The stratum corneum consists of 5 ~ 10 layers of dead flat keratinocytes, whose nuclei and organelles have completely disappeared. Under the electron microscope, the stratum corneum cells are filled with dense and parallel keratin tension filaments embedded in amorphous substances, mainly histidine-rich protein contained in hyaline keratin. A layer of insoluble protein with a thickness of about 12nm is attached to the inner surface of the cell membrane, so the cell membrane is thickened and firm. The surface of the cell membrane is uneven, the cells are embedded with each other, and the intercellular spaces are filled with lipid substances released by keratinocyte particles. Desmosomes can still be seen between stratum corneum cells near the transparent layer, but desmosomes in stratum corneum surface cells disappear, so they are easy to fall off and form dander.
Keratin, an important chemical component of stratum corneum, is a hydroxyl fatty acid containing 16 ~ 18 carbon. The stratum corneum is often divided into two layers, which are close to the outer wall of epidermal cells and are keratinized layers composed of keratin and cellulose. Outside the cell wall is a thin stratum corneum, which is composed of keratin or mixed with wax. The thickness of stratum corneum is greatly influenced by the environment. Leaves grown under drought and sunshine conditions have thicker cuticle and more wax. But when it grows in water or wet environment, it is very thin or even not at all.
Skin with thin stratum corneum
For this kind of skin, it should be properly maintained, not let nature take its course!
First of all, we should reduce the use of exfoliating and horny cleaning products. This way, the skin won't get thinner and thinner. ) choose daily cleanser, emulsion cleanser, which is mild in nature.
Second, because the skin surface is thin, hydrating is a daily lesson for people with this skin.
Third, choose mild skin care products. When changing seasons in spring, summer, autumn and winter, add a drop of citrus essential oil to the cream every day, mix it and apply it to your face. Citrus essential oil is a good skin care product, which is anti-allergic and hydrating.
Skin is divided into epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous tissue; The surface layer of skin is divided into five layers, which are basal layer, spinous cell layer, granular layer, transparent layer and stratum corneum from bottom to top. Skin cells grow from the basal layer and go through the process of aging and death when they go out. Keratin is the final product of the continuous regeneration of epidermal cells. When the cuticle on the skin surface is thick, the skin will lose its luster, dull, desquamate, wrinkle and acne. The cycle of skin keratinization is about one month, so beauty experts pay attention to exfoliation once every 28 days. Hair, nails and cuticle on the skin surface are horny. Keratin is a layer of tissue on the epidermis of some animals and plants, which is tough in texture and consists of shell and calcium, and has the function of protecting internal tissues.
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You must know how to exfoliate.
Normal and healthy skin does not need special exfoliation work, but when the keratin metabolism is slow, even when the skin is sick, it will not only make the skin look uneven, dull and have poor water retention, but even skin care products are not easy to absorb, so it is necessary to use some methods to remove the old waste keratin that should have fallen off long ago. Conversely, excessive exfoliation can also cause skin damage.
Excessive skin shedding will dry out, and redness and itching will be more obvious. In addition, many people are afraid that the more skin falls off, the thinner it will be. In fact, keratin is only the first layer of epidermis, and it will not make the skin thinner because of long-term exfoliation. Unless you really go too far, it will make your skin thinner.
First of all, you should know your facial skin. If the skin is dry or sensitive, it doesn't matter if you don't exfoliate it. If you want to do it, remember to choose a mild exfoliating product and do it once every 1~2 weeks.
If you are worried about the allergic reaction caused by exfoliating products, you can first find a professional dermatologist, or use it on the inside of your elbow first, and then use it on your face when there is no allergic reaction.
As for oily skin, especially in summer, it is easy to produce oil, and the speed of keratin production will be faster than that of dry people, and it can be done 1~2 times a week. If you have mixed skin, oily T-shape and chin can be regarded as oily skin, while dry cheeks are compared with dry skin.
