1On July 23rd, 894, the Japanese army raided the Gyeongbokgung Palace, defeated the Korean army and fostered the pro-Japanese regime. Subsequently, the weapons of the Korean army were confiscated by Japan, and the army was in a state of de facto dissolution. At the end of August, the Japanese army handed over the guards of Gyeongbokgung Palace to the North Korean army and returned some weapons. American coach Dai is still in charge of training. However, at this time, the Sino-Japanese War has already begun, and it is difficult for the old army to maintain. 1894, 1894 On February 30, 1994, the North Korean government promulgated the Army General System, which set the ranks of general, deputy commander, deputy commander, senior commander, deputy commander and senior commander, taking the first step of military reform and laying the foundation for North Korea's modern military system. Later, in February of 1895, the new Korean army was trained with the Japanese southern Yukio as the instructor, and was formed in May of 1895, known as the "training team", consisting of the first brigade (492 soldiers) and the second brigade (482 soldiers), and it is planned to expand to six brigades with sergeant training at the end of the year. This training team is the second new army of North Korea after other technical units, and it is also a Japanese-style training. However, after three interventions, the royal family headed by Emperor Gaozong and Princess Min tried to lead Russia to refuse Japan, so they refused to replace the old army with the training team to guard the palace, making the training formation useless. 1895, 17 In July, Emperor Gaozong ordered the old army trained by American officers' day to be reorganized into guards of two brigades, put on new military uniforms, and transformed into a new army, thus forming a situation in which the training team and guards were opposed. Min Fei regarded the training team as a thorn in the side and ordered its dissolution on June 7th, 10. Mihura Ulou, the Japanese ambassador to North Korea, is planning to assassinate Min Fei, who led Russia to reject Japan. Therefore, taking the dissolution of the training team as an opportunity, he sent the Japanese army and ronin with the training team into the Gyeongbokgung Palace, defeated the guards and assassinated Min Fei, which was known as the "B-Wei incident" in history. After the incident, the guard was once incorporated into the training team. However, because the truth of the B-Wei incident was quickly exposed and the training team was notorious, the North Korean government had to dissolve the training team at the end of 10, and then merged some of its officers and men with the officers and men of the old guard to form the "Sineitai", which consisted of 8 squadrons and 2 brigades with a strength of about 1700. /kloc-0 joined the corps of engineers in June, 896. The pro-Japanese regime in North Korea will invite Japanese coaches to train Sineitai, but this will happen shortly after the relocation of the Russian Pavilion. On February 1896, 1 1 day, Emperor Gaozong fled from Gyeongbokgung Palace to the Russian Embassy in North Korea, which was called "the Russian Pavilion was moved". At this point, the pro-Japanese regime collapsed, the pro-Russian regime was established, and the task of protecting Emperor Gaozong was handed over to Russian soldiers. At the same time, Emperor Gaozong set out for Sineitai, tidied up the order, and entrusted the Russians to train him. 1In June, 896, Min Yonghuan, the special envoy sent by Emperor Gaozong, came to Russia to congratulate Russian Tsar Nicholas II on his coronation, and secretly made five demands, the second of which was that Russia would send military instructors to North Korea to train the North Korean army. Russia replied to the project, "In order to solve the problem of instructors, an experienced senior Russian officer will be sent to Seoul in the near future, and the Russian government will appoint him to negotiate with the North Korean government on this issue. The officer will first be ordered to work on the establishment of the King's Guard ",which is actually a commitment to North Korea's demands. Later, Russia sent Colonel Putiata of the General Staff as the head, and led a 14 military advisory group composed of 2 officers, 14 non-commissioned officers and 10 military doctors, and went to North Korea with Min Yonghuan's delegation, and arrived in Seoul, the capital of North Korea, on 18+00 today. They selected 1070 people from Sineitai, and Captain Avnasev and the sailor captain Hemelev on the cruiser "General Kornilov" were in charge of training. Obviously, Russians are not limited to training the pro-soldiers of Emperor Gaozong. In the winter of 1896, they also drew up plans including training 6,000 North Korean troops, hiring 160 Russian instructors, expanding the North Korean army to 40,000 in three years, training experienced military instructors to serve as military advisers to the king, setting up sergeant schools, expanding arsenals, and stipulating that military expenditure should not exceed 65,438+of national income. 1On February 20th, 897, Emperor Gaozong of North Korea left the Russian legation and returned to Qingyun Palace (now Deshou Palace). On March 30th, 3 1 year, the bodyguard team was rebuilt, consisting of more than 1000 people trained in Russia. As a bodyguard guarding the palace, Sineitai is still the Central Army, but its function of guarding the palace has been weakened.
