Northern Europe, the Netherlands and Germany still follow the classical route. There are many similarities between the development of ancient oil painting techniques and the development of society, and they are constantly seeking changes and further improvement. As early as 15000 years ago, there were paintings, and the murals in the caves of altamira in Spain were the works of primitive people. According to archaeological findings, bird bone pipes were used to blow pigment powder on the rock wall at that time. At the same time, the most influential mural in Lascaux Cave in France is the peak of Paleolithic art. Primitive people had the concept of mixing pigment powder and oil with pigment powder in the use of materials, so they had the most basic factors that later formed oil painting materials. Wax board painting is the earliest formal easel painting, and wood board is the earliest auxiliary material for easel painting. The brushwork and luster of wax painting can be said to be the embryonic form of oil painting. Because the tools used in wax painting are cumbersome and inconvenient to operate, this technology was later changed to the method of mixing wax and glue, and then developed to pure glue painting. Therefore, the use of wax is gradually replaced by other media. In the Middle Ages and Renaissance, wax figures became the real "art of the past".
The earliest wet murals were produced in the late Minoan culture in Crete, ancient Greece. This method was revived in Italy in the late Middle Ages. Giotto (1267— 1337) in Italy is an outstanding representative of mural art, and there is also a kind of easel painting method widely used by European painters in the Middle Ages, which we call "Tempella" painting. This painting method was used in ancient Egypt, Greece and Rome. It uses egg yolk or egg white, and also uses whole eggs to mix egg yolk and egg white, and mixed pigment powder for painting. The real meaning of "Tampere" is the egg glue painting now. Because egg glue is a water-soluble material, it dries quickly, can be portrayed repeatedly, and can modify the picture at any time. Italian painter Sandro. Many of Botticelli's works are done by the egg glue method. Later painters used egg glue to finish their works, and then painted the painting with transparent oil to make it have a bright surface. This is a transitional painting method of oil painting. This transition period is roughly from 1 1 century to14th century. Most materials prove that this change is slow and gradual. Compared with later oil paintings, Tempelina's painting method has certain limitations and shortcomings. Oil painting is a more convenient, flexible and applicable technology, so it quickly became the most important painting in Europe as soon as it appeared. Jan Van Ecker (about 1390- 144 1), a Dutch painter, generally called him the inventor of oil painting in the history of art, in fact, he had a history of oil painting exploration for 300 years before him. Oil painting is not a creation for Van Eyck, but an empirical experiment and perfection. Van Eyck realized the new aesthetic ideal of the individual and the times by faithfully expressing the object to the maximum extent. He improved the technology of his predecessors and found suitable materials and technology. He can make shiny paint with oil, he can paint slowly and accurately, he can calmly draw knots with sharp strokes, and his works appear in a new look. Some people attribute the achievement of Van Eyck's oil painting to drying oil's discovery or the use of desiccant. Van Eyck's contribution to oil painting lies in the solvent, and this improvement really separates the oil painting material technique from the water-soluble Tampere and the vitrification method of using oil painting pigment to finally flat paint the picture. There are also Diu Lei (1471-kloc-0/528) and holbein (1497- 1543) which are typical Nordic technologies. Like Van Eyck, every part of the picture is full of reason, and they try their best to describe it in depth. In particular, Diu Lei's brown fur collar coat and his long curly hair curled around his head, and described the thickness and highlights of his hair in detail. The oil painting materials and techniques of Nordic masters are very suitable for vividly expressing details. Nordic oil paintings such as Yang Van Eyck are complex and time-consuming, and cannot be modified and improvised at will, and are generally small in size. So later, various reforms were carried out.
