.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Xu Yongling was born in Hangzhou, Zhejiang. /kloc-0 was born in March 1962,/kloc-0 joined the army in July 1984, and/kloc-0 joined the party in April 1986. Master degree. Rank of Air Force Senior Colonel, Air Force-class flight test expert, super pilot, the first batch of dual-bachelor pilots, and currently the instructor of Air Force Command College.
People's Daily Online, Beijing, August 22 (Reporter Huang Zijuan) The test pilot is the "tester" of the new fighter. By repeatedly testing the fighter, the design defects were exposed and improved. Over the years, generation after generation of test pilots have been innovative and pioneering, shouldering the heavy responsibility of scientific research and flight test of all domestic fighters in China, and constantly narrowing the gap with developed countries. Recently, People's Daily reporter interviewed Senior Colonel Xu Yongling, instructor of the Air Force Command College, to unveil the mystery of the test flight for you.
Occupational sensitivity: picking out the "burr" of aircraft technology
An airplane has dozens of subsystems, hundreds of airborne finished equipment, tens of thousands of spare parts, hundreds of thousands of components and hundreds of thousands or even millions of sentences of airborne system software. Such a huge and complex system can not be forged into a drawn sword without the study and exploration of test pilots.
Reporter: For test flight, what problems do you usually face when testing a new model and what preparations should you make?
Xu Yongling: With the increasing complexity of aircraft technology, the professionalism of flight test is becoming stronger and stronger. From the initial inspection of whether an aircraft can fly to the inspection of its performance and safety, we should check all the systems of the aircraft, including whether the structural strength of the aircraft is complete, whether the basic performance of the aircraft can meet the requirements of fighter indicators, whether the quality of the aircraft is stable and easy to operate, and the airborne system of the aircraft. Therefore, the current flight test is not only to check whether the body is safe to fly, but more importantly, to check whether the functions of these systems can meet the requirements, that is, whether electronic warfare countermeasures can be carried out, whether targets can be found through sensors, whether weapons can be launched through the plug-in of weapon systems, and whether accurate target attacks can be carried out. These related systems are in an integrated working state. Sometimes, if there is something wrong with a single system, the combined performance and indicators can't meet the requirements. This kind of assessment is the most difficult. Because even if a system works normally, the combination may not be normal. You can find outliers, but it is very difficult to eliminate them. For example, in the cross-linking process between radar and missile, there is no problem between radar and missile, but after the missile leaves the beam, it can't find the target, which leads to the failure of function and performance. It is difficult to find these small technical "burrs". If you only rely on designers to check hardware and software equipment, it is sometimes difficult to find it. Clues can only be found through the data of flight test. In this process, test pilots play a very important role. Although the appearance and state of the plane flying in the air can be reflected by some data, only the test pilot knows the real feeling. Transient anomalies require pilots to experience and discover with high professional sensitivity.
Therefore, if the test pilot does not understand the performance knowledge of the system and carefully observes various phenomena in the flight test, these problems may not be found. The test pilot is like a "sensor" of a computer, which can find problems in the flight test; At the same time, he should have a good "processor" to deal with these problems and find out the conclusion; In addition, it is also an "actuator" that can control the system during the flight test. In other words, the test pilot is required not only to find the problem, but also to find the crux of the problem, and at the same time to control the aircraft very accurately and quickly in actual operation. These requirements can not be achieved through book knowledge and simulation experiments, but need a lot of flight test experience accumulation.
Ballet dance on the tip of a knife: boundary test flight challenges the limits of aircraft
They can fly what others can't and dare to fly what others dare not. Challenging the limits again and again has accelerated the development of flight test in China, from being able to complete the verification flight test of simple subjects and single model at first to being able to complete the multi-model and multi-model finalized flight test of various difficult and high-risk subjects. Ability expansion stems from extraordinary entrepreneurial consciousness.
Reporter: Why do you want to fly high angle of attack, stall spin and other difficult and high-risk subjects during the test flight?
