The Complete Works of Teaching Plans of History Enlightenment in Senior High School
Teaching objectives
Knowledge and ability: memorization: rationality, enlightenment; Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau and other great enlightenment thinkers and their thoughts; The influence of Kant and the Enlightenment; Understand the background of the rise of the Enlightenment and analyze the great influence of the Enlightenment; Understand the great reaction of superstructure to social development.
Process and method:
1, using tabular method to guide students to master the main representatives of the Enlightenment and their thoughts;
2. Use comparative methods to deepen the understanding of enlightenment thinkers' thoughts and personalities.
3. Compare the similarities and differences between the Renaissance and the Enlightenment with comparative methods, and explain the development of humanism with the Enlightenment.
Emotional attitudes and values:
1, through the study of this course, let students realize that "a certain culture is a reflection of politics and economy in a certain society in concept and form"; 2. Learn the truth-seeking spirit of enlightenment thinkers and cultivate students' lofty ideals and ambitions; 3. By analyzing the great influence of French Enlightenment, let students understand the great role of ideology in social development, thus improving the consciousness of learning theory.
Important and difficult
Emphasis: the thoughts of enlightenment thinkers and the influence of enlightenment movement.
Difficulties: the differences and connections between the Enlightenment and the Renaissance.
teaching process
What is "enlightenment"?
It is to open up wisdom, liberate people from the ignorant, backward and dark feudal society through education and publicity, and get rid of the superstition and prejudice spread by the church, so as to strive for freedom and equality.
Enlightenment? It was a bourgeois ideological liberation movement in Europe against feudal autocracy and church oppression in 17 and 18 centuries.
1. Under what background did the Enlightenment rise?
Material 1: With the further development of capitalism, capitalism in western Europe developed rapidly in the 17 and 18 centuries, with the growing bourgeoisie and strong economic power.
Material 2: French autocracy reached its peak in17-18th century. Social members are divided into three grades, priests and nobles belong to the first and second class and have political and economic privileges; Others are the third class, the ruled class. The emerging bourgeoisie is in a suppressed position politically and economically, and their contradiction with feudal rule and Catholic church is becoming increasingly acute.
Material 3:
In the face of the glory of great humanism, the ghost of the Middle Ages disappeared. "Inspired by humanists, a rational era was created ... The religious reform in Europe challenged the religious authority headed by the Pope and laid the foundation for the ideological liberation of Western European society.
Material 4
/kloc-Heliocentrism of Copernicus in the 6th century fundamentally shook the theoretical basis of religious theology in medieval Europe. 17 and 18 centuries, the natural sciences advanced by leaps and bounds, providing a sharp weapon for the Enlightenment.
Second, the development of the Enlightenment
1, Rise-Britain (17th century)
Hobbes, Locke
2. High tide-France (18th century)
Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau
3. Expansion-Other European countries
Kant (Germany)
Third, the main content of enlightenment:
Attack the authority and superstition of the church, oppose autocracy and ignorance, and advocate science, freedom and equality.
Voltaire: Views
Material 1 "I don't agree with everything you say, but I will defend your right to speak to the death!" "All people with natural abilities are obviously equal ... they don't rely on anything except the law. This is a free man. …
Material 2 The Pope is a biped. The history of Catholicism is the history of crimes against humanity and the "root of evil".
"Don't the farmer's son was born with a ring around his neck, and the noble son was born with spurs on his legs? …"
Material 3: "A respected and rich king has unlimited power to do good, but he is powerless to do evil. On the one hand, it is a noble minister, on the other hand, it is a representative of the city and has the right to legislate with the monarch. "
Rousseau: point of view
"People are born free ... this is a gift from heaven and is essential for anyone. If someone doesn't take away the freedom given by this day, it is a great sin to heaven and a great shame to himself. "
"The sovereignty of the country belongs to the people, and the power of the ruler comes from the contract he signed with the people. If he goes against public opinion, the people have the right to overthrow him. "
condition
1, the most radical democrat among enlightenment thinkers;
2. It provided a theoretical basis for the French Revolution.
Napoleon began to contact the works of enlightenment thinkers when he was young and became a believer in the Enlightenment, but his follow-up to pioneers was quite different. 1800 In August, he said in front of Rousseau's grave: "Future events will show that if Rousseau and I have never lived in the world, it may be more beneficial to world peace."
