Analysis:
1, France
France, as the birthplace of "new art", formed two centers shortly after its beginning: one is the capital Paris; The other is Nancy. Among them, the design scope of Paris includes furniture, architecture, interior, decoration of public facilities, posters and other graphic design, while the latter focuses on furniture design. 1889 by bridge engineer Gustav? The Eiffel Tower designed by Guistave Eiffel (1832—1923) is a classic design work of French Art Nouveau Movement. Located on the banks of the Seine, this memorial building was built by France to show its achievements since the French Revolution. Among more than 700 design schemes, Eiffel boldly adopted the design scheme of metal structure and won the bid in one fell swoop. The tower is 328 meters high and supported by four huge supporting feet. It forms an angle of 75 degrees with the ground and jumps into the blue sky in a parabolic shape. The whole tower uses 1500 giant beams and 2.5 million rivets with a total weight of 8,000 tons. This building symbolizes modern scientific civilization and mechanical strength, and indicates the arrival of rigid steel and new design era.
During the "Art Nouveau" movement in France, there were not only three design organizations in Paris and South Wales-Art Nouveau House, Modern House and six-person group; A number of famous designers have emerged. Art Nouveau was named after Samulbin opened a studio and design firm named Art Nouveau at No.22, Provence Road, Paris on 1895. Modern House is named after Julius Meier-Graefe opened a design office and exhibition center in Paris on 1898. Founded in 1898, the "six-person group" is a loose design group composed of six designers. The famous designers in these three institutions and around them are Amy Miller? Gary (Emile Galle1846-1904), Louis? Mayorell (1859— 1926), René? Ranelaliqua1860 ~1945) ou ren? Grasett (Eugene Grasett1841-1917), Jules? Jules Cherette, Toulouse? Toulouse Lautrec 1864 ~ 190 1) Pierre? Pierre Bonnard1867-1947) and Hector? Hector GUI mard 1867— 1942)。
Emile. Gary is the founder of the South Fourth School, and his achievements in design art are mainly manifested in glass design. He boldly explored all kinds of decorations corresponding to materials, and formed a series of smooth and asymmetrical shapes, as well as colorful and exquisite surface decorations. His glass design shows his preference for circles, clever use of lines and superb skills in flower pattern processing. Commonly used patterns are the reflection of natural flowers, leaves, plant branches, butterflies and other winged insects in milky white texture. In addition, the furniture he designed, like his glass design works, is mainly decorated with exotic plants and insects. The blooming flowers and the entanglement of flowers and leaves constitute the unique surface decoration effect of these works, which has the characteristics of symbolism. He often uses joinery inlay technology for decoration, which makes his furniture exquisite and elegant. His most famous furniture design is "Sleeping Butterfly Bed" designed by 1904. The glass and mother-of-pearl used in the butterfly's body and wings convey thin skin, while the black and white patterns of wood reproduce the marks of wings.
Louis? Majore is another representative of the Nansi family. His achievements in design are mainly manifested in furniture and ironware. With amy miller. Like Gary, Louis? Majore's works combine exotic and traditional elements, including Siloco patterns, Japanese styles and organic shapes, as well as shapes and decorations inspired by nature. The structure and decoration of his works show a smooth rhythm, and the circular outline and inclined lines give the works a sense of sculpture. In his design, the characteristics of functional subordinate decoration are very obvious. Because of the outstanding achievements in furniture design, Majorel has the reputation of "Majore style" furniture.
Rene. Larik's design achievements are mainly reflected in jewelry. His works are the best testimony of the exquisite and luxurious French art nouveau style. In his jewelry design, a large number of patterns from nature are used as decorations, among which plant and insect patterns are the most common and treated in strange forms. In addition, his choice of materials is also imaginative, including imitation gems, colored gold, enamel, irregular pearls and translucent corners. The female body is another theme that Larik likes to use in his design. The female body on the jewelry is beautifully carved and lifelike. For example, in 1895, among the exhibits he sent to the French artists' salon, there was a particularly charming dragonfly jewelry. Larik added a female image to this unusual brooch as decoration. This is the first art nouveau jewel decorated with naked women, and it soon became the object of imitation by designers from other European countries.
