1, internal medicine: blood pressure, heart rate, heart rhythm, heart murmur, heart boundary, lung, liver, spleen, kidney, abdominal tenderness, bowel sounds and nervous system examination.

2. Surgery: height, weight, spine, skin, lymph nodes, joints of limbs, breast, thyroid, anorectum, prostate, urogenital, groin.

3. Gynecology: vulva, vagina, uterus, accessories, vaginal smear, pathological examination.

4. Ophthalmology: vision, trachoma, color discrimination, cornea, conjunctiva and fundus.

5. Otolaryngology: hearing, external auditory canal, sinus, nasopharynx and throat.

6. Stomatology: lips, palate, teeth, gums, oral mucosa,

7. Electrocardiogram

8.b-ultrasound: liver, gallbladder, spleen and kidney.

9. Chest fluoroscopy

10, assay

(1) alanine aminotransferase (ALT), anti-Australian.

(2) Blood sugar

(3) Blood lipids: cholesterol drives triglycerides.

(4) Fetal nail ball

(5) Creatinine and urea nitrogen

■ Clinical significance of various physical examination items

Significance of physical examination items

Routine inspection items

internal medicine

(Sight, touch, knock, listen) Thoracic: Whether there is thoracic abnormality is more common in people with chronic consumptive diseases and vitamin D deficiency.

Lung and pleura: Understand breathing sounds, rales and inflammation.

Heart: Early detection of heart disease

Liver: By touching the texture of the liver, you can know the nature of the liver. Under normal circumstances, the liver is soft, chronic hepatitis is hard and cirrhosis is hard. We can also know whether the liver is sick by whether it is tender or not.

Spleen: whether swollen or not, in order to reduce infection, congestion, tumor, etc.

Kidney: size, hardness, activity, etc. To prevent kidney tumors.

Blood pressure: measure the lateral pressure produced by blood flowing in blood vessels to judge hypertension and hypotension.

Surgical lymph nodes: whether the superficial lymph nodes are abnormally enlarged, etc.

Thyroid gland: early detection of cysts, tumors, etc.

Female breast: lobular hyperplasia and breast cancer can be detected early.

Anal: Hemorrhoids and tumors can be found early.

Skin: any skin disease, such as rash and moss.

Ophthalmic vision: Know the diopter of the eye.

Cornea: pay attention to transparency, white spots, ulcers, etc.

Scleral: Pay attention to jaundice and lipoma.

Color discrimination: Know whether you are color blind or weak.

Otolaryngology Ear: Simple Hearing Examination Nose: Is there any tumor?

Pharyngeal region: diagnosis of acute and chronic pharyngitis.

Nose: It is valuable to judge acute and chronic rhinitis.

Tongue: Observe the quality and coating of tongue.

Tonsils: congestion, swelling, ulcers, etc.

Electrocardiogram (ECG) is very valuable for the diagnosis of various arrhythmia.

The diagnosis of myocardial infarction has high accuracy.

It is helpful for the diagnosis of ventricular hypertrophy and cardiomyopathy.

It is helpful to understand the influence of some drugs and electrolyte disorders on the heart.

B-ultrasound is of great value in the diagnosis of liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen and kidney.

Early detection of chest tumor by chest X-ray examination

Blood routine red blood cells-anemia or abnormal increase

Leukocyte-infection, radiation injury, allergic diseases, etc.

Platelets-understand hematopoietic function, evaluate bleeding time, etc.

Urine routine color, transparency and density, early detection of kidney disease, diabetes, etc.

Fasting blood glucose can initially screen diabetes.

blood fat

(Triglyceride)

+cholesterol) to understand the levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides in the body, further guide daily drinking and treatment, reduce the occurrence of coronary heart disease and arteriosclerosis, and reduce the further evolution of hypertension.

kidney function

(urea nitrogen+creatinine) reflects renal function.

Hepatitis B surface antigen can tell whether you carry hepatitis B virus through the examination of hepatitis B antigen.

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is used to check the main indexes of liver function to know whether the liver is damaged.