Montesquieu: point of view
Complete works of high school history enlightenment teaching plans II
I. Curriculum standards
Briefly describe the views of enlightenment thinkers such as Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau and Kant, and summarize the development of humanism in the Enlightenment.
Textbook analysis
1. One of the characteristics of this section is that the content is abstract and theoretical, which is difficult for students to understand. This is the weakness and blind spot of students' learning. Therefore, it is necessary to make clear the key points and break through the difficulties in teaching.
2. The second characteristic of this part is that it has the status and function of connecting the preceding with the following. Inherit the Renaissance and usher in the era of bourgeois revolution. Enlightenment is the second bourgeois ideological emancipation movement, and its great contribution is to lay the theoretical foundation of democratic politics, which is forward-looking.
Analysis of learning situation
Senior two students are keen on exploration and knowledge, their rational thinking ability is forming, and their world outlook and values are highly plastic. The content of this lesson, students have been exposed to junior high school history, and have a full understanding of related knowledge. Studying high school history for more than one year, I am basically familiar with the learning methods of high school history. Moreover, in the study of the compulsory history of three thoughts, I have mastered that the ideological culture in a certain period is a reflection of social politics and economy at that time, and at the same time it has a counter-effect on social politics and economy.
Teaching objectives
Knowledge and ability
1, understand the background of the European Enlightenment and master the main viewpoints of enlightenment thinkers.
2. By reading the lecture materials of thinkers in the Enlightenment, we can improve our ability to understand historical materials and analyze and evaluate problems. By analyzing that the Enlightenment is the inheritance and development of western humanism, we can improve our ability of induction and comparison.
3. By discussing the historical conditions and great influence of the rise of the Enlightenment, we realize that social existence determines social consciousness, and social consciousness reacts on social existence.
(2) Process and method
Through the use of multimedia courseware, the situation is introduced to inspire and stimulate students' interest. Taking Rousseau's experience as a clue, the social experiences of Voltaire, Montesquieu and Kant are connected in series with their backgrounds and ideological contents. Teachers should also carefully design learning plans to arouse students' thinking, give full play to their enthusiasm, truly understand the key points and difficulties, and thus internalize them into their own knowledge.
Emotional attitudes and values
Enlightenment is the product of social, political and economic development, the accumulation place of the essence of human civilization and the result of modern bourgeois struggle. These achievements belong not only to their individuals and that era, but also to the world and all mankind. Therefore, through the study of this section, students can:
1. Cultivate humanistic consciousness and strengthen the concept of rule of law.
2. Learn from Rousseau's spirit of never compromising any rights and authority, daring to challenge, daring to resist and constantly pursuing truth.
3. Understand the great impetus of advanced ideas to the progress of human society, actively absorb the essence of enlightenment ideas, and provide reference for the construction of democratic politics in China.
Important and difficult
1. focus: the main viewpoints of enlightenment thinkers.
2. Difficulties: The Enlightenment inherited and developed the spirit of western humanism.
teaching method
Scenario creation method, question inquiry method, historical data learning method and speculative learning method.