After the removal of the Russian Pavilion, Japan's influence on the Korean Peninsula declined and it had to coordinate with Russia in the sphere of influence on the DPRK. 1896 When Nicholas II was crowned, the Japanese sent Yamagata Aritomo to Russia to congratulate him, and took the opportunity to secretly discuss the North Korean issue with Russian Foreign Minister Luo Banov. There is a heated debate about the training of the North Korean army. In the end, only a verbal promise was reached that Russia would train the King's soldiers and Japan would train other Korean troops, but this promise was not written into the Yamagata-Ro Banov Agreement. After Putin's military advisory group went to North Korea to train troops, Russia explained to Japan that training the king's soldiers was inseparable from returning to the palace as soon as possible, so Japan, which hoped that Emperor Gaozong would return to the palace as soon as possible, acquiesced in Russia's move. 1in the spring of 897, the contradiction between the DPRK government and the Russian legation on military training gradually emerged, and Russia's military plan to get its hands on the whole Korean army was exposed. Japan protested strongly against Russia, because it violated the spirit of "Japan-Russia operation" in the Yamagata-Ro-Banov Agreement. To appease Japanese indignation, Russia instructed Russian Ambassador to the DPRK Veber to suspend the training of Korean troops on May 1897. However, due to the failure of negotiations between Russia and China on the Dong Qing railway branch line, it soon began to pay attention to the North Korean issue. 1in July, 897, a 13 military advisory group of officers headed by Aleksev was sent to North Korea in August and began to train the North Korean army in September. 1897165438+1October, Germany occupied JIAOZHOU bay in China, and Russia took the opportunity to occupy Lushunkou and began to invade northeast China. At this time, Russia's expansion in the northeast of China and the Korean Peninsula aroused strong dissatisfaction from Japan and Britain, and the Russians had to face a choice.
At first, North Korea's ruling and opposition parties welcomed Russian instructors, because the anti-Japanese sentiment triggered by the B-No incident led to a favorable impression on Russia. North Korea's "Independent News" commented on Russian military officers' visit to the DPRK: "The most important task of North Korea lies in the consolidation of the government. In order to establish national stability, a well-trained and completely reliable national army is essential. Koreans have the nature of lean soldiers, so it is easy to acquire martial arts skills through practice, and their appearance is more energetic than that of Qing and Japanese. At present, we can't rely on the Korean army because the soldiers assigned to the school lack strict military discipline. Although North Korea cannot expect to establish an offensive standing army, it is enough to maintain a standing army with strict military discipline, protect your majesty in times of crisis, and easily pacify domestic thieves and thugs. Lu Haijun, Russia, was placed under strict military discipline, and Russian non-commissioned officers trained under strict rules are most suitable for training Korean foot soldiers at present. Such Russian petty officer behavior will attract the attention of Korean friends in the world. "However, with the expansion of Russia's appetite, North Korea gradually turned from pro-Russia to anti-Russia. At 1898, the Japanese ambassador to Korea, Marzo Kato, reported that "the feelings of Koreans towards Russia suddenly changed, and all emperors and ministers hated the Russians", adding that this situation was "just like China's past (Meiji) on June 8, 28. 1On March 7th, 898, Russian Ambassador to Korea Shi Beiye forced the imperial government of South Korea to make a decision on whether to accept Russian aid in the future within 24 hours, and the government of South Korea begged for a few days' delay. At this time, the Independent Association of Korean Patriotic Organizations held a meeting of "All People * * * * *" on March 1898, which set off an anti-Russian wave, demanding that all Russian military instructors and financial advisers leave South Korea and calling on the government to resist Russian pressure. On March 12, the South Korean government replied that spicer would no longer accept military and financial assistance. Since Russia invaded Lushun, there has been the idea of making concessions to Japan on the Korean Peninsula issue to ease the pressure. At the same time, it focuses on the northeast of China. Coupled with North Korea's opposition to Russia, Russia did not want to disperse its forces against South Korea, so it suspended its infiltration and expansion of the Korean Peninsula. In March 1898, Spayer replied to the Government of the Republic of Korea: "Now your country's thinking is useless to Russian officials, but you can do things by yourself. Then Russia congratulates your country on achieving such a developed and independent self-energy in such a short time without the help of foreign military forces, non-commissioned officers and consultants, and it will save itself from complete independence. " The minister did something urgent, which made Russian non-commissioned officers and degree consultants even more ignorant. "On March 20, all Russian military instructors withdrew from the Korean peninsula, and the Korean imperial army finally got rid of foreign interference and began to develop independently. 