The correct steps:
◎ In terms of maintenance steps, facial exfoliation should be carried out when the face is clean and the face still retains moisture. Ge Ping reminded that the intensity of exfoliation must be gentle, and it should be slowly pushed by drawing small circles, with an area of about 7~ 10 times. After exfoliation, rinse with clear water before maintenance.
◎ The maintenance work that must be done after facial exfoliation includes moisturizing and sun protection (if going out). For sensitive skin, it is recommended to use soothing skin care products (such as hot spring water) before moisturizing. In addition, the products and methods used for neck exfoliation should be consistent with facial skin.
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Exfoliating cheats
Exfoliating cheats 1: Scrubbing cream is effective.
If your cuticle is thick and your pores are thick, it is better to exfoliate with scrub. However, it is best to decide which product to exfoliate according to the skin condition.
◎ Exfoliation Cheat 2: Gel and enzyme are mild.
However, if your skin is sensitive and easily broken, it means that your skin is very good. The use of scrub exfoliating products is easy to have adverse effects and accumulate melanin. I suggest you apply enzyme mask gel to your face and gently exfoliate it.
◎ Exfoliation Cheats 3: Gently exfoliate corners of the mouth and nose.
Some people tend to accumulate melanin on their noses and corners of their mouths, which shows that these places on your skin are actually very sensitive. If you rub it hard because it is black, it will become darker. The best way to eliminate horniness in these parts is to apply face!
◎ Exfoliation Cheats 4: Use fruit acid products with caution.
Girls in general, especially those who often wash their faces, may be overstimulated if they do not handle fruit acid products correctly. Therefore, for fruit acid products, unless your cuticle is really thick, you should use it with caution.
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Mask exfoliation
◎ lemon mask
Yogurt, honey and lemon juice 100 mg each, add 5 capsules of vitamin E, mix well, apply it to the face and keep it 15 minutes, then wash it with clear water.
Function: Promote exfoliation of epidermal necrotic cells and regeneration of new cells.
Papaya mask
Soak oatmeal in water for 6-8 hours, juice papaya, add milk and stir. After the oats are drained, pour in papaya milk and stir. Apply to face 10 ~ 20 minutes, and wash with water.
Function: Improve rough skin, remove dead skin and make skin smooth.
Oat yogurt mask
Ingredients: oatmeal or oatmeal, strawberry yogurt.
1. First, grind oats or oatmeal into fine powder.
2. Add a spoonful of oatmeal and a proper amount of strawberry yogurt, and stir well.
Oat yogurt mask can be made once a week. As long as you gently massage on your face, you can use the rough touch of oatmeal particles to do a deep cleaning for the stratum corneum on your skin. Try it a few times when you have time, DIY at home easily, and you can also have a beautiful face.
◎ mung bean powder deoiling mask
Materials: commercially available mung bean powder, raw protein, lavender essential oil, brush (generally flat brush such as blush brush or watercolor pen).
Practice: Add two spoonfuls of mung bean powder, two spoonfuls of crude protein and two drops of lavender essential oil and mix well without water. Then evenly brush it on the face skin in the same direction, wait for 10 to 15 minutes, then rinse it off with clear water, and use it about three or four times a week. Remember to pat your face with toner after each use. These two self-made beauty masks can be completely washed after use as long as they are used frequently. Can increase the transparency of the skin.
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Folk prescription exfoliation
Salt exfoliation
Hands and feet: add refined salt to the hand cream and rub and massage your hands or feet once a week.
Body: add refined salt to the bath milk to exfoliate the whole body. This method is also suitable for bath products or adding massage oil such as peppermint oil. At this time, the outer layer of salt will be wrapped by oil, which not only increases the smoothness, but also is insoluble in water.
Face: After washing your face, keep your face slightly wet, take a small amount of refined salt and massage it on your face (avoid using it around your eyelids). After 30 seconds, rinse it with plenty of water, and your skin will become smooth and meticulous, preferably once a week.
Fine sugar exfoliation
4 tbsps of fine sugar, 2 tbsps of lemon juice1/,2 tbsps of olive oil or honey, 5 drops of essential oil (you can choose according to your preference and mix well).