Carcinoembryonic antigen is helpful for the examination of digestive tract tumors

The early stage of uric acid gout can only be high blood uric acid.

Blood viscosity reflects the viscosity of blood and is closely related to thrombosis.

Main factors affecting atherosclerosis by high and low density lipoprotein

In the second half of hepatitis B, whether there are big three-yang or small three-yang through the examination of hepatitis B antigen and antibody shows that hepatitis B virus is in the recovery period after replication, highly contagious or at a low level, or the virus basically stops or is infected.

The AFP value of alpha-fetoprotein can be used as a screening for early liver cancer.

Helicobacter pylori has high diagnostic value for gastric ulcer and antritis.

Hepatitis A is used for differential diagnosis of hepatitis A..

Hepatitis C is used for differential diagnosis of hepatitis C..

blood grouping

Prostate specific antigen

(PSA) To know whether there is a tumor in the prostate and the condition of the tumor.

The occult blood in stool is helpful to the diagnosis of gastrointestinal bleeding.

Special inspection items

Cervical radiograph (positive lateral position) to rule out cervical spondylosis as soon as possible.

Chest X-ray is of great significance to the differential diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis.

Gynecological routine (married) is used to identify gynecological diseases.

Female B-ultrasound to understand the situation of female internal genitalia, with or without lesions.

Female Yin Chao has a deeper understanding of female internal genitalia.

Understand the blood supply of cerebral vessels through TCD.

Color Doppler echocardiography was used to know whether there were organic lesions in the heart.

Bone mineral density to understand the degree of osteoporosis

■ Common inspection precautions

1. Electrocardiogram examination: Take a quiet rest for about 5 minutes before examination, and do not check after running, full meal, cold drink or smoking. These factors will lead to abnormal ECG, which will affect the diagnosis of diseases. Fasting should also be carried out on the day before the full meal test and the two-step exercise test.

Second, EEG examination: wash your hair 1 day before examination, and do not use hair oil. Sedatives, stimulants and other drugs acting on the nervous system should be stopped 24 hours before the examination, so as to avoid hallucinations during the examination and affect the judgment of the examination results. EEG examination must be carried out within 3 hours after meals. If you can't eat before the examination, you should follow the doctor's arrangement and take 50 grams of powdered sugar orally or 40 ml of 50% glucose intravenously to prevent hypoglycemia from affecting the examination results.

Third, thyroid iodine examination: the examination must be on an empty stomach. You should not take iodine-containing preparations or eat iodine-rich foods, such as kelp, jellyfish and laver, before the examination.

Fourth, renogram examination: urine must be emptied before examination, do not drink tea and coffee, and do not take diuretics.

Fiberoptic bronchoscopy: 4 hours before fiberoptic bronchoscopy, fasting and water are forbidden to avoid vomiting caused by examination stimulation. Those who wear removable dentures must take them off before the examination to prevent them from falling off during the examination and mistakenly entering the trachea or esophagus. Fasting should be done 6 ~ 8 hours before gastroscopy to prevent vomiting during intubation from affecting the results of the examination, and emptying and defecation should be done before gastroscopy. Eat a small amount of residual diet 3 days before colonoscopy, take laxatives 1 day before colonoscopy, enema 3 hours before colonoscopy, and discharge feces in jejunum cavity.

Six, ct examination: before doing abdominal CT examination, be sure to fast water, so as not to form artifacts and affect the quality of CT images. The CT examination of other parts does not need fasting water.

Seven, selective angiocardiography: fasting 3 ~ 4 hours before examination. Seriously practice the actions that doctors need to do during the examination, such as inhaling and holding their breath, to cooperate with the examination.

Eight, cholangiography: when doing oral radiography, before the examination 1 day, eat a fat meal at noon to empty the bile in the gallbladder, and it is better to have oil-free and high-sugar food for dinner. Take contrast media according to the doctor's advice around 7 o'clock after dinner, and then fast. When doing venography, it is also before the examination 1 day. Eat fat meal at noon and fast on the morning of the examination. If there is acute inflammation, fever, abdominal pain, acute jaundice, etc. Don't do this check until you are well.