Seven. Preparation of teaching AIDS
multimedia courseware
Eight, class arrangement
One class hour
Nine, the teaching process
Introduce a new course
Today, we are in an era of great changes in globalization and intelligence. More than 300 years ago, Europe in the17-18th century was also in an era of great human change. There was a 30-year-old son of a Swiss watchmaker who wandered to Paris, the cultural center of Europe at that time, with dreams. Pushing open the door of Paris, I looked up and thought, "God, I have no choice!" " At that time, none of the living methods of European intellectuals were open to him. At that time, intellectuals probably had three ways to live. The first category, in today's words, is Weibo V, a senior writer and celebrity. People like Voltaire, at a young age, have published many books with their youth and talent. Philosophical communication is his political opinion against feudal absolutism formed during his exile in Britain. In Louis XIV, Voltaire spared no effort to expose the cruelty and greed of the church. Voltaire rebuked all powers, churches and kings, and hit the nail on the head, thus gaining a large number of fans and ladies all over Europe. And the watchmaker's son wants to open a world. Where did he get the connections? The second category is people in the system, government officials, scholars and officials, such as Montesquieu in the Enlightenment, who was a justice at that time and spent all day thinking about the relationship between law and political system, religion, customs and other factors, which constituted the spirit of law. Later, he thought, I am a judge with judicial power. Can there be a system that allows judicial power to prevent tyranny and safeguard freedom? So I came up with a balanced decentralization system. And the watchmaker's son didn't take the civil service exam. This road is also blocked. Thirdly, intellectuals trained in universities, such as Kant, a professor in universities, can devote themselves to studying knowledge in universities, so Kant can finally make a classic summary of the Enlightenment. The watchmaker's son can't. He has no diploma, and many studies are self-taught. He can enter the university without any promotion. So at that time, the watchmaker's son said, "Paris has no place for me!" " However, it is such a person who has no background, no connections and no diploma. He was spurned before his death but worshipped after his death. Rousseau was buried in the Pantheon in Paris for future generations to see. Since then, many intellectuals in Europe have regarded him as their spiritual mentor. Voltaire ended an old era, while Rousseau opened a new one. Three hundred years later, we still can't put it down. So, what makes Marx praise him and say, "Rousseau is determined not to compromise with any or even superficial authority." Napoleon lamented that without Rousseau, there would be no French Revolution.
According to the study plan, explore new lessons
I. Rousseau
Rousseau's ideological content?
Which class does Rousseau's thought represent? What are the characteristics?
What is the influence of Rousseau's thought?
1, Rousseau's ideological content
[Question]: To answer this question, first of all, please read the tutorial for one minute and independently summarize what kind of theories Rousseau put forward and the significance of each theory.
His masterpiece is On Social Contract. His theory consists of three parts: 1, natural human rights, people's sovereignty 2 and social contract theory 3. Private ownership of property is the root of human inequality.
● Reading materials
Material 1 among modern western legal thinkers, Rousseau has a special reputation that others don't have, that is, his name is closely related to the first French Revolution based on the theory of human rights and the principle of justice.
The mentor of this revolution is Rousseau.
Rousseau is an advocate of truth and freedom, a crusader against bad habits, a defender of humanitarianism and a reviver of people's sacred rights.
-"Three Compulsory Teachers' Books for People's Education Edition"
Material two people are born free, but they are everywhere in chains.
"All men are equal", "You know, nobles and shepherds have two legs and only one stomach. And those so-called necessary things are actually unnecessary for his identity. "
Rousseau put forward that all citizens have the responsibility to serve the country according to their own talents and strength, and every citizen should be promoted and given preferential treatment according to their contributions.
-"Three Compulsory Teachers' Books for People's Education Edition"
Material 3 Rousseau put the principle of economic equality in the first place, because "all kinds of inequality will inevitably come down to wealth."
To realize people's equal rights, we must first achieve economic equality, so that "everyone can have it, and no one can have too much", that is, "no citizen can be rich enough to buy another person, and no citizen can be poor enough to betray himself".
"One of the most important tasks of the government is to prevent extreme inequality in the distribution of wealth."
-"On the Root of Human Inequality"
Rousseau believes that the purpose of people's government is to "establish human rights". When the monarch is corrupt, replaces the general will with personal will, usurps state sovereignty, and infringes on the people's survival factors (property, freedom and life), and a tyrant appears, the government completely violates the people's purpose, and the people have the right to overthrow the tyrant by violence to safeguard social contracts, sovereignty and other rights. "From the moment the government usurped sovereignty, the social contract was broken, so every citizen naturally regained their inherent freedom. At this time, their obedience is forced, not based on obligation. "
"Social order is a sacred right and the foundation of all other rights. However, this right is by no means out of nature, but based on agreement. "
-"On Social Contract"
2. The class interests and characteristics represented by Rousseau's thought.
[Question]: Through the understanding of Rousseau's life experience, which class does he represent?