◎ Exfoliation of dried tangerine peel
Remove the outermost pigment layer, and dry the rest in the sun, or bake it in the microwave oven for 5 minutes with low heat. After drying, cut into pieces and put them into a blender to grind into powder, which can be blended with water, emulsion or yogurt to make exfoliating cream.
Walnut peeling
Grind two walnuts, add wild rose honey, appropriate amount of flour (of course, you can also play a little imagination, add some others: lemon juice, olive oil and so on. ), mix well and apply it to your face. /kloc-rinse with clean water (warm water) after 0/0-20 minutes, and your skin will become smooth. Once a week is enough, but it will test your endurance. )
◎ Add sugar to olive oil and gently rub it on your face. Don't take too long. On the whole, you feel ok.
◎ Yogurt exfoliation
Generally, after drinking, there will be some thick leftover yogurt on the side wall. Add a spoonful of salt and be careful not to stir for a long time, or the salt will melt. Just stir it a little with your hands and apply it evenly to your face. 10- 15 minutes later, wash off the exfoliation.
Grapes will fall off
Ingredients: 4 large grapes or 8 small grapes.
Principle: Grape contains natural exfoliating agent and antioxidant, which makes skin feel silky, smooth and firm. The reason why grapes have this effect is because the fruit acid contained has a slight exfoliation effect, which can brighten the skin color.
Homemade method: when making, peel and core the grapes first. Then mash the pulp into pulp.
Usage: When in use, first apply the fruit pulp evenly on the face, avoiding the eyes and lips. Hold 10- 15 minutes. When applied to the skin, it will feel sticky and slippery, but at the same time it will feel refreshing and tight. Then wash with warm water, pat dry, and apply moisturizing cream according to daily skin care steps.
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Do not exfoliate.
◎ Soft skin needs no exfoliation.
Epidermal cells are produced from the deepest part of epidermis (basal layer) and pushed out layer by layer. When they reach the outermost layer of the epidermis (stratum corneum), they "end their lives" and become dander, which naturally falls off. This process is the so-called 28-day cycle, but with the increase of age, this cycle will naturally be extended.
If there are too many "old dead cells" and "die without retreating", and the "new dead cells" with a fresh sense of life cannot be exposed, the skin will appear dull, rough and lifeless, thus peeling off.
Young skin
Healthy and young skin has a youthful luster, normal metabolism of keratinocytes and no need to exfoliate at all. Even if you are tired occasionally, or don't get enough sunburn, your skin looks a little dark and stuffy. As long as you have a good rest, you will recover soon.
◎ diligence
Even if you are not very young, you are diligent in maintenance: gently and thoroughly clean your skin in two steps every day: remove makeup and clean your face (the most aged keratin will be taken away naturally); The skin care products used can "enhance cell vitality" and "promote metabolism"; We also use moisturizing/whitening/nourishing mask for deep care every week to make skin soft, moist and shiny without exfoliation.
Acne acne skin
The hyperkeratosis of acne skin is limited to the hyperkeratosis of cells in sebaceous glands of hair follicles, and the keratin metabolism of other skin is still normal, so there is no need for special exfoliation, just use special acne products to dredge the accumulation of keratin in pores, and it can be antibacterial and anti-inflammatory.
Bloodshot red skin
Whether it is dry or oily red blood skin, it is skin with thin epidermis (tiny blood vessels can be seen in dermis) and impaired water-lipid membrane barrier function, so it is particularly vulnerable to external invasion, causing irritation and allergies. Don't exfoliate such skin, even if it has old waste cuticle in skin test-because the skin with damaged barrier function is like a dress with holes; But even rags can "keep out the cold" (resist foreign invasion). Don't cut off those sparse "broken whiskers" (old waste keratin) before the "new clothes" are ready! -Many people report that the use of red blood silk repair essence is not effective, because it is used to promote the proliferation of superficial cells and often exfoliate.