Xu Yongling: Whether an airplane is safe or not, and how maneuverable it is, besides completing the routine flight according to tactical maneuvers, there is also a very important part, that is, evaluating the boundedness of the airplane. Because it is difficult for ordinary combat pilots to control the aircraft to the limit during training and combat time. However, as a test pilot, it is necessary to check the controllability and safety of the edge state of the aircraft. Without the assessment, the pilot is likely to let the plane fall into the boundary state because of a temporary negligence, and once it enters the boundary state, it is likely that there will be great problems.
It is very dangerous to evaluate the demarcation point. It is very difficult to reach this demarcation point first. For example, to drive the plane to stall and high angle of attack, this control itself is very complicated. Secondly, it is difficult to maintain this demarcation point. Once crossing the border, the plane is in a complicated state, and it is even more difficult to rescue the plane from the border. These boundary flights are completely different from normal flight conditions. Generally speaking, the plane is in a very dangerous state because it is uncontrollable. After the system data deviates from the boundary, the plane will move violently, which is uncontrollable. It is impossible to change the boundary state with conventional actions, which requires special manipulation. Pilots without this kind of training can't reach it at all. For example, spin test flight and flutter test flight, including many such boundary test flights, require professional test flight training, and only professionally trained test pilots can be competent for this test flight task. Because the average pilot enters this state, it can be said that he is at a loss and can't control the plane at all. In this case, he could only watch the plane crash.
The boundary test flight and the test flight that breaks through the restricted area require quite high skills, courage and knowledge of the test pilots. A pilot who has not been trained in border test flight can save the plane without being bold and not afraid of death. It requires the pilot to know the performance of the aircraft system very well, and at the same time, he should have a corresponding understanding of the system after the aircraft crosses the border. How to save the plane after crossing the border is a very advanced professional technology, which contains a lot of knowledge and high technical content, and is also a severe psychological quality for pilots.
From test flight to assembly: a trilogy of smooth "birth" of aircraft
According to the practice of the international aviation industry, every fighter has to complete hundreds of subjects, thousands of flight tests and thousands of various failures before equipping troops. In the flutter and steady test flight of supersonic aircraft, the world's "aviation power" only lost dozens of aircraft and sacrificed dozens of excellent test pilots. For China, where the aviation foundation is weak, the risks and challenges faced by the test flight are more prominent, but the air force test pilots are still firm and indomitable.
Reporter: What processes does a new model usually go through from test flight to final assembly?
Xu Yongling: The first step is to make the first flight. The purpose of the first flight is to test whether the aircraft has the ability to take off and land and whether the safety of air flight is in line with the design. The first flight stage may be one or two landings, or it may reach a dozen or twenty landings. Conduct a preliminary assessment to verify whether the aircraft can fly.
The second step is the test flight of engineering development, also called adjustment test flight. It is to test whether the function of the aircraft system can be realized, because in addition to the new design of the aircraft body, many equipment of an aircraft are also new, and these equipment may be intact during the ground test. After being loaded on the plane, the effect of their combined work and whether they can achieve the purpose of safety and availability need to be adjusted for flight test. Many problems may be found in the process of adjusting the flight test. If the system fails to meet the design requirements in the future, it is necessary to change the system again. The combined function and performance of each system of the whole machine should be consistent with the original design idea. This is not to check whether the data of the aircraft are up to standard, but to see whether the system can realize these functions.
The third step is to finalize the test flight. Is to get an existing product and verify whether it meets the requirements of fighter indicators. Fighter indicators include performance, function, strength, electronics, radar, engine, weapons and so on. And performance stability. For example, the plane can reach a certain index, but this index can only be achieved under individual conditions, such as some weather or some high altitude conditions, so the plane still can't work. It must be repeatable, and this data can be achieved every time you fly according to this standard procedure. This is the real performance of the aircraft, so this kind of test flight requires certain repeatability at the test flight point of each performance index.
There is also the rating of the safety, reliability, maneuverability and comfort of the aircraft, which needs to be verified by multiple pilots. If only one pilot can control it, the plane is likely to be equipped with troops, and more than 90% of the pilots can't fly, then the plane can't be finalized. Therefore, flight test is a very rigorous process, which not only needs to fly step by step according to our performance index program, but also needs the efficiency of man-machine integration.