After Larik, Ouren has made great achievements in the field of Art Nouveau jewelry design. Grasett. The jewelry he designed is unique and original, full of * * *, imagination and dreams. One of the most famous works is "Sylvia" pendant. It is made of plant patterns, metal-free enamel and freshwater pearls.
During the Art Nouveau movement, French posters and other graphic designs were also excellent, and were recognized by the design community as the birthplace of modern commercial advertisements. Jules, the master painter? 1866, Shere applied the color lithograph technique learned from England to advertising printing, which was all the rage and was called the modern "meaning of advertising". During his life, he designed hundreds of posters featuring rococo lines and bright blocks.
After Schell, poster design developed rapidly, and famous artists came forth in large numbers, including Toulouse? The bright color of Lautreck's poster, Pierre? The rough letters and bold rhythm of Bonaire's posters are still impressive. Toulouse? The Happy Queen and Jane designed by Lautreck? Posters of Flair, Moulin Rouge and other song and dance performances can be regarded as the representative of Art Nouveau's graphic works. His posters outline objects and people with lines and choose the theme of daily life, which makes people feel cordial. The most original is his exaggeration of characters, clever arrangement of words and characters, strong contrast and so on. What about alfons? The posters and posters designed by Moussa are called the most outstanding graphic designers in Art Nouveau because of their strong Art Nouveau characteristics: curves, natural forms, high decoration and graphic effects. According to incomplete statistics, Musha designed nearly 100 posters in his life, and his style blended with many influences. The elegant outline and bright color blocks of Japan combine the geometric decoration of Byzantine and Moorish art. These posters reveal Byzantine style, featuring idealized female images surrounded by angels, palm leaves and mosaics, and raise advertising posters to the height of works of art (Figure 3-9). For example, the poster he designed for "Jane Avril" at 1893 is the most typical example of this style.
As for Hector? Kyle's works embody the highest achievement of French Art Nouveau architecture. His most important design is a series of entrances to the Paris subway system. At the beginning of the 20th century, he was entrusted by the Paris municipal government to design the subway entrance, with more than 100 entrances. These building structures are basically made of bronze and other metals. He gave full play to the characteristics of naturalism and imitated the structure of plants for design. The ceilings and railings of these entrances imitate the shapes of plants, especially twisted branches and twisted vines. The ceiling is deliberately shaped like a shell, which is amazing! Entrance, railings, signs, columns and electric lights constitute a harmonious mixed landscape of organisms and abstract shapes.
2. Belgium
The Art Nouveau movement in Belgium is second only to France. The main design organizations are the "Group of Twenty" established by 1884 and the Free Aesthetics Society later renamed by it. An important representative is Victor? Victor Holata (1867— 1947) and Henry? Vander. Henry van de velde (1863- 1957).
Henry. Vander. Oscar Wilde was the most outstanding designer, design theorist and architect in Belgium at the end of 19 and the beginning of the 20th century. His affirmation of machinery, the theory of design principles and his design practice all make him one of the most important founders in the history of modern design. He founded an arts and crafts school in Weimar, Germany in 1906, which became the initial center of modern design education in Germany and later became the world-famous Bauhaus School of Design. During his stay in Belgium, Wilder engaged in "Art Nouveau" style furniture, interior, dyed fabric design and graphic design. On the other hand, as the main leader of "G20" and "Liberal Aesthetics Society", he led the Art Nouveau design movement in Belgium.
Belgian Art Nouveau movement is called avant-garde movement in the history of Belgian design. It started in the 1980s at 19. 188 1 year, by Okta? Ottaf Mouth founded an art publication with a strong democratic color, Modern Art, to promote new artistic ideas. Under his organization, a group of young people interested in art and design reform formed the avant-garde group (the Groupe des Vingt) at 1884. They held a series of art exhibitions to show the most avant-garde works of art in Europe at that time, so that Belgians could understand the development of avant-garde art at that time and get in touch with modern artistic concepts. The group of 20 elected Wilder as their leader. From 189 1, a design salon will be held every year to showcase various product designs and graphic designs. 1894, the group was renamed "Free Aesthetics Society". As far as personal design is concerned, Wilder's design uses a lot of curves, especially flowers and vines, which are intertwined into complex patterns. This is fully reflected in their graphic design and textile pattern design. The use of abstract linear forms Wilder's unique formal language. The design of tableware, jewelry, candlestick, teapot and other practical items all conveyed the strong rhythm of his new artistic style. He can go beyond the direct imitation of nature to explore vivid and abstract lines, and thinks that such lines are the essence of nature. "Line is power" should be the basis of "new" decoration. The candlestick he designed in 1899 can be regarded as the embodiment of this idea. It skillfully expounds the designer's theory about lines and successfully transforms the rhythm of branch lines into abstract arrangement curves.