The greatest ideological and cultural movement in modern history is the European Renaissance. The center of the movement is Florence, Italy. The central point is to doubt and criticize medieval theological thought and set off a humanistic revolution. At this time, there were three outstanding painters, namely Da. Their similarities are: Buffon, Michelangelo and Raphael. Their common characteristics are: regardless of the religious ban, studying the human body structure, exploring the mysteries of life, attaching importance to modeling, optical principles and perspective rules, studying nature, and emphasizing subjective makers and artistic idealization, which are their main contributions to art, but during this period, Italian style did not really form in oil painting techniques. The early works are still the process of painting the picture with oil after the rubber egg is completed. Like Nordic painters, they basically rely on wood rights or sticky paper on boards. Using Bo Tu, the picture is exquisite and smooth. Only in the style of painting, it pays more attention to emotional expression than Nordic painters, emphasizing the rhythm change of reality and reality. Therefore, the oil painting materials, techniques, artistic aesthetic ideals, personal temperament and other aspects of this period seem to have not found the best breakthrough. Venetian painters have a strong preference for color, rich and colorful pictures, rich and changeable pens, and pursue the realism and vitality of artistic images. Titian (1477-1576), as the main representative, made the painting art of Venetian school reach its peak. He improved the northern European oil painting techniques, and then formed the southern European painting method. He gave up the use of resin, sketched his ideas directly on the colored canvas, mixed white pigments with pigments, and painted with opaque thick pigments. Only Michelangelo deserves the fame of his life. Titian pays attention to feeling and repainting. In terms of technology and aesthetic taste, it is essentially different from the Nordic painters' in-depth and rational description of details. Titian's works generally use rough linen to stretch soft soles, and sometimes use twill, giving up the limited wooden soles, which has a unique aesthetic feeling and can increase the picture level. His canvas was evenly coated with leather glue to prevent it from becoming brittle in the future. The canvas was coated with a thin layer of primer. This primer is made of gypsum powder and leather glue, and its purpose is to fill the gaps between fabric fibers and make a colorful substrate. Draw the background color with brown or other background colors instead of the pure white background color of Nordic painters, and then mark the draft directly on the canvas with oil painting pigments. Oil painting pigments are mainly mineral pigments and white pigments, and the whole painting process is quite free.
Leave the painting for a period of time to dry, then process and modify it, and finally finish it with a transparent painting. This new technology draws bright parts on a dark background instead of the previous method of drawing dark parts on a bright background. Compared with Nordic painters, Titian's painting procedure is also a deviation and relaxation. Titian is unique and expressive in oil painting techniques, which has a far-reaching influence on later oil painters and is popular all over the world because of its direct and simple painting methods. The rise of the Italian painting school gradually competed with the northern painting school, and later the northern painters were also influenced by Italian painters. Rubens of Flanders (1577- 1640) is a representative painter who combines two major painting schools in one furnace. Lu studied in Italy for eight years, especially the works of the Venetian painters Titian, Titian, Titian and Titian had a profound influence on his art. At the same time, he carefully studied the Dutch painting tradition since the national predecessor Yang Fanek, and combined the respective advantages of the North and South painting schools in oil painting techniques, which was unique. His technique is a compromise technique. That is, in the dark part of the painting, the Nordic transparent painting method was maintained, and in the bright part, the Italian opaque thick painting method was drawn. Therefore, the pigment layer in the bright part of Rubens' oil painting is thicker than that in the dark part, which enriches the expression of oil painting. Rubens' technique has far-reaching influence and laid the foundation of modern popular painting. There are three basic techniques in oil painting: one is the Nordic Nederland School, a transparent Bo Tu painting represented by Jan Van Eyck; Second, the opaque and heavy painting method represented by Venice Titian in the Italian painting school in southern Europe; The third is eclectic painting, represented by the Flemish painter Rubens, which combines the North and South techniques: transparent Bo Tu in the dark and thick painting in the bright and opaque. /kloc-painters after the 0/7th century have their own styles and unique techniques, but they have never divorced from these three basic traditional oil painting techniques. From the development history of European oil painting, oil painting gradually developed from wax painting and egg glue painting. /kloc-In the 5th century, the Van Eyck brothers completed the transformation from rubber as the medium to oil as the medium. Due to the innovation of materials and techniques, the expressive force of oil painting has been fully exerted, and the works have made a great leap in depth and perfection. Therefore, in the15th century, the Nederland school represented by the Van Eyck brothers was an important turning point in the history of oil painting development. /kloc-in the 7th century, with the continuous improvement of several generations of artists, the expression form of oil painting has made an important turning point, that is, it has gradually developed from multi-level cover dyeing method to comprehensive expression method and direct painting method, which greatly enriched the expression language and skills of oil painting and made it perfect day by day. Greco, velazquez, Rembrandt and Vermeer played an important role in17th century.
The Renaissance began. In the later classical neoclassicism.