As a combat aircraft, in addition to its basic performance, there are several performances, such as environmental adaptability, which can fly in normal weather, so can it fly in bad weather conditions? Battlefield adaptability, including whether the electronic warfare environment can adapt. Operational effectiveness, such as all three generations of aircraft, in the process of air combat, whether it is medium-range air combat or close combat, what is the winning rate? If all the radars and missiles of the plane are all right, but it is always defeated during the battle, then it is hard to say that the plane is a good plane.
Modern flight tests are getting closer to actual combat. In addition to performance, function, reliability, safety and comfort, its environmental adaptability and battlefield adaptability also need to be tested. In addition, there is an important indicator, which is the maintainability of the aircraft. If the aircraft has good performance but high failure rate, the maintenance cost will be high. There are more and more test flights of modern fighters. The early planes landed about ten or twenty times, and the planes were basically shaped. By the 1960s and 1970s, the flight test time of an airplane will be close to 1000 hours. At present, the functional test flight of an aircraft, including the test flight of operational effectiveness, is likely to carry out a large number of test flights after finalization. For example, the F-22 in the United States has been undergoing verification test flight for nearly 5- 10 years after finalization, so the number of test flights is increasing and the difficulty is getting bigger and bigger.
Four abilities of excellent test pilots to tap the best performance of aircraft
From "illiteracy" to "bachelor", from "courage" to "expert", from a three-person test flight team to a 100-person test flight crew, a new generation of air force test pilots, with superb flight technology and extensive engineering theory, can not only successfully complete the test flight mission, but also participate in the design and development of new aircraft throughout. They are called "flight engineers". The transformation of ability stems from the sense of urgency to seize the day.
Reporter: What do you think is the biggest difficulty and obstacle in the test flight? Is it a dangerous moment in the air?
Xu Yongling: An emergency is only an extreme situation in the test flight. We face not only risks every day, but also the whole test flight. The high risk and high technology of test flight are more reflected in excavating the best performance of aircraft. There may be many faults in the process of mining performance. Failure itself does not necessarily bring risks, but it will make some functions of the aircraft difficult to realize, or the realization effect is not good, and the performance index can not meet the requirements. These technical defects can only be solved after verifying the flight test findings. Test pilots need to have rich flight knowledge when judging problems. The first is observation ability. Where is your observation angle? If the angle of view is too narrow, the problem may have been exposed, but because you didn't observe the place, you can't find it, and you can't reflect the problem to the engineer, which is likely to affect the later flight test process.
Second, air judgment. It is important to observe phenomena, for example, what is the cause of a light? This kind of judgment is very critical, and the wrong judgment will affect the subsequent decision. This judgment comes from the support of knowledge system and experience system. This kind of judgment, I think, is the core technical element of pilots, and the judgment gap between different pilots is quite large. Pilots with quick reaction and strong judgment can quickly find out the real reason from a phenomenon, while some pilots with insufficient knowledge system and experience system may draw wrong conclusions due to insufficient judgment after observing the phenomenon.
The third is the decision-making power. After the verdict, it is said that the problems found may lead to subversive results of aircraft sound. Do you want to save the plane and terminate the mission, or return to the scene quickly, or abandon the plane and skydive? Have a good judgment on the problem, and the decision-making power requires you to be bold and make a decision quickly, but not as soon as possible. To keep up with the crisis, you should make full use of team resources, such as meteorological support and command, and they can provide data support.
Fourth, coping ability is also very important. Different pilots may have completely different response results to the same fault, and they are quite professional in the response process, such as radar, engine, aircraft system, aircraft structure and so on. However, faults in different systems and equipment have completely different ways to deal with them, which need the support of knowledge system.
From observation, judgment, decision-making to reaction, these four parts have little to do with flight driving technology itself, and flight driving technology only plays a role in the process of reaction. These four abilities put forward quite high requirements for pilots' knowledge ability, psychological ability, thinking and decision-making ability and learning ability, including bold work style. These demands are not illusory. Whether pilots are bold and provocative is actually supported by a kind of technology, which includes knowledge system, control skills and flight driving skills. The composition of this skill system is not an overnight skill, and it needs to be nourished from the dribs and drabs of flight. Excellent pilots are good at learning and summarizing.