The common people and the petty bourgeoisie. So his theory is compared with other thinkers. Quite radical. From the beginning, we directly put forward Rousseau's own strong feeling that "the existing social system is unreasonable to an unbearable extent, and people are born free, but they have to wear shackles wherever they go." Rousseau himself may not like violence, but he undoubtedly inspired others to carry out violent revolution and gradually change the social system.
3. The influence of Rousseau's thought.
[Cooperative Inquiry] So, how to change this society and realize the free, equal and democratic society that Rousseau admired? Please clarify your point of view with historical materials.
(Multimedia display of historical materials)
Students combine the French Revolution and the American Constitution 1787, which establishes democracy and institutions, and sovereignty belongs to the people, etc., and complete their answers to Rousseau's practice.
Second, Voltaire
What is Voltaire's ideological content?
What is the influence of Voltaire's thought?
1, Voltaire's ideological content
[Question]: What kind of theories did Voltaire put forward and the significance of each theory?
[Multimedia presentation] ● Reading materials
Material 1 Voltaire's main works: the epics Henry Yade and The Girl of Orleans; Plays: Odibe, the dissolute son, King Oedipus and Orphan of China; Philosophical novels "honest man" and "naive man"; Historical works such as Louis XIV; Philosophical correspondence, metaphysics and newtonian philosophical principles.
-"Three Compulsory Teachers' Books for People's Education Edition"
Material 2 How Voltaire views the British system: This is what the British legal system has achieved: giving everyone natural rights, which are deprived in almost all monarchy countries. These rights are: all personal and property freedoms; Freedom to put forward opinions to the state with a pen; Only in front of a jury composed of free people can there be freedom of criminal trial; No matter what the case, the judge's freedom can only be in accordance with the legal provisions and clear provisions; Give up the privilege of certain positions and the freedom of belief of Anglican believers. ..... In Britain, a foreigner enjoys the same property freedom and personal freedom; If he is accused, he can ask that half of the jurors who try him are foreigners, that is, not just British.
? Business enriched British citizens and helped them gain freedom, which in turn expanded business; The prestige of the country has grown from these aspects. Commerce gradually created the power of the navy, and the British became the overlord of the sea. ?
-Voltaire's Philosophical Communication
Material 3 Voltaire praised Confucius in China, because Confucius influenced others with moral persuasion, not with religious fanaticism and personal worship. Worship China's Confucianism and think that China's political system is the most perfect. China regarded Confucius as a true philosopher because the civil service system could elevate the lower class to the ruling class. He once said, "That sage is Confucius. He thinks highly of himself and is a legislator of mankind. He will never deceive mankind. No legislator has announced a more useful truth to the world than Confucius. " -"Louis XIV"
According to the above materials, combined with teaching materials, Voltaire's thoughts are summarized.
2. The influence of Voltaire's thought
Question: Conception and practice of constitutional monarchy? How to achieve equality before the law?
Third, Montesquieu.
Montesquieu's ideological content?
What is the influence of Montesquieu's thought?
1, Montesquieu's ideological content
[Question]: According to the following materials, combined with teaching materials, summarize Montesquieu's thoughts. What are the similarities with Voltaire's ideas?
[Multimedia presentation] ● Reading materials
Freedom of materials is the right to do everything permitted by law. If a citizen can do what is forbidden by law, then he no longer has freedom, because other people also have this right.
-Montesquieu
Material 2 If judicial power and administrative power are concentrated in the same person or institution, freedom will not exist. Because people will be afraid that this king or parliament will make tyrannical laws and enforce them.
If judicial power is not separated from legislative power, freedom will cease to exist. If judicial power and legislative power are merged. Citizens' lives and freedoms will be slaughtered, because judges have the power to suppress others.
If the same person or organization composed of dignitaries, nobles and civilians exercises the above three powers, namely, legislative power, judicial power and administrative power, the consequences are unimaginable.