Victor? Hota is a radical Democrat, mainly engaged in architecture and interior design. His architectural design has two obvious characteristics: first, it pays attention to decoration, and the "whip rope" lines inspired by natural plants can be seen everywhere, which are very prominent in wall decoration, doors and stairs; The second is the exposed steel structure and glass surface of the building. Fringed Mansion is one of Horta's early masterpieces. The basis of architectural design is the ups and downs of leaves, branches and scrolls. The interior follows the gorgeous Art Nouveau design. The foyer and stairs have stained glass windows and mosaic tile floors, and are decorated with spiral and winding line patterns, which echo the spiral patterns of wrought iron railings, columns and stigmas, roof arcades and stairs, and are harmonious and unified as a whole. Is Hetianjia Victor? The peak of Horta's design career and the milestone of Art Nouveau architecture.
4. Spain
Anthony? Antoni Gaudi (1852— 1926) is the most important representative of the Spanish Art Nouveau movement. As an architect and designer with a unique style, he comes from humble origins and is the son of an ordinary craftsman. Suffering from pneumonia all his life, he was silent since childhood. /kloc-started studying architecture in Barcelona at the age of 0/7, and his design was inspired by a large number of books he read widely. In his early years, he had a strong feature of * * * Moore style, that is, the "* * * Moore style" stage of his design career. At this stage, his design is not only retro, but also eclectic, mixing various materials. The typical design belonging to this style is Vinson Apartment, which was built between 1883 and 1888, located in Caroline. A large number of glazed tiles are used for mosaic decoration on the wall of this design. Since the Middle Ages, Gaudi has combined the characteristics of Gothic style in his design, developed the organic form and curve style of Art Nouveau to the extreme, and endowed it with mysterious and legendary metaphors to express complex feelings in seemingly casual designs. Gaudi's most creative design is Batlo House, whose shape symbolizes the details of marine animals. At first glance, the whole building is full of innovation. Bone-shaped stone frames, colored glass mosaics and colored roof tiles, which constitute the convex windows on the first and second floors, present unusual continuity and give the building unlimited vitality. The windows of the apartment are designed to seem to grow outside the wall, which has a strange undulating effect. Later, he designed Casa Mila, which further developed the shape of bartholomew apartment. The facade of the building is treated as a series of horizontal undulating lines, which makes the height vertical sense of the multi-storey building and the horizontal undulation of the surface shine. The apartment is not only wavy outside, but also has no right angle inside, including furniture. Try to avoid using straight lines and planes. Because of the different spans, the parabolic arch he used produced roofs with different heights, forming an amazing roof landscape, and the whole building was like a melting ice cream. Mila apartment has been criticized by Barcelona residents for its extreme style. Newspapers attacked the design with various nicknames, such as coins, heads and horse nests.
Of all Gaudi's designs, up to now, the most important one is the Holy Family Church, which he devoted to for 43 years until his death. The church was commissioned by Gaudi on 188 1 and completed on 1884. It took 42 years to build it, mainly because of lack of financial resources, and it was stopped several times. The design of the church mainly simulates the medieval Gothic architectural style. The original design had 65,438+02 minarets, but only four were completed. Although the minaret retains the charm of Gothic style, its structure has been much simpler. Inside and outside the church are covered with stalactite sculptures and decorative pieces, which are covered with colored glass and stones, as if it were a mythical world. The whole church has no straight line and clear rules, and it is full of the breath of challenging the world's industrialized style.
Another representative of Spain's "Art Nouveau Movement" is Louis? Dominic. Montagni (1850- 1930) basically keeps pace with French and Belgian styles, but pays more attention to function. The representative design is katara Orchid Concert Hall.