Nine, urography and male reproductive system: 1 The day before the examination, eat soft food for dinner, and then fast. 1 Take laxatives the day before the examination to remove the gas and feces in the intestinal cavity. Empty urine before examination.

X. female reproductive system radiography: before examination, urine and stool should be emptied, enema should be given to those with unsolved stool, pubic hair should be shaved and vagina should be cleaned.

XI。 Laboratory examination: When blood is drawn for biochemical index examination, blood should be drawn on an empty stomach before breakfast, so that the result is more accurate. In particular, the examination of liver function, blood sugar, blood lipids and other items, the requirements for fasting are more stringent.

■ When will you have a health check-up?

With the increase of age, the probability of human suffering from certain diseases is also increasing. Most of these diseases have no obvious symptoms in the early stage, but they often have serious consequences. Fortunately, if it can be found early and treated in time, the prognosis is often good. To this end, the experts of Mayo Medical Center in the United States provide you with a list of regular health checkups. It involves nine projects. This list will tell you when to do what.

1.* dental examination: at least once a year from the age of one.

2.* Eyesight check: I have had my first eye check since I was three years old. Check it every 3-5 years as appropriate.

3.* Blood pressure check 10 years old, you should have your first blood pressure check, and then at least once every two years.

4.* Cervical smear If you are a female, have your first cervical smear at the age of 18 (or after sexual intercourse). Check every 1-3 years. After three consecutive negative results are obtained, the inspection interval can be extended.

5.* Cholesterol test When you were 20 years old, you had your first blood cholesterol test, and then every five years.

6.* Breast Examination If you are a woman, ask your doctor to have your first breast examination when you are 40 years old.

7.* Prostate Examination If you are a male, you will have your first prostate examination at the age of 50. Note that some doctors want you to do it at the age of 40.

8.* Mammography If you are a woman, you will have your first mammography at the age of 50. Note that some doctors want you to do it at the age of 40.

9.* colonoscopy started at the age of 50, and then every 3-5 years.

(Expert advice): The incidence of colorectal cancer in Asians is low, but the incidence of gastric cancer is high, so gastroscopy should be changed.

■ What should I pay attention to in health check?

How often do you go to the hospital for a health check-up and what items do you check? This should be treated differently from person to person. We should proceed from reality and make choices according to our age, gender, occupation, health status and family history.

Healthy young and middle-aged people:/kloc-check once every 0 ~ 2 years. The key items of check-up are heart, lung, liver, gallbladder, stomach and other important organs, as well as blood pressure. However, people who are in poor health, especially those who have a family history of genetic susceptibility diseases such as hypertension, coronary heart disease, diabetes, psychosis and tumor, should be examined at least once a year.

Middle-aged and elderly people: The body has entered an eventful autumn, and the prevalence rate of various diseases has increased significantly. Therefore, the interval between exams should be shortened to about half a year. Especially for the elderly over 60 years old, the interval should be about 3 ~ 4 months, and the examination items should be decided at the discretion of the doctor, but blood pressure, electrocardiogram, X-ray chest film and routine hematuria and stool should be checked every time. Because the incidence of diabetes has increased significantly in recent years, middle-aged and elderly people, especially those who are obese or have a history of hypertension and coronary heart disease, should check urine sugar and blood sugar. If conditions permit, it is best to have an examination by a fixed doctor every time, so as to comprehensively and systematically grasp the health status of the subjects and give health care guidance. Participants should prepare a physical examination manual (or one prepared by the hospital) and fill it out carefully every time.

In addition to the above-mentioned examinations, married women should also have regular (every year 1 time) examinations of the uterus and breast, so as to find out more cervical cancer and breast cancer in women at an early stage. Employees who are in close contact with toxic and harmful substances should also carry out regular special inspections in order to find occupational diseases at an early stage.

If everyone can pay attention to this problem, they can consciously and actively go to the hospital for regular physical examination. It is believed that "healthy people go to the hospital" will soon become a fashion, which will significantly improve the early diagnosis rate and cure rate of various serious diseases.