Therefore, if you want to be an excellent test pilot, the proportion of talent is very small. All test pilots are arduous trekkers and selfless devotees. They look silly, and they seem to be a little single-minded. For this cause, they consume their youth and life, and enjoy it. However, only such people can become real flight test experts. In fact, this is true not only for test flights, but also for all industries. It is impossible to become an expert test pilot without exploration and dedication.
Since the close-up magic of magician Liu Qian appeared in the Spring Festival Evening, there have been countless fans for a time, and many netizens are keen to crack Liu Qian's magic. Last week, Liu Qian performed the last magic trick before "closing the door" at the recording scene of "Very Memory" program of Oriental TV (broadcast by Oriental TV at 22: 00 today). Our reporter visited the scene and experienced the charm of Liu Qian's magic at close range. At the same time, our reader and magic lover Zhu Xiao volunteered to challenge Liu Qian. For more and more magic lovers to study themselves, Liu Qian happily shared his magic experience: "In fact, magic is fake, but the audience does not need to see how to reveal the secret, but how the magician designs, how to decorate the atmosphere and how to induce the audience through language." Liu Qian said it was his magic secret.
Watch Liu Qian live
Try the plane and avoid wearing it.
Liu Qian rehearsed for 1 hour before the official recording. All the audience and the media are required to leave the studio, leaving only him, his assistant and host, as well as the staff of the program group, and no photos are allowed at the scene. Although the reporter was asked to wait outside during the rehearsal, some staff members revealed the secret of the rehearsal to the reporter.
Testing airplane seats, adjusting lights and rehearsing seem simple, but its main purpose is to check whether airplane seats and lights will wear out. Before Liu Qian officially began to change clothes, his assistant had skillfully stood in front of various monitoring screens to monitor whether there were any accidents at any time.
Adjust the projection angle by dimming the light.
During the rehearsal, Liu Qian took out a deck of playing cards and asked the host to randomly pick one, then shuffled the cards again and put the washed cards on the ground. Liu Qian squatted down and picked a card from a pile of playing cards on the ground, which happened to be the one just selected by the owner. Although it was only a little magic, Liu Qian paid great attention to the shadow of the poker on the ground. When he squatted down, he slowed down, paid attention to the position of the light on the poker, and then looked up at his assistant. The assistant nodded, indicating that there was no problem with the lighting, and Liu Qian was relieved.
After the rehearsal, Liu Qian briefly exchanged the content to be performed during the formal video recording with the host. In order to keep the mystery, this communication is limited to words.
Rehearsal is different from formal performance.
The staff told reporters that during the rehearsal, everyone thought that this little magic trick was to be performed by Liu Qian later, but unexpectedly, during the formal video recording, Liu Qian gave everyone other surprises, the most amazing of which was "swallowing the ring" and "unscrewing the screw from a distance"-the staff had never seen these props before the formal video recording. See Zhu Xiao on the spot.
Compared with Liu Qian's rigorous rehearsal, Zhu Xiao is much more casual. He hurried in, put down his backpack and began to "work".
In Zhu Xiao's view, the simplest magic performed by Liu Qian is the rubber band magic performed at the Spring Festival Evening. In order to prove that he is really capable of challenging, Zhu Xiao first performed the same kind of magic as Liu Qian, so he also bought a brand-new ordinary rubber band. Zhu Xiao put a rubber band on the thumb and forefinger of both hands, and then overlapped the two rubber bands to form a cross. At this time, if you pull in the opposite direction, you can clearly see that the two rubber bands cross together, but Zhu Xiao's hand gently pushes, and the two rubber bands are easily separated. What's going on here? Zhu Xiao explained that the secret is that when crossing the rubber band, the middle finger has been pressed on one side of the rubber band, and the index finger that was originally clamped has been pulled out, and then put into the rubber band along the direction of the thumb.
Although Zhu Xiao confidently told reporters: "I am still better than Liu Qian." But in the face of the "menacing" challenger, Liu Qian said with a smile that he didn't mind: "I am very happy to hear this news." Some people think that magic lovers have overreached themselves in challenging Liu Qian, but Liu Qian made up for Zhu Xiao: "Maybe some people think that these magic tricks are tricks, but they all concentrate the spirit and wisdom of magic lovers and are taken seriously." After listening to the reporter's detailed description of a series of magic tricks performed by Zhu Xiao, Liu Qian commented: "Great!"