5. Austria
The Art Nouveau movement in Austria was initiated by Vienna separatists. This is a group of avant-garde artists, architects and designers. Founded in 1897, formerly known as "Austrian Art Association". Later, they called themselves "separatists" because they flaunted their separation from traditional and orthodox art, and their slogan was "Derzeithihre Kunst-der Kunthihre Freiheit". The main representatives are: architect Otto? Otto Wagner (1841-1918), Joseph? Hoffman (so sephhoffmann1970-1956), Joseph? Olbrich (Sosph Oblrich1867—1908), Coroman? Mo Ze (Koloman Moser1868—1918) and the painter Gustav? Gustav klimt, etc.
Wagner is an advocate of Austrian Art Nouveau. He engaged in architectural design in his early years and formed his own theory. He admired classicism in his early days, and later, under the influence of industrial technology, he gradually formed his own new views. His theory is reflected in the book Modern Architecture published by 1895. He pointed out that new structures and new materials will inevitably lead to the emergence of new design forms, and the retro style in the architectural field is extremely absurd. Design is for modern people, not for classical revival. His prediction of the future architecture is very radical, and he thinks that the future architecture is "like a horizontal line popular in ancient times, a flat roof like a desktop, extremely simple and powerful structures and materials". These views are very similar to those of modernist architecture represented by Bauhaus later. He even thinks that the core of modern architecture is the design of transportation or communication system, because architecture is a place where human beings live, work and communicate, not just an empty surrounding space. Architecture should have such communication, communication and traffic-centered design considerations, with the purpose of promoting communication and providing convenient functions, and decoration should also serve this purpose. He designed and built apartment Neustiff Guss 40 in 1900- 1902, which embodies his design principle of "function first, decoration second", abandons the meaningless naturalistic curve of the new art style, adopts simple geometric form, and achieves decorative effect with several curves.
Marjorica apartment building, built in 1899, is one of Wagner's representative works. The exterior decoration of the whole building is very luxurious, and the Marjory colored tiles are in sharp contrast with the simple vertical and horizontal squares. However, only in his later works can the unique features of Vienna Art Nouveau be truly reflected, and all unnecessary decorations are abandoned. For example, the Vienna Separatist architecture built in 1897- 1898 fully adopts simple geometric shapes, especially squares, and the surface is decorated with a small number of plant patterns, which makes the design highly consistent in function and decoration, in sharp contrast to buildings with strange appearance and poor function.
Joseph? Olbrich and Joseph? Hoffman, a student of Wagner, inherited Wagner's new architectural concept. The Separatist House designed by Olbrich for the annual exhibition of Vienna Separatists summarizes the basic characteristics of separatists with its geometric structure and few decorations. The alternation of cubes and spheres constitutes the theme of the building, as simple as a monument.
Compared with Olbrich, Hoffman made greater achievements in the Art Nouveau movement, even surpassing his teacher Wagner. 1903, he initiated the establishment of Wiener Werksttate, a handicraft factory similar to Morris Design Office during the British Arts and Crafts Movement. While producing furniture, metal products and decorations, he also published "Sacred" magazine to publicize his design and artistic ideas. Hoffman has made great achievements in architectural design, graphic design, furniture design, interior design and metal ware design all his life. In his architectural design, the simplicity of decoration is very prominent. Because he prefers square and three-dimensional shapes, in many of his interior designs, such as walls, partitions, windows, carpets and furniture, furniture itself is regarded as a rock-like three-dimensional shape (Figure 3- 18). In his graphic design, the repetition of graphic design, such as spirals and black and white squares, is very eye-catching. The basic elements of his decorative techniques are juxtaposed geometric shapes, straight lines and black and white contrast tones. This decorative technique of black-and-white checkered graphics was initiated by Hoffman and nicknamed "Checked Hoffman" by academic circles (Figure 3- 19).
The painter Klimt is the most important artist of "Vienna Separatists". He also used a lot of simple geometric figures as the basic composition in his painting style, and used very gorgeous metallic colors, such as gold, silver and bronze, plus other bright colors to create very decorative paintings, which caused great shock in the painting world at that time. He used ceramic mosaic technology for the murals of architectural design, and added a lot of charm to the design by using his skillful painting skills.
Mo Ze, another representative of the Vienna Separatist School, is famous for his paintings for a long time, but he has very close cooperation with separatist designers. Their decorative painting style is simple and lively, which is in sharp contrast with Klimt's painting style and tends to be monochrome or black and white. For example, 1898, he designed exhibition posters for the Viennese separatists, which are typical works of Art Nouveau.