At present, the physical examination in major hospitals is divided into units and individuals. Personal physical examination generally chooses 400-500 yuan project package, and a few rich people choose PET (full name is positron emission computed tomography), which is more accurate than ct, and costs 8500 yuan at a time, so as to screen the whole body for tumors. Compared with the individual physical examination, the physical examination of the unit will of course be limited by various factors, although in recent years, many physical examinations of the unit have begun to be divided into different age groups, and necessary examinations have been carried out for people of different age groups, such as breast examinations for middle-aged and elderly women. But in general, it is difficult for collective inspection to aim at individual specificity, and it can only be a routine general survey. Some high-risk groups of common diseases and people with sub-health phenomenon still need to go to the hospital for supplementary examination and early prevention.

Cardiac examination

At present, routine physical examination generally relies on electrocardiogram to detect the heart. Nowadays, many people often find problems such as arrhythmia and myocardial fatigue in physical examination because of their heavy work pressure, tight pace of life and heavy heart burden. However, early cardiovascular diseases such as invisible coronary heart disease and early myocardial infarction are difficult to find, so other tests must be used, which are usually not in the routine physical examination of the unit, so many people on the edge of cardiovascular sub-health ignore body signals and often have problems after nervous tension and strenuous exercise.

Suggestion: People with arrhythmia, myocardial fatigue and other symptoms should go to the hospital for further examination.

Brain examination

There are more and more patients with cerebral infarction and cerebral hemorrhage in their thirties. CT can examine tumors and infarctions, but the brain is generally not examined in routine physical examination, and because of the high cost, many people generally do not do brain CT. The problem is that in daily life, patients with early cerebral infarction just feel chest tightness, dizziness, poor sleep and so on. And the clinical symptoms are not obvious, so people mistakenly think it is a manifestation of sub-health.

Suggestion: People who often have dizziness, headache and chest tightness can have a brain CT examination to help the early diagnosis of the disease if economic conditions permit.

Bone mineral density examination

Now many middle-aged women know that they need calcium supplement, but they don't know whether they are short of calcium. There is no item to measure bone mineral density in routine physical examination, and few people go to the hospital for bone mineral density examination themselves. The initial symptoms of osteoporosis are not obvious, and sometimes there will be systemic bone pain and weakness, especially persistent pain in the waist, pelvis and back. Many people mistakenly think that it is a problem with the lumbar spine. Generally, bone loss begins in the thirties, and the absorption capacity of calcium, the main component of bones, gradually weakens. When the fracture occurred, more than 65,438+0/3 bones had been lost.

Suggestion: After 40 years old, if there is persistent pain in the waist, pelvis and back, it is necessary to check the bone density and prevent osteoporosis as soon as possible.

oral examination

I especially hope that the doctor can look at my teeth when I go for an ear, nose and throat examination. But there is nothing in my manual to check my teeth. Is it okay if your teeth don't hurt? In fact, the prevalence of dental caries in Guangdong province is higher than the national average, and the common dental diseases among residents remain high. For example, bleeding, bad breath, loose teeth, sensitivity and pain when eating hot food, etc., all indicate periodontal disease.

Suggestion: When the above symptoms appear, you should consult a dentist for examination and treatment, and it is best to have a regular oral examination every six months.

Blood sugar test

In general physical examination items, fasting blood sugar is often needed, and some people think that everything will be fine if fasting blood sugar is normal. However, although fasting blood glucose is normal, if the blood glucose level is higher than the normal value 2 hours after meals, even if it does not meet the diagnostic criteria of diabetes, it is impaired glucose tolerance, which sounds an alarm for macroangiopathy. Because many pre-diabetic patients have no obvious symptoms, when they find that they have obvious symptoms of diabetes, they will actually be diabetic for several years.

Suggestion: People over 40 years old with family history of diabetes, obesity and hypertension should not only check their fasting blood sugar, but also do postprandial blood sugar tests and take preventive measures.

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