blood circulation" and is the best dish for hospitality. Buyi people in Guizhou like to cook with scalpers to prevent weddings.
Wine plays an important role in the daily life of Buyi people. After the autumn harvest every year, every household will brew a lot of rice wine and store it for drinking all year round. Buyi people like to entertain guests with wine. No matter how much you drink, as long as you arrive, you always take the wine first. This is called "welcome wine". When drinking, use bowls instead of cups, guess fists and sing.
Buyi people have many traditional snacks, especially Buyi people living in Yunnan, who are good at making rice noodles, bait slices, pea powder, rice cakes and so on.
Buyi people are generous and hospitable, which is characterized by that during the Maple Leaf Festival on February 3 (or March 13) every year, many Buyi people dye glutinous rice with various plant pigments such as Liquidambar formosana leaves, and make it into flower glutinous rice to entertain guests and distribute it to relatives and friends.
National architecture
Yi shan bang Shi Shui board house
The distinctive feature of Buyi folk houses is that they live by mountains and rivers. Most of the residential buildings are dry-column buildings or semi-buildings (buildings in front of the first half and bungalows behind the second half). Buyi areas such as Zhenning and Anshun in Guizhou are rich in high-quality stone, and there are also large flat stone slabs that can be uncovered layer by layer and have a basically uniform thickness. This thin stone comes from water-bearing shale. According to local conditions, the local Buyi people used local materials to build slate houses with national characteristics. Stone slab houses are made of stone strips or stones, and the wall height can reach five or six meters; Covering the roof with slate, paving it in a neat diamond shape or paving it in a scale shape with materials, the stone house is not only impervious to wind and rain, but also simple and beautiful, with a light roof, easy to live and no sense of oppression. In a word, except sandalwood rafters are made of wood, the rest are made of stone, and even tables, stools, stoves, bowls, bowls, grinders, troughs, altars and basins used in daily life are made of stone. Everything is simple and honest. This kind of house is warm in winter and cool in summer, which is moisture-proof and fire-proof, but the lighting is poor.
In Chengguan Town, where the county seat of Zhenning Buyi and Miao Autonomous County is located, most houses are made of stone, and there are dozens of stone buildings with three or four floors. Because the stone is pale gray, it is more crystal clear and clean after processing, so when you look at Zhenning during the day, the silver light flashes; Looking at Zhenning on a moonlit night, the frost covers the snow. For this reason, it has the reputation of "Yinzhenning" and "Yinzhenning" in ancient times. The stone buildings in this town have a long history of more than 600 years, which is both solidified music and immortal epic.
Buyi people are very particular about building houses. First of all, please ask the teacher of Yin and Yang to take a look at the "Feng Shui" and choose a place near the mountains and rivers as the base address of the house, not only facing the Qingshan Mountain, but also facing the Qingfeng Mountain. It is best to rely on mountains such as "lying lion guarding", "green dragon enclosure" and "riding your seat"; When you go to the mountain, you should choose the forms of "Shuanglong grabbing treasure", "Shuanglong playing with pearls", "Wan Ma returning to the trough" and "Shouxing holding high photos". Fortunately, most Buyi areas are limestone mountains, which are not difficult to find. Choose an auspicious day when building a house. A month before an auspicious day, a carpenter was invited to make a framework for a house. The auspicious day for building a house is dedicated to Master Luban. When the house was put up, my father-in-law sent me a girder with big flowers of red silk tied on it, and a band and a lion dance team set off firecrackers. Song and dance ceremonies and banquets will also be held on the beam. Finally, take the ancestral tablet and the kitchen god (charcoal fire) to the new house. The whole process of building a new house is filled with the atmosphere of jubilation and mutual assistance in Buyi villages.
Culture and art
The culture and art of Buyi nationality are colorful. Traditional dances include bronze drum dance, weaving dance, lion dance and sugar bag dance. Traditional musical instruments include suona, Qin Yue, flute, konoha and flute. Di Opera and Lantern Opera are the favorite operas of Buyi people. Cloth woven by farmers themselves has long enjoyed a good reputation. In recent years, enterprises specializing in the production of Buyi brocade, batik cloth and national craft clothing have been established one after another, and their products are exported to Southeast Asia, Japan, Europe and America.