6. Britain, Britain
As a design movement, the design activities of Art Nouveau in England are mainly confined to Scotland. Therefore, its influence in Britain is far less than that of the "Arts and Crafts Movement". In this limited design movement, the Glasgow quartet: Charles? Renee. Charles Renee McIntosh (1868— 1928), Herbert? Herbert Mayer1868-1953), Margaret? Margaret MacDonald (1865— 1933), Francis? McDonald's (Francis McDonald's, 1874— 192 1). From the 1990s to the early 20th century, starting from 19, they formed a unique Scottish new art expression in the design of architecture, interior, furniture, glass and metal utensils, that is, a new expression of alternating movement of soft curves and hard and elegant vertical lines, which is also called "straight line style" in the design history circle.
McIntosh is not only the leader of Glasgow Group, but also embodies the "linear style" in his design. He was born in Glasgow on June 7th, 868. There are 1 1 children in his family. He was very happy when he was a child and decided to engage in architecture very early. Despite the opposition of his parents, he left home at the age of 16 to study painting, architecture and participate in design. His design field is very extensive, involving architecture, furniture, interior, lamps, glassware, carpets, wall hanging and so on. At the same time, he is also very accomplished in painting art, and the formation of his design style is greatly influenced by Japanese ukiyo-e painting. He was very interested in the use of Japanese ukiyo-e lines since he was very young, especially the simple straight lines in Japanese traditional art, which achieved a very decorative effect by using different arrangements and layouts. Of course, his design style also stems from the achievements of the British arts and crafts movement, especially William? Morris and John? The development of various experiments led by Ruskin and others, and the influence of the Art Nouveau movement in other European countries, especially some figures who are regarded as the prelude to modernism, such as the separatist movement in Vienna.
As a comprehensive and outstanding designer, MacIntosh has made great achievements in architectural design. On the one hand, his early architectural design was influenced by traditional British architecture, on the other hand, he tended to adopt simple vertical and horizontal lines. His most successful architectural design is some buildings of Glasgow Art Institute, which are designed in simple solid geometry form with a little decoration inside, which is very cubist. A large number of wooden structures are used indoors, which are simple in geometric form and coordinated inside and outside, forming a unified style. In order to achieve a highly unified design style, he also unified the design of furniture and supplies inside the building. The furniture used primary colors, paid attention to the use of vertical lines, and decorated with straight lines, although too much decoration was avoided. For example, the design of the library of Glasgow Institute of Art has no smooth decorative lines, but abstract and powerful geometric shapes, giving people the impression of abstract polyphonic music. Another example is the interior he designed for the hill building in 1902. Its simple three-dimensional figure echoes the similar figure of the floor, and extends this tone to rectangular door frames, ceilings, wallboard and geometric lights. Simple lattice dominates the interior, merging into a simple and empty overall effect. Another example is furniture design, such as chairs, cabinets, beds and so on. In particular, the armchair he designed is completely black in appearance, which is very exaggerated, completely getting rid of all traditional forms and surpassing any natural form imitation.
Judging from a large number of works, the design style of Glasgow, represented by Macintosh, is reflected in the application of decorative content and techniques. Specifically, the surface decoration follows strict line patterns-mainly slightly curved vertical lines, usually ending in an ellipse-as well as plaid and stylized rose shapes; Soft color matching is mainly limited to the elegant and bright colors composed of light olive, lavender, milky white, gray and silvery white; The elongated female meditation posture is also very prominent in their design; Although the decorative lines are super stable, the visual effect will not change. Most surface patterns are abstract and complex, and symbolic forms are interspersed among them. These symbolic forms, like most new art designs, communicate naturally. Curved vertical lines are the same as oval and cell patterns, and stylized leaves and rosebuds give the work growing vitality.
7. America
In the field of applied art, the famous designer influenced by the Art Nouveau movement is Will? Will H. Bradley (1868 ~ 1962) is a representative figure of art nouveau graphic design. Bradley started his design with beardsley's line style. It can be said that beardsley's works have a decisive influence on Bradley's graphic design style. With regard to this influence, we can clearly see from the poster CHAPBOOK designed by him in 1895 and "Twin Sisters" regarded by critics as "the first poster of American Art Nouveau" that it has the curved decorative pattern and flat pattern background in beardsley's graphic style.