Blackhead skin
Many people are worried about their blackheads and large pores. When they come to the cosmetics counter, Ba always introduces exfoliating products immediately. Try it at home, and sure enough, the "strawberry nose" immediately became clean; But as soon as I stopped using it, my blackheads and big pores came back immediately, so I had to use them repeatedly from time to time. Therefore, among the young students with strong oil secretion, there are always many people who do not pay attention to maintenance at ordinary times, but always keep clean masks and scrubs.
The longer the blackheads are formed, the more sticky and stubborn they will become. At this time, some exfoliating products will be used. But more importantly, do a good job of removing makeup every day-someone always asks: Do I have to remove makeup without makeup? Yes! The significance of makeup removal is to dissolve and remove oil stains (secreted by skin and in cosmetics) in pores, clear pores, blackheads and large pores are no longer patronized, and no special exfoliation is needed. Young and delicate skin, too much exfoliation, can easily evolve into fragile red blood skin.
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Keratin maintenance method
Basal maintenance helps you develop smooth protein muscles.
The basal layer is the source of skin growth, so maintaining vitality and endless regeneration ability is the basis of building healthy skin. Choose products containing acid, such as acid, fruit acid, etc. It can promote the continuous regeneration of cells in the basal layer and not be lazy, thus constantly creating healthy skin and creating a perfect skin state.
Cuticle repair creates smooth and firm muscles.
After 14 days, the cells from the basal layer will reach the stratum corneum of the skin. A healthy stratum corneum can help the skin contain moisture, just like an invisible "protective cover" to help the skin retain moisture. Choose a moisturizing product with three functions: water retention, water retention and water locking, so that water can stay on your face.
Metabolism of old and waste keratin nutrients
Cells eventually reach the surface of the skin and hate natural peeling, but if they are blocked by external factors such as pressure and ultraviolet rays, they will accumulate in pores and eventually form annoying acne, and the skin state will become dull. It is suggested that old and waste substances should be metabolized by physical friction, or chemical products should be used to loosen cutin and firm connection, so as to help skin restore smoothness and tenderness.
Self-made exfoliating toner
Because of the existence of fruit acid, it can help regulate cutin, dredge pores and spray frequently. Pore shrinkage is not a dream! However, after using this water for 3 months, it will be suspended for 2 weeks 1 month to avoid skin drug resistance (suitable for people with mixed acne).
material
Low-prickle compound fruit acid fruit acid: Fruit acid can help skin remove aged horniness accumulated in the outer layer, accelerate skin renewal, and help repair bad skin symptoms such as large pores, acne and acne.
Witch hazel pure dew: Witch hazel focuses on reducing skin surface temperature, reducing congestion, further shrinking, slowing down oil production and sterilizing. In particular, the astringent effect has long been recognized as the best, and it is very effective for the case of oversized pores and oily aging skin. Because of its mild nature, some sensitive skin can also be used.
manufacturing method
A. pour 5ml of fruit acid into a beaker.
B. Pour 45 ml of pure witch hazel dew into a beaker.
C, stir evenly, and put into a bottle with a nozzle for later use.
skill
Fruit acid is irritating. If you have sensitive skin, please don't use it to avoid irritation. After using fruit acid, remember to protect yourself from the sun during the day.
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Select 4 most natural exfoliating products.
Just like a disease lurking in the body, it will occupy the keratin of the whole face as soon as it enters the season. Where did it hide, and then where did it appear? In fact, keratin is a natural phenomenon that our skin cells fall off after aging.
What exactly is keratin?
However, keratin will become obvious due to makeup residue, toner containing a lot of alcohol, alkaline cleansing products, too many moisturizing products, dry indoor air and other reasons, especially paying too much attention to basic skin care, or using too much moisturizing water, lotion, essence, nutritional cream and moisturizing cream at the same time, which will hinder the normal aging process of cells, but will cause serious keratin phenomenon.
Conquette- coffee exfoliating cream
Recently, the coffee ingredient exfoliating cream popular on cosmetics websites uses raw bean coffee powder, white sugar, refined salt and other ingredients. The product can be used to exfoliate face and body, and also has slimming effect if used on body.