189710 June 12, the Korean emperor Li Xi proclaimed himself emperor, changed his name to the Korean empire, and established Yuan Guangwu. Emperor Gaozong carried out a series of reform policies at that time, which was called "Guangwu Reform" in history, and military reform was an important aspect of Guangwu Reform. 1898 after the withdrawal of Russian military instructors in March, the Korean imperial army began its own construction and reform. Starting from 1895, the construction of a modern new army began. At this time, the Korean imperial army has begun to take shape, that is, the central army composed of the Guards and Sineitai and the local army composed of the Guards in various towns. The first thing Emperor Gaozong did militarily was to firmly hold the Korean imperial army in his own hands. 1On June 29th, 898, Emperor Gaozong issued a letter to carry out military reform, saying that "according to the example of marshals from various countries, Lu Haijun is under my own control, and the Crown Prince is a marshal, so we are in a headquarters", which indicates that Emperor Gaozong began to set up the Marshal House. A year later, the "Marshal House Official System" was officially promulgated, stipulating that when the Marshal House was established in the palace, the emperor was Marshal Lu Haijun and the Crown Prince was Marshal. Marshal's office is in charge of national defense, the use of troops and military orders, and directs and supervises the military department and teams outside Beijing. It is divided into four bureaus: military, inspection, record keeping and accounting. Later, in August 1899 and September 1900, the "officer system" was revised twice, which greatly reduced the authority of the original military department in charge of military affairs and was limited to managing the general affairs of the military. In this way, Emperor Gaozong directly controlled the army by setting up the Marshal House, which was related to the measures taken by Emperor Guangwu to strengthen the imperial power politically and his personal experience. Emperor Gaozong experienced many mutinies, so he deeply felt the importance of controlling the army, so he appointed himself as the leader of the army and made the army obey him directly to prevent the army from changing again.
In addition, Emperor Gaozong also vigorously expanded the army, including increasing troops and expanding military spending. 1898 In July, Emperor Gaozong ordered the army to increase 10 brigades to prepare for the establishment of a navy. The strength of Sineitai and the Central Guard is maintained at 5,000-6,000. At the local level, there are two town health teams in Pyongyang and Quanzhou, and 14 local health teams. 1900 After the Boxer Rebellion broke out in China, four town health brigades were added in Yizhou, Jiang Jie, Beiqing and Jingcheng in the north. In July of the same year, all the town health teams and local health teams merged into five town health teams, located in Jianghua, Shui Yuan, Daegu, Pyongyang and Beiqing. On the eve of the Russo-Japanese War, the total number of central and local troops in South Korea reached about 28,000. At that time, the Gengzi Incident occurred in China and Russia entered Manchuria. In this context, Emperor Gaozong paid more attention to national defense construction. After 1900, the military expenditure of the Korean Empire increased rapidly, from 1898 125 1000 yuan to 190 1 year of 3.595 million yuan, which remained high until Japan and Russia. In addition, Emperor Gaozong tried to replace the conscription system with the conscription system, that is, to replace the voluntary conscription system with the compulsory conscription system, so as to enhance the military strength of South Korea. The conscription system was put forward repeatedly from 190 1, but ministers refused to implement it immediately for various reasons. In March of A.D. 1903, Emperor Gaozong suddenly issued an imperial edict and ordered the conscription system. However, due to the opposition of public opinion and the unprepared household registration system, it was not implemented immediately. The conscription system in modern countries is a national obligation, so it should enjoy certain rights accordingly, but the Korean people under authoritarian rule obviously have no rights at all. However, Emperor Gaozong ordered the conscription system, which reflected his urgent demand for expanding the army under the competition between Japan and Russia.