The first round of poker game
Challenger Zhu Xiao
Before Zhu Xiao challenged, the reporter specially checked the playing cards in his hand. Playing cards are a little old, but they are the most common. When Zhu Xiao took out his poker, he also emphasized: "This magic is very easy to learn."
First, Zhu Xiao asked reporters to draw a card at random. The reporter drew seven spades, and then the reporter inserted seven spades into any position in a pile of poker (Figure 1). After repeated shuffling, Zhu Xiao took out four cards from the washed cards and put them on the table. Zhu Xiao washed these four cards several times, and then picked up one from them, which is the 7 of spades that the reporter just drew (Figure 2).
Decryption: Zhu Xiao said that the key point of this magic trick is that when he shuffled the cards for the first time, he had put the 7 of spades in the penultimate position, and the penultimate card was the 8 of diamonds he had memorized (Figure ③). As long as the 7 of spades is always behind the 8 of diamonds when shuffling repeatedly, he can pick it out.
Magician Liu Qian
On the day of recording the program, Liu Qian was dressed very handsome. Straight suit, white T-shirt, and several necklaces around her neck. Although there are many boys wearing necklaces now, the one worn by Liu Qian always makes people wonder if it is his prop.
As we all know, Liu Qian has mastered poker magic, so he is curious about what new tricks he will play this time. Liu Qian invited a spectator to randomly draw a card from a deck of playing cards, and the spectator drew a square 4. Liu Qian asked the audience to insert the drawn cards back into a pile of cards and then shuffle them repeatedly. After washing the cards, Liu Qian put a deck of cards on the ground. At this time, everyone's attention is on playing cards, and this is just a "trick" for Liu Qian to divert everyone's attention. Liu Qian picked up this deck of cards on the ground, stood up slowly, and waved his hands before his chest. Suddenly, everyone found that Liu Qian's necklace was hung with diamonds 4 (Figure 4)!
The reporter carefully checked this poker afterwards, which is no different from ordinary poker.
The winner of this round: Liu Qian. Obviously, although Zhu Xiao can also pick out the playing cards drawn by reporters, Liu Qian can not only pick out, but also hang the playing cards on the necklace without any obstacles, thus seamlessly integrating the two magic tricks.
The second round of the ring game
Challenger Zhu Xiao
The second trick performed by Zhu Xiao is to hang the ring on a tight rubber band. In order to make everyone see more clearly, Zhu Xiao replaced the small ring with a ring. Before the magic, the reporter carefully checked the rubber band and the ring, and there was no gap between them that could get stuck with each other. However, Zhu Xiao stretched the rubber band on two fingers (Figure ⑤), picked up the ring, gently placed it in the middle of the rubber band, and the ring went through (Figure ⑤). I can't believe it if it didn't happen in front of reporters. Zhu Xiao showed reporters the magic of crossing the rubber band and their unique skills in the third round.
Challenger Zhu Xiao
Zhu Xiao took out a piece of RMB 100 yuan, wrapped it in the middle of the paper money with a piece of white paper, folded the paper and the paper money in half, and passed the paper money and the white paper completely with a pen. Take out the pen and unfold the white paper and paper money. There is an obvious hole in the paper, but the paper money is intact. The reporter originally thought that the pen only passed through the middle of the paper, but asked Zhu Xiao to perform it again and found that the pen really passed through the middle of the paper money. The reporter hoped that Zhu Xiao could also talk about the mystery, but Zhu Xiao said that people who play magic have their own unique skills, and he intends to keep it a secret.
Magician Liu Qian
When recording the program, Liu Qian also performed a magic trick that surprised all the audience-he didn't even touch the props himself, except for the change, everything was made by the host.