Refined salt can open pores and remove skin waste. Caffeic acid can exfoliate and clean the skin. Natural honey, olive oil, sugar and other ingredients help to moisturize the skin.
★ Use feeling
The dense coffee particles exude the aroma of hazelnut-flavored coffee and have a sticky feeling.
★ Feeling after use
The skin is full of luster, becomes very delicate, and the faint coffee aroma lasts.
★ Recommended skin type: sensitive skin and problem skin with severe cutin.
Gatineau- nourishing vitality scrub exfoliating cream (suitable for sensitive skin)
Jojoba enzyme can dissolve keratin and is a mild exfoliating cream. Essential oil capsule can form lipid membrane on exfoliated skin and enhance skin elasticity. This product can "melt" keratin without irritation, and is suitable for sensitive skin.
★ Use feeling
This product is a soft pink liquid, slightly greasy.
★ Feeling after use
Containing oily ingredients, the skin feels smooth.
★ Recommended skin types: dry skin and problem skin.
Kiel's pineapple papaya scrub
New york people's favorite cosmetic brand-Keil's exfoliating cream. Natural enzymes extracted from pineapple and papaya can exfoliate without irritation.
★ Use feeling
In fact, both pineapple granules and ground corncob have a sticky feeling.
★ Feeling after use
After applying for one minute, due to the action of fruit enzymes, the face becomes very clean and refreshing, and it is easy to put on makeup.
★ Recommended skin types: normal skin and oily skin.
Origin-creating delicate and smooth skin
Long-term guarantee of best-selling products for product enthusiasts. Papaya, mango and apricot extracts can make dull skin full of vitality and make skin lines more uniform.
★ Use feeling
The mashed fruit is sticky in texture, creamy in color and texture after adding water, and soft to the touch.
★ Feeling after use
After use, the skin feels tight, but there is almost no tension.
★ Recommended skin type: dry skin
Tianxiang
After a gloomy winter, my skin is also "dusty". Master the exfoliating products in netizens and return the skin to its true colors!
The secret of exfoliation:
From the ancient sea mud dressing to the new colorful essence, various exfoliating products on the market are more and more like an incomprehensible devil dictionary. To find the one that suits you best, you need to let your skin talk to them one by one.
First, scrub:
The most popular exfoliating and deep cleansing skin care products. Skin care: skin rescue action exfoliates in time
1, Description: After years of upgrading, the melted particles in the emulsion have changed from synthetic raw materials to natural plants or mineral fibers, making the touch softer.
2. Usage: Take the size of thumb, evenly spread it on the skin, pay attention to avoid the eye area, gently rub and massage small circles with your hands from inside to outside, and the nasal fossa turns from outside to inside for 5- 10 minutes.
3, suitable for skin: the forehead and nose with large pores love oily skin, but there can be no red and swollen acne.
Second, the exfoliating agent:
1, Description: It contains softener, which can be adsorbed on the surface keratinocytes and then taken away during cleaning, without the rough feeling of frosting, but the peeling process will pull the skin, which will easily lead to skin loss of elasticity.
2. Usage: Apply the exfoliating agent to the thickness covering the skin color, evenly apply it to the face, and avoid the eyes. /kloc-after 0/5-20 minutes, gently rub off the exfoliating agent with your fingers, rub it off from the inside out and from the bottom up, and then rinse it off with warm water.
3, suitable for skin types: dry skin, mixed skin "V" area
Ingredients: oat 1 tbsp lavender oil 1 tbsp avocado oil 1 tbsp.
1, take out a tablespoon of oats and put them into a mortar and mash them carefully until they become fine powder, and then put them into a bowl.
2. Take out a spoonful of lavender oil, put it into the oat flour mud, and gently stir it with a spoon until it is completely dissolved in the oat flour.
3. Put in avocado oil and stir thoroughly until it is completely mixed. A small amount of essential oil can fully bind oat flour and effectively improve skin quality. Small irritation, good feel!