Emperor Gaozong also devoted himself to the modernization of the Korean imperial army. 1898, the organizational system of the Korean imperial army (army) was basically complete, so Emperor Gaozong set up a military attache school in May 1898 to train new officers. At the turn of the Sino-Japanese War, there was a training center for non-commissioned officers and a military attache school, but the Russian Pavilion was dissolved after it was moved. Moreover, the instructors of the new Korean army have always been foreigners, but the instructors of the newly established military attache school are Korean instructors who have studied in Japan. 1898 In September, the Korean Empire opened the German School, the establishment of which is also closely related to military modernization. At the opening ceremony, Gao Yong Xi, co-organizer of the School Department, said: "Today, following the sacred will of the Great Emperor, German schools are established to educate students ... In terms of European national languages, English is the lingua franca of the International Chamber of Commerce, and French is used for communication. As for Germany, it is very important for military law and military system. From the day of enrollment, students should be on the verge of death, and they will be eager for quick success ... I hope he will become the pillar of the country. " This shows that the Korean imperial army is on a par with Germany, and the establishment of German schools is also part of Gaozong's efforts to modernize the army. In addition, Emperor Gaozong also rectified the military discipline, and in 1900, he promulgated the Army Law, which stipulated 3 17 decrees that Korean army soldiers must abide by, and in 1902, he strictly ordered all soldiers to stop their hair. Starting from 1899, the Korean Empire also purchased new weapons and ammunition from France, Russia, Britain, Germany, Japan and other countries to comprehensively strengthen its armaments. It is worth mentioning that in 1903, the Korean Empire also purchased the 3,000-ton warship "Wu Yang" from Japan, and in 1903, it was purchased by South Korea. 1903 On April 15, the "Wu Yang" sailed into Incheon Port, but the handover was postponed because the Korean side could not get the money at the moment. It was not officially purchased until August of the same year 12, and the captain was Shen Shunsheng, a student studying in Japan. As for the motive of purchasing the Wu Yang, Sukehara, the Japanese acting ambassador to South Korea, said that "this contract is entirely out of the sudden curiosity of Emperor Han", but it may also be for the purpose of establishing the imperial navy of South Korea. As mentioned earlier, when Emperor Gaozong was preparing to build a navy in 1899, Yin Xionglie, a military official, also took this opportunity to call for the establishment of a navy, but it was discussed.
Emperor Gaozong's series of reform measures against the Korean imperial army were not aimed at directly resisting foreign aggression, but at suppressing the uprising of his own people. In view of 1894 Dongxue Party Uprising and Japanese invasion of Gyeongbokgung Palace, Emperor Gaozong believed that civil strife was bound to come from abroad, and China's Boxer Rebellion convinced him of this. Therefore, the function of the Central Army of the Korean Imperial Army is to guard the palace, and the function of the local army is to suppress the poor party, the Eastern Learning Party, the people's disturbance, the fire thieves and so on. All in order to maintain domestic stability. However, public opinion has mostly negative comments on Gaozong's military expansion policy. For example, an article published by Imperial Capital News in February 1900 holds that "I am not only weak in military strength, but also not rich in China. For today's plan, it is enough to get an official, be brave in a thousand troops, be good at teaching, and be calm. " The first thing is to educate the people and be alert to laziness; Take an agricultural class to get rid of hunger and cold. Encourage business and prosper the supply of wealth; Work in developed countries, vine manufacturing field. Foreign exports doubled, the income of silver scales was huge, the national situation was slightly shaken, and the people's hearts were slightly Soviet. Then, the navy and army have been widely established, and the battery warships are ready to show off. Why do you suffer from the strength of Russia and Japan? 1902 also called for "urgent reduction of military expenditure" and opposed the increase of military expenditure. In addition, the military reform of Emperor Gaozong had little effect. 1904 after the Russo-Japanese War, South Korea was controlled by Japan, and the Korean imperial army did not resist until it became a protectorate of Japan and even was annexed.
