1 Overview of Experimental Park
The experimental park is located in Daotiangou Village, Wuliqiao Town, Xixia County, with annual average temperature 14.8℃, annual sunshine 1990 ~ 2050 h (hours), annual rainfall of 880mm and annual frost-free period of 236d (days). Sandy loam, pH 6.8. The experimental park covers an area of 8.5hm2, with a plant spacing of 2m×3m. In the third year, the young trees in the plantation bear little fruit. In 2006, the average yield per plant was 10.5kg, and the yield per 667m2 (mu) was 1 165.5 kg. In 2007 and 2008, it was 15.5kg, 1720.5kg, 2 1.8kg and 24 19.8kg respectively, and the average selling price of Japanese persimmons in 2006-2008 was 3.8, 3.6 and 3.3 yuan /kg respectively.
2 Introduction to performance
2. 1 fruit economic characters
The fruit pile is high, the top is flat or slightly concave, and there are four obvious longitudinal grooves on the fruit surface. When the fruit is ripe, it is orange-red, with an average single fruit weight of 385g and a maximum weight of 650g, thick peel, golden yellow or orange-red flesh, seedless, soft and sweet flesh, less fiber and unique flavor. Strong storability, it is a high-quality raw material for processing canned food, dried persimmon and preserved fruit.
2.2 Growth and fruiting habits
Young trees grow vigorously, the trees are high and medium, the crown is oval and upright, and then naturally open with the increase of yield. There is the habit of axillary flower buds bearing fruit, and the fruit setting rate of white flowers is high. Results the fruits on the branches were concentrated in the 3 rd to 5 th nodes and distributed evenly in bundles. Early fruiting and high yield, 4 ~ 6a years earlier than planting astringent persimmon seedlings, with an increase of 3 ~ 5 times.
2.3 phenology
In Wuliqiao Town, Xixia County, Henan Province, it germinated in the middle and late March, spread its leaves in the middle and early April, and the new shoots grew rapidly in the late April, blossomed in the middle and early May, and the young fruits entered the rapid expansion period in June.165438+1the fruits were harvested and put on the market in the middle of October (the harvest period can be extended to 1638).
2.4 Adaptability
This variety has normal growth and development in Xixia county, and is drought-resistant, waterlogging-resistant, insect-resistant and cold-resistant.
3 key points of cultivation techniques
3. 1 Planting and Landscape Architecture
Choose loam or sandy loam with deep and fertile soil layer, good drainage, neutral or slightly alkaline soil. According to the row spacing of 2m×3m plants, the garden will be built. Before planting, dig 60cm square planting holes, and apply decomposed organic fertilizer 10kg to each hole. Select excellent varieties and strong seedlings of 2 ~ 3 years old and plant them before defoliation and soil freezing. The suitable planting depth is that the root neck is flush with the ground after watering, and the tree tray is covered with plastic film after underwater infiltration.
3.2 Soil, fertilizer and water management
In the young tree stage, reaming and deep turning are carried out. Before freezing, the planting point was taken as the center, and it was turned outwards every year, with a depth of 50cm. When deep turning, try to minimize damage to the roots, especially the roots of the backbone. Irrigation in time after deep turning. 1 year, leave a tree tray with a width of 1m in the row, plant dwarf crops between rows, and stop intercropping after 3 years. Apply base fertilizer deeply every year and topdressing in time. In late autumn, deep ploughing or furrowing is used to apply base fertilizer, which is mainly composed of stable manure and human excrement and urine, mixed with available nitrogen fertilizer. The amount of base fertilizer should account for more than 2/3 of the total annual fertilization. Generally, each 3-5-year-old tree is applied with about 40kg organic fertilizer and mixed with 0.4-0.7kg compound fertilizer. After the new shoots stop growing, topdressing twice before flowering and after physiological fruit dropping, that is, topdressing 0.2~0.3 kg urea or compound fertilizer per plant in late June and early July, topdressing urea for weak trees and topdressing compound fertilizer for multiple fruit trees. When spraying, mix 0.3% urea or potassium dihydrogen phosphate for topdressing. Newly-built gardens and young tree gardens should be watered frequently. Mature gardens should be watered 1 time before germination and freezing, and no watering is needed when there is no serious drought in the growing season. After irrigation, intertillage in time to keep moisture. Orchards need to be drained in time even if it is cloudy.
3.3 Plastic dressing
Three main branches were cultivated at a height of 0.4m, with an interval of 0.3 ~ 0.4 m, forming the main branches of 1 layer. The distance between the main branches of the second layer (two main branches) and the main branches of 1 layer is 0.6~0.8m, with 1 main branch and 1 tree head at the top, and the distance between the main branches of the second layer is 0.6 m, with 3 ~ 4 lateral branches on each main branch. The height of the tree should be controlled below 4m. Pruning in growth period mainly adopts techniques such as bud smearing, tip twisting and core removal, so as to keep suitable main lateral branches and fruiting branches and adjust the angle of branch tips. Pruning in dormant period is mainly to cultivate tree structure, control tree vitality, sparse diseased branches and weak branches, inhibit excessive growth of branches, keep evenly distributed and robust fruiting mother branches, and maintain vigorous fruiting ability.
3.4 Flower and Fruit Management
In case of rainy weather in flowering period, artificial pollination should be carried out, and the pollen spots on the flowering style should be dipped with a brush, or water 10kg, sugar 0.5 kg, urea 30g, pollen 20g and borax 10g should be sprayed to make pollen liquid, which should be used as needed, and sprayed 1 time in the early flowering period and the full flowering period respectively. Timely fruit thinning within 20 days after flowers wither. 6 ~ 10 leaves 1 fruit,1/kloc-0 leaves, 2 fruits; The spacing between large fruits is about 25cm, and the spacing between small fruits is about 20cm. Spraying 500 mg/L gibberellin 1 time at full flowering stage and young fruit stage respectively, and adding 0.3% urea at the same time, the fruit setting rate was improved. Spraying 0.5% limewater twice continuously 30 ~ 40 days before the persimmon fruit is harvested can reduce the fruit drop before harvest and improve the fruit hardness and storability. The reasonable load per plant in full fruit stage is 34.5 ~ 36.8 kg.
3.5 pest control
The main diseases are angular leaf spot, circular leaf spot and anthracnose, and the main pests are persimmon scale and persimmon caterpillar. Taking the policy of prevention first and comprehensive prevention and control, we should first strengthen the cleaning work in rural areas in winter, scrape off the old bark of the trunk, and reduce the places where germs and eggs overwinter; Secondly, before germination, spray 5 Be sulfur mixture. Diseases are generally controlled with thiophanate methyl or chlorothalonil 800 ~ 1000 times solution, and pests are generally controlled with pyrethroid 2000 times solution or one-time purification 1000 times solution, and spraying drugs according to the occurrence.