Batik process
The batik of Buyi nationality has a long reputation. As early as the Song Dynasty, batik cloth was recorded, which is a specialty of Huishui in Guizhou. The "blue and white cloth" mentioned in the history books of Qing Dynasty is batik cloth. Buyi girls began to learn batik from their mothers when they were twelve or thirteen years old. First, the beeswax is heated and melted into wax juice, then dipped in the wax juice with a triangular copper wax knife, and various beautiful and vivid patterns are carefully drawn on the self-woven white cloth, and then dyed in indigo vats to be blue or light blue. Finally, the cloth is boiled to remove beeswax, fished out, washed repeatedly in the river and dried to form a unique batik handicraft.
Batik cloth is rich and concise in patterns, lively and bold in painting, and presents unique turtle patterns (also known as small ripples), which has artistic effects that cannot be replaced by machines.
Different regions have different styles of batik art: some like to use flowers, birds, insects and fish as batik patterns, which are bold in composition and vivid in image; Some are characterized by rigorous structure and delicate lines; Some of them are made of dragon claw flowers and tribulus terrestris flowers, with rough and bright colors ... Batik art not only beautifies people's lives, but also enriches the costumes of Chinese and foreign women.
In the past 20 years, some batik factories have been built in Guizhou, and special art designers have created and drawn new patterns. The images of various figures and animals are richer and the colors tend to be diversified.
Batik cloth is mostly used for women's headscarves, dresses, waists and quilts, door curtains and curtains. Some of them have a high level of craftsmanship, and their designs are very novel and exquisite. They are also used as art wall hangings to decorate living rooms and hotels. Buyi women also add embroidery to batik dresses, which is more charming.
Besides batik, traditional Buyi folk crafts include tie-dyeing, brocade, embroidery, wood carving, stone carving and bamboo weaving.
National marriage custom
Buyi marriage is monogamous. Marriage of the same clan or surname is prohibited. It also maintains the custom of "cousins get married" and the transmission system of brothers and sisters. Young men and women are free to fall in love before marriage. Unmarried young men and women everywhere like to freely combine three to five to seven or eight people to express their feelings through chatting, joking and singing. A man has a crush on a girl. According to tradition, he must find a third party as a partner, and the others are introduced by his sister-in-law. If the woman wants to, she can meet alone in a quiet place, further sing folk songs and express her feelings until the two sides give each other tokens, indicating that they have pledged their lives.
When engaged, the man's parents entrusted the matchmaker to the woman's house to send some gifts such as wine and meat rakes. If the other party agrees, the second matchmaker will make the eight characters of both men and women "effective", and as long as the eight characters match, you can choose the wedding date. The amount of bride price in this area pays special attention to the number of "six" or "double", which is said to be a homonym for taking "six" as land to show that both of them are blessed after marriage. When getting married, the groom doesn't say hello to the bride, but only asks young men and women of several good friends to say hello. Brides usually walk to the man's house with umbrellas, and some ride horses in sedan chairs. On the wedding day, the newlyweds split up and went back to their parents' house the next day. Buyi people in residential areas still have the custom of "living at home" or "sitting at home". Some people have to live in their husband's family for two or three years or even five or six years. Buyi people in mixed areas have largely abolished this custom.
Etiquette custom
Buyi people are hospitable, generous and sincere. Anyone who comes to the cottage, relatives and friends of old friends and strangers, will treat each other with wine. Buyi people are very polite and don't welcome abusive and rude guests.
Buyi families live separately. However, despite the separation of brothers, when distributing property, parents should be left to support the old-age fields, and brothers should take turns farming. After the death of parents, the old-age field became a graveyard for tomb sweeping. So that future generations will always remember the trust and kindness of their elders.
national costume
Buyi people live in villages near Pingba or valley, and both men and women like to wear blue, blue, black and white clothes. Young and middle-aged men often wear headscarves, double-breasted jackets (or long-breasted robes), headscarves and trousers. Most elderly people wear double-breasted jackets or robes. Women's clothing varies from place to place. Some women wear right-handed clothes, trousers or pleated skirts, as well as silver bracelets, earrings, collars and other jewelry. Some like to embroider clothes, while others like to wrap their heads with white towels.
Buyi girls have the aura of making batiks since childhood, and most of the clothes they wear are hand-sewn, which fit well and are simple and generous.
National festivals
Except New Year's Day, Duanyang and Mid-Autumn Festival, the traditional festivals of Buyi nationality are basically the same as those of Han nationality, and there are festivals with their own national characteristics such as February 2nd, March 3rd, April 8th, June 6th and June 24th, and Cow King Festival. The most solemn festival is the lunar calendar "June 6th". In some places, there are sowing festivals, off-year festivals, the 29th of the twelfth lunar month, the 27th of the first lunar month and the 3rd of March, and Han festivals are also celebrated.