Bradley's 1894 works reflect the purely decorative and highly "moral" techniques of British arts and crafts designers, such as the cover design of story books. But in his subsequent design career, he also summed up some new techniques, such as repeating line patterns instead of just black and white contrast, to set off colors and decorative lines. These new technologies and other personal design styles he summed up in his R? d？ In the illustrations drawn by the American narrative poems of Blackmar, and in the covers designed by 1895, 1896 and 1905 for "domestic printing", the cover is Edmund? The illustration of Spencer's "Image and Victor"? Than Sikrei "poster design.
Louis? Kangfu? Louis comfort tiffany (1848— 1933) is a representative figure in the field of arts and crafts design.
Tiffany is mainly engaged in the design of daily utensils, especially good at glass design. Before Art Nouveau influenced the United States, the prototype of Tiffany's glass design mainly came from Europe, but in the last decade of the19th century, his works became the model of European glass design.
Tiffany's achievements in the field of glass design are unique. He not only designed the most fashionable desk lamp in American society in the late 1990s (19), but also introduced the famous "Favreur" vase series in the late 20th century. In the former design, colorful glass lamps make the dazzling light of incandescent lamps extremely soft. The base of bronze is a tree root and trunk, and painted glass lampshades decorated with lilies, lotus flowers or wisteria flowers are hung on irregular shapes, which has a natural and romantic artistic conception, while the design of the latter introduces new color effects, mostly rainbow colors, imitating ancient weathered glassware, and sometimes overlapping stylized flowers, peacock feathers and comb ripple patterns to enhance the color effect.
In the field of architectural design, before the Art Nouveau movement was introduced into the United States, the famous "Chicago School" had been formed in the United States, which advocated that the architectural function should come first, "the form always obeys the needs of the function, which is an unchangeable law", and "the function remains unchanged, and the form remains unchanged". Its representatives are Adler Architects Beruheim, Jenny, Ajdero, Holabird, Louis? Sullivan (louis sullivan,1856&; 1924), etc. Through the work of these architects, since Chicago, there has been an upsurge of building skyscrapers in the United States.
Louis? Sullivan is the most important representative of Chicago School, and he has made unprecedented contributions to the architecture of Art Nouveau in the United States. In 14, he designed 100 skyscrapers in new york, Missouri and Chicago. His early architectural works expressed his desire to add Roman architectural language to modern forms. The auditorium building he designed has an arcade built on a rough low floor and surrounded by windows. Inside the building, Sullivan has started to decorate with flowers. Sullivan's most outstanding architectural design work is the design of the shopping center of Carson Pirisco Company. The simple treatment of the shopping center made this design the basic prototype of countless office and commercial buildings in the 20th century. Above and around the main entrance is covered with luxurious Art Nouveau cast iron decoration, which is perhaps Sullivan's most outstanding architectural decoration. The bottom two floors of the mall are shops and the top ten floors are office buildings. White pottery bricks are hung on the steel frame, and there are rows of big windows, which fully embodies his modern architectural thought of "form obeys function". In particular, Sullivan and Edlow jointly designed the Chicago Grand Theatre. Sullivan used folding ceiling parapets and vertical barriers to transmit sound from the stage to the audience at the back of the theater with many suspended arcs, which made the theater that can accommodate 3,000 people achieve perfect sound effects. Outside the building, Sullivan changed the facade materials of the theater, using simple granite stones in the lower three floors and sandstone in the upper four floors, thus emphasizing the vertical sense of the building wall.
Frank who worked in Sullivan's architectural firm after Sullivan? Frank Lloyd Wright (1869— 1959) further developed Sullivan's Art Nouveau architectural thought, which was mainly manifested in the selection of new materials and the consideration of the harmony between architecture and environment. He put forward the famous concept of "organic architecture". Wright is regarded as one of the greatest architects in modern times. From 65438 to 2009, his architectural design showed a strong tendency of surface decoration in the 1990s. For example, his design of Masefei residence from 65438 to 20894 is a typical example. Since 1895, Wright has integrated elegant vertical and curved shapes into the design of architectural iron ornaments. By 1904, the use of vertical lines and surface patterns in these decorative works had Wright's personal style.