Senior high school history enlightenment teaching plan daquan iii
Enlightenment of teaching theme 1. teaching material analysis? Enlightenment is the content of Unit 2, Lesson 7 of Senior High School History Compulsory 3. It belongs to the core content of the compulsory three modules, inherits the spiritual awakening of ancient Greek philosophers, the humanistic demeanor of Renaissance masters and the religious reform that challenges the authority of the Pope, thus promoting the arrival of bourgeois revolution and modern scientific and technological revolution. It is of great significance for students to further understand the connotation of humanistic spirit, grasp the development process of humanistic spirit, understand the far-reaching influence of humanistic spirit development on human society, and grasp the relationship between ideological history, political history and economic history, that is, the relationship between social existence and social consciousness. Second, students analyze that the liberal arts students in senior two have a certain knowledge reserve, and their self-study ability, induction ability and language expression ability have all been enhanced.
1. Students know the humanistic spirit in ancient Greece, Renaissance and Reformation, which laid the foundation for understanding the connotation of humanistic spirit in the Enlightenment, but it is difficult to accurately grasp the concept of "rationality".
2. As for the far-reaching influence of the Enlightenment on human society, we can't flexibly use the concept of civilization history to analyze and explain it from the perspective of global civilization progress. Third, teaching objectives 1, knowledge and ability: understand the background of the Enlightenment, the meaning of "enlightenment" and "rationality", the opinions of major enlightenment thinkers, the significance of the Enlightenment, learn to compare the Renaissance with the Enlightenment, and understand the development of humanism in the Enlightenment.
2. Process and method: Analyze the background and influence of the Enlightenment by using the relationship between culture, politics and economy, analyze the views and influence of the Enlightenment thinkers by combining materials, cultivate the ability of combining history with theory, explore from history, cooperate and exchange, compare and analyze the Renaissance and the Enlightenment, and cultivate the speculative ability of analysis and induction.
3. Emotion, attitude and values: understanding the relationship between social existence and social consciousness; feeling the spiritual legacy left by the Enlightenment to human civilization;
Understand the spirit of enlightenment thinkers who dare to stick to their beliefs, break through spiritual barriers and challenge authority; Experience it personally,
The influence of social environment on people's ideological character. ? Fourth, the teaching environment □ simple multimedia teaching environment interactive multimedia teaching environment √? Network multimedia environment teaching environment □ mobile learning □ others V. Application ideas of information technology (highlight three aspects: which technologies are used? How to use these technologies in which teaching links? What is the expected effect of using these technologies? ) 200 words 1. Download and edit videos related to this lesson, play these videos, let students understand the background of enlightenment, and use the integration of information technology and history teaching to organize various information such as words, images, animations, sounds and videos into interactive and effective courseware. At the same time, the content of teaching materials and network resources are optimized and integrated to create meaningful learning situations, stimulate students' interest in learning and provide help.
2. Comparative method:? By comparing the Renaissance with the Enlightenment, students can realize that rationalism has humanism, and the Enlightenment developed humanism. Through the comparison of tables, we can understand the differences among Montesquieu, Voltaire and Rousseau, and understand and analyze the connotation of humanistic spirit during the Enlightenment. Generally speaking, the use of these information technologies can increase the vividness and interest of the classroom, promote students' initiative in active learning, strengthen students' image memory and intuitive understanding of relevant knowledge, and thus improve the efficiency of classroom learning. ?
3. In the teaching process, we pay attention to using multimedia courseware to let students intuitively analyze and summarize the development and evolution of humanistic spirit. Teaching process design of intransitive verbs (optional) VI. Teaching process design (optional) VI. Teaching process design (optional) VI. Teaching process design (optional) teaching link
Articles related to the Encyclopedia of Teaching Plans of the History Enlightenment in Senior High School;
1. Senior high school history compulsory three enlightenment exercises.
2. Test paper for reaching the standard of the historical enlightenment movement in senior two.
3. Senior high school history must recite 280 sentences of textbook knowledge (5)
4. Encyclopedia of high school history knowledge
5.42 High-frequency Test Site of High School History (5)
6. Complete review materials for high school history exam (5)
7. Senior two history learning methods and skills.
8. 67 knowledge points of the bourgeoisie in the historical world of high school.
9. Organize the historical chronology of high school.
10. Summary and basic interpretation of the three required reading knowledge in the history of senior two.