The biggest festival in a year is China New Year (Spring Festival). From New Year's Eve to the 15th. Before New Year's Eve, we should kill Nianzhu, cook glutinous rice and prepare all kinds of vegetables. Buyi people in Yunnan have the habit of being vegetarian from the first day to the third day; Buyi people in Sichuan must eat chicken porridge on New Year's Eve or the first day of the year, which is called blood rice porridge by the people. Each surname has a different pre-dinner ceremony, and the pre-dinner ceremony of both parties must be exactly the same. Many entertainment activities will be held during the festival.
Jump flower festival is held every year from the first day to the 21st day of the first lunar month. "Flower Jumping Party" is a social activity for young men and women, with a large scale and more than 1000 participants. Many unmarried young men and women subscribe to life songs by blowing leaves. On holidays, little girls wear gorgeous lace clothes with beautiful buttons, while boys wear double-breasted shirts, bearded belts, blowing konoha leaves and smiling. Enthusiastic sisters lead horses for the boys, from five villages and eight villages, from invisible mountainsides to places where flowers and dances are held. It is a flat grassland, next to a crystal clear river, and to the north is a paulownia forest full of tender buds. There are people shouting and laughing everywhere, at least thousands of them. Cowhide drums are like thunder, shaking the empty valley, when it is fast, when it is slow, when it is suppressed, when it is young, the sound of Rao cymbals is intoxicating! On the field, a group of young men and women are singing and dancing. The song is beautiful and the steps are light. Young people sit on the riverbank and play "Friends", playing Qin Yue and playing konoha to make love, showing their love to each other with a pair of bright and affectionate eyes like river water, and their reflections are swaying, which has a unique flavor. There is a platform near the edge of Tonglin. There are wonderful Buyi operas, rich and colorful, and the whole lawn is full of cheerful atmosphere. They sang and danced, and unconsciously the sun set on the back of the slope, and the sunset glow fell on the buds of Tonglin. People reluctantly rode horses and left the lawn one by one.
The flower dance is another bridge party between boys and girls. They planted love on the grass dam. On the last day of the festival, 21st (called "combination"), they announced the end of the annual flower dance. The 22nd is "Shepherd's Day", which means engagement. Young people take "sheep" home (take girls home for blind date) to meet the man's family and decide on a lifelong event. On this day, many young people go to Caoba to bring their future wives to the village. However, where are shy girls willing to step into the threshold of the object's home? On the mountain behind the stockade, in the jungle, I secretly took a look at where the object's home was. We will call it a day after the 22nd, and spring ploughing has already started. People are busy with spring ploughing, striving for a bumper harvest of grain, cotton and sugar in the coming year and building a mountainous area!
June 6th is a traditional festival of Buyi people. Due to different living areas, the dates of festivals are not uniform. In some areas, this festival is on June 6th, which is called June 6th. In some areas, China New Year is celebrated on June 16 or June 26th of the lunar calendar, which is called June Street or June Bridge. Buyi people attach great importance to this festival and have always called it "off-year". When the festival comes, every village will kill chickens and pigs, make pennants with white paper, dip them in chicken blood or pig blood and put them in crops. It is said that if you do this, "Tianma" (locusts) will not come to eat crops. On the morning of the festival, several venerable old people in the village led young adults to hold traditional activities of offering sacrifices to the ancients and sweeping the village to drive away ghosts. Except those who attend the sacrifice, all the other men, women and children, according to the Buyi custom, should wear national costumes and take glutinous rice, chickens and ducks, fish and water wine to the hillside outside the village to "hide from the mountains" (the local Han people call it the June market). After the sacrifice, the priest led everyone to the villages to sweep the graves to drive away the "ghosts", while the people in the "Tibetan Mountain" talked about the past, sang about the present and had various entertainment activities outside the villages.
When the sun goes down. People who "hide from the mountains" sit on the floor one by one, uncover rice baskets, take out mellow wines and delicacies, and invite each other to visit. Wait until the mountain god rings "divide the meat! Divide the meat! " After shouting, people selected able-bodied men, divided them into four groups, carried four legs back to the mountain god, and the rest of them carried them home together, and then each household sent people to the stockade to collect the beef sacrificed to the mountain god. In festive entertainment, throwing flower bags is the most interesting. The flower bag is made of various colors of cloth and looks like a pillow. It contains rice bran, adzuki beans or cottonseed. The edge of the flower bag is decorated with lace, and when the flower bag is thrown "with whiskers", young men and women stand aside and throw at each other several meters apart. Its methods include right throw, left throw and overhead throw, but horizontal throw is not allowed. It is required to throw far, quickly and firmly. Flowers are flying in the air. They are really beautiful. If a young man throws a flower bag at his beloved, and the bag falls to the ground over his shoulder, the girl will give him gifts, such as collars, rings and bracelets. This is regarded as a token of love, and the young man will keep it for a long time.