After the Russo-Japanese War, Japan took control of South Korea and began to retrain the Korean army. At the same time, at the request of Japan, from April 1905, the size of the Korean imperial army was gradually reduced, the Sineitai was abolished, the guard was cut, the Marshal's Office was disintegrated, and the strength of the Korean imperial army was sharply reduced to more than 8,000. 1905165438+1October 17 After the signing of the Yasi Treaty, the Korean Empire became a Japanese protectorate, which triggered a volunteer movement all over the country and the Imperial Korean Army was ordered to suppress it. Contemporary Huang Da wrote: "Ten years later, you raised a brave team, but you just wanted to kill the volunteers."
But most Korean troops are patriotic, so Japan has been trying to dissolve completely. 1July, 907, the Hague emissary incident was exposed, and the Japanese and pro-Japanese factions used it to force Emperor Gaozong to abdicate. During this period, Seoul citizens held a large-scale demonstration against Emperor Gaozong's abdication, and the Third Brigade of the First Guards United, which was stationed in Diandong, Seoul, also participated in it, and attacked the Middle Road Police Station in Japan, killing and injuring Japanese businessmen 10. On July 20th, Emperor Gaozong was forced to give way to Prince Li Mao for the sake of the pure sect of North Korea. Ito Bowen, the Japanese Inspector General in South Korea, took the opportunity to tighten control over South Korea. On July 24th, he signed the third Japan-South Korea agreement with Prime Minister Li Wanyong of the Republic of Korea, which stipulated the dissolution of the Korean army. At that time, the Imperial Korean Army consisted of two regiments of guards (about 5,000 people) and eight brigades of town guards (about 2,000 people). 11at 7: 00 a.m. on August 0, 907, the puppet government of south Korea summoned the guards captain of the imperial Korean army to the Daguan Pavilion of the Japanese army headquarters in south Korea, and read out the dissolution rescript issued in the name of Emperor Junzong, saying:
"I only try my best to cut down the extra expenses when the country is in trouble and use them in the cause that is beneficial to health and welfare. This is also the top priority today. But my army is now composed of mercenaries, and it is not enough to completely defend the country from top to bottom. I intend to refresh the military system from now on and concentrate on training non-commissioned officers. One day I will issue a draft law, which has the power to consolidate. Therefore, I was ordered to have a division, and all others were dismissed except those necessary for the selection of the Royal Guards. I care about your accumulated hard work, and I will reward Ndjeng according to your level. Just be a foot soldier in school, do your own thing, and have no worries. "
At 8 o'clock in the morning, Captain Kurihara, the Japanese instructor of the Korean Imperial Army, induced the guards to lay down their weapons and went to the training center to hold a dissolution ceremony. At this point, the news that Sung Hwan Park, the first captain of the first guard team, shot himself ignited the resistance of the Korean imperial army. They "heard the news of the captain's death, broke the armory, and made trouble", "all left the team, and the guns rained down", and launched a street battle with the Japanese army in Seoul, killing 3 1 person, including Japanese captain Yoshihisa Ohara. By noon, the Korean Imperial Army had run out of ammunition and food, killing 68 people, injuring 100 people and capturing more than 560 people. The rest retreated and joined the ranks of volunteers in the anti-Japanese struggle. In addition, the guards in Yuanzhou, Jianghua and other places also set off riots when they were dissolved. The dissolution of the Korean imperial army triggered the climax of the volunteer movement.