According to Liu Qian's instructions, the host screwed a nut and screw together, then put the screwed nut and screw into a small glass bottle, covered the bottle cap and spread it out in his own hands. Liu Qian stretched out his hand and shook in front of the glass bottle. The nuts and screws inside are gone! When I reached out to hold it again, the nuts and screws appeared again, but this time they were unscrewed automatically. When doing all this, Liu Qian's hand was a few centimeters away from the glass bottle. The host didn't believe everything in front of him and picked up the glass bottle and shook it. Nuts and screws make glass bottles jingle, but obviously it is impossible to tighten them automatically.
The winner of this round: Liu Qian. Zhu Xiao's magic has always been superb, but even he himself says that he is just a magician and amateur. In contrast, Liu Qian is much more professional.
Decryption: Zhu Xiao told reporters that this magic is the same as the previous rubber band magic, which uses the "blind method". When putting down the ring, two little fingers hook the rubber band. At this time, the ring finger hooks the rubber band to let the ring slide in (Figure 7), and then quickly let the little finger replace the rubber band hooked by the ring finger. "To complete this set of movements, not only need to be agile, two fingers should be flexible, but also must distract the audience. Just now, I repeatedly asked you' how can it be right', which is distracting your attention. "
Magician Liu Qian
Similarly, Liu Qian also performed a program about rings while recording the program. But it's different from the Spring Festival Gala.
Liu Qian wanted to go to the front of the host's ring, put it under the tip of the tongue in front of everyone, then rolled his tongue, made a swallowing movement, and then opened his mouth for everyone to check. The ring is missing. Liu Qian said with a smile, "I swallowed the ring and it's gone." The host refused, of course, and directly claimed. Liu Qian unhurriedly took off another necklace around his neck, grasped both ends of the necklace with both hands and slowly pulled it around his neck (Figure 8). The reporter clearly saw that the necklace was being pulled into the meat bit by bit. Tighter and tighter, Liu Qian rolled his eyes and jerked them out with his thumb, forefinger and middle finger. Just as everyone was staring at Liu Qian's neck, Liu Qian said easily, "Isn't it strange, where is the ring?" Then I deliberately shook the necklace-the ring was hanging in the middle of the necklace (Figure 9)!
The winner of this round: Liu Qian. Zhu Xiao's fingers are very flexible. If he is not a magic lover, he can't see any flaws at all. And Liu Qian, although everyone knows that he hid the ring in his hand when he was performing "swallowing", le neck just wanted to divert attention, but how the ring was transferred from his mouth to his hand before "swallowing" was a mystery-to be sure, even though there were two identical ring props, he never swallowed one of them.
Magic has never attracted people's attention as it is now, and most of its credit probably belongs to Liu Qian. From his wonderful performance in the Spring Festival Evening to the Lantern Festival competition, he challenged people's sight again and again, making you want to stop. Shortly after the Lantern Festival, some netizens revealed Liu Qian's magic in the Lantern Festival through high-definition cameras!
In fact, there are only a few possibilities for Liu Qian to show the charm of the Lantern Festival. First, the female audience is entrusted and does not need to explain anything. Secondly, according to the on-site question and answer, other assistants wrote notes according to the female audience's answers and put them in an envelope, which was closed. What Liu Qian has to do is to steal pillars, which is much simpler for a magician than to predict a person's life.
One explanation is that Liu Qian's Lantern Festival magic revealed the secret and guessed the numbers.
That 753 should have been written with a small pencil when throwing a frisbee. When opening the red envelope, Liu Qian personally opened it and took the opportunity to put the note in. It doesn't matter if your hands are faster than your eyes.
Guess this number.
First, Liu Qian drew several numbers on several cards and arranged them in a certain order. Although it was washed several times, the order was not disturbed, so Liu Qian knew which one Dong Qing painted. Then, Liu Qian took out a blank card at random. Before the performance, Liu Qian drew these numbers on the card with a special substance. The drawn figure is invisible, but the ink drops will spread along the previously drawn figure. After Liu Qian knew Dong Qing's drawing, he took out the card performance of the invisible drawing he had drawn before. When ink drops fall behind, they will naturally spread along the graph.
When I was a child, it became similar, that is, after learning the reaction between starch and iodine, I drew something on paper with starch water, then dripped iodine and developed it. This magic should be based on a similar principle. Shuffle cards and glass covers should be a distraction.