June 6th has a long history. Legends about its origin vary from place to place. One of them is that in the ancient times of flood and famine, Pangu, the ancestor of Buyi nationality, accumulated experience in planting rice in his work and harvested crops every year. Later, he married the daughter of the Dragon King and gave birth to a son named Hong Xin. Once the son offended his mother, the dragon lady returned to the Dragon Palace in a rage and never came back. "Pangu" had no choice but to remarry. Pangu died on June 6th, one year. Xinheng was abused by his stepmother and almost killed. He couldn't bear it, so he sued his stepmother and vowed to destroy the rice seedlings she cultivated. When her stepmother learned about it, she regretted it very much and finally made up with Hong Xin. On June 6th every year, the day Pangu died, she killed pigs and ducks and made sacrifices to Pangu. Therefore, the Buyi people hold the activity of offering sacrifices to Pangu on June 6th every year, to show the continuation of future generations and the bumper harvest of crops.
March 3rd is a traditional festival of Buyi people. According to legend, a family of three sisters married in the stockade and all lived well. One day, grandpa wanted to see his grandson. When the grandchildren of the three families heard about it, they all tried their best to let grandpa go to their home first. Grandpa said, on March 3, you take your best waxy food to Zhaizi intersection, and I'll go first if anyone tastes good. On this day, the eldest daughter fried meatballs, the second daughter cooked rice cakes and the third daughter cooked five-color glutinous rice. Grandpa came to Zhaikou and opened three things. Five-color glutinous rice is his favorite because of its bright color and fragrant taste, so he went to his third daughter's house first. Since then, every Buyi family has cooked glutinous rice on the third day of the third lunar month to entertain relatives and friends. Over time, it formed the annual March Festival.
Tea White Song Festival is a traditional festival of Buyi people in Xingyi, Guizhou Province, which is held every year from June 2 1 day to 23/day of the lunar calendar. At that time, there will be tens of thousands of people of all ethnic groups in Yunnan and Guangxi 1 0 counties, and the scale can be described as grand.
National taboo
When visiting Buyi people's homes, you are not allowed to touch shrines and shrines, and the tripod next to the fireplace is not allowed to be trampled. Buyi people are used to drinking for their guests, who drink more or less. It is forbidden for anyone to touch and cut down the mountain god tree and the big arhat tree in Buyi village. Buyi ceremony must be even. When a child is sickly, his parents will find him a protector, michel platini and godmother. There are two ways to find michel platini and dopted mother: one is to wait at home one day, and the first person to come to the door within three days is the child's protector; Second, on an auspicious day, parents lead their children and wait for the first passerby on the road, which is the protector.
Ethnic religion
Buyi people used to believe in primitive nature worship and held sacrificial activities every year, among which the house for the elderly (village god) was the most grand. In the second month of the lunar calendar, rabbit day or tiger day is chosen to open sacrifices, and every household is required to offer eggs and pork to the gods, so that the whole village can have a dinner on the spot, hoping that the whole village will have a bumper harvest and peace.
Buyi people believe in polytheism, worship nature and ancestors, and a few believe in Christianity. There are many festivals every year to worship mountain gods, tree gods and so on. Every church has ancestral tablets, and there are festivals on holidays.
According to legend, it is the birthday of the "Cow King and Bodhisattva", and cows should rest on that day. In some places, black glutinous rice flour or white glutinous rice flour is dyed black and then mixed with water, the horns are painted black, and then the cows are led to the water, so that they can see their shadows and "know" that the plowing work is coming to an end, so they can rest. In some places, the corners are painted white with lime paste instead of black powder.
Legend has it that it is "Dragon King's Robe Day", and wealthy families take their good clothes outside to dry. Generally speaking, people cook or eat glutinous rice, old people drink and tell stories, and young people sing folk songs on the hillside grass.
"Sowing Festival" is a special festival of Buyi people in Xiliang Township, and the time is set in the "Year of the Monkey" after sowing (Grain Rain) every year. On that day, every household came to the field with zongzi, wine, meat, incense sticks and paper money, offering sacrifices to the "Bodhisattva", praying for good weather, pest control and good harvests.