Breast cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in women, which usually occurs in mammary epithelial tissue. It is one of the most common malignant tumors, which seriously affects women's physical and mental health and even endangers their lives. Male breast cancer is rare. After the mutation of breast cells, they lose the characteristics of normal cells, the tissue structure is disordered, the connections between cells are loose, cancer cells are easy to fall off, and they spread to the whole body with blood or lymph, forming early distant metastasis, which adds great difficulties to the clinical cure of breast cancer. The metastasis of important organs in the whole body, such as lung metastasis, brain metastasis and bone metastasis, will directly threaten human life, so breast cancer is a malignant tumor that seriously endangers human life. Breast cancer is the genetic mutation of breast epithelial cells under the action of various carcinogens, which leads to uncontrolled cell proliferation. Because the biological behavior of cancer cells has changed, it presents disorderly and infinite malignant proliferation. Histologically, a large number of naive cancer cells proliferate indefinitely and crowd in disorder, squeezing and eroding the surrounding normal tissues and destroying the normal tissue structure of the breast. General breast self-examination should be once a month. For women with regular menstruation, the best time should be within 7- 10 days after menstruation. During this period, the breasts are soft and painless, and it is easy to find abnormalities. For women who have already stopped menstruating, they can choose to have a checkup at a fixed time every month. The method of breast self-examination is very simple, which can generally be carried out when getting up, sleeping, changing clothes and taking a shower. The following three methods of breast self-examination are for your reference.
1. Self-examination in the mirror: face the mirror, put your hands on your hips and observe the shape of your breasts. Then, raise your arms above your head and carefully observe whether the shape and contour of both breasts have changed, and whether the breast skin has any abnormal phenomena such as redness, rash, superficial vein swelling, skin wrinkles and orange peel-like changes. And observe whether the nipple is at the same level, whether it bulges, retracts and sags, whether the secretion overflows from the nipple, and whether the color of the areola changes. Finally, put down your arms, put your hands on your hips, lean your elbows back as far as possible, let your chest muscles tighten, and observe whether your breasts are equal in height and symmetry.
2, flat touch method: lie flat, raise your right arm over your head, put a small pillow under your right shoulder, and flatten your right breast. Put four fingers of the left hand together, and check whether there are lumps or other changes in various parts of the breast with the palm of your fingers.
Touch the breast slowly, steadily and carefully with the third finger of the right hand (index finger, middle finger and ring finger), and gradually move the left breast for examination, then move forward or backward, starting from the periphery of the breast at least three times until reaching the nipple. You can also use up-down or radial inspection, but be careful not to miss any parts. At the same time, check whether the axillary lymph nodes are swollen.
Finally, gently squeeze the nipple with your thumb and forefinger to see if there is nipple drainage. If you find turbid, yellow or bloody secretions, you should seek medical attention immediately.
3, shower inspection method: when taking a bath, because the skin is wet, it is easier to find breast problems. The method is to slide slowly with one palm and carefully check whether there are lumps in various parts of the breast and armpit.
Female friends should seek medical advice in time if they find any abnormality during breast self-examination so as to achieve the purpose of early detection, early diagnosis and early treatment. 1. Imaging principle of mammography: soft X-ray is used to project the breast tissue, film is used to expose it, and then imaging is performed through development, fixing and other procedures.
2. Main equipment of chest X-ray machine:
1)X-ray tube: It is the main determinant to obtain high-contrast images of breast.
In general X-ray machine, the anode palladium surface of the bulb tube is tungsten, and the wavelength generated is 0.008-0.03 1 nm, which is a hard ray with short wavelength and strong penetration. However, the wavelength generated by molybdenum and palladium is 0.063-0.07 1 nm, which belongs to soft rays with long wavelength and weak penetration. Rhodium and palladium have wavelengths between them, and their penetrating power is stronger than molybdenum and palladium. The display effect of dense glands is better than that of molybdenum and palladium.
Molybdenum target photography device is a special wire machine. The tube voltage of the bulb tube is relatively low, about 20 ~ 40 kV, and the anode target surface is made of molybdenum (some high-grade breast implants are made of molybdenum rhodium alloy). Under the bombardment of low kV X-rays, marker rays with constant wavelength, long wavelength, low penetration rate, high intensity, strong monochromaticity and high contrast can be generated, and the resolution of fine density difference of soft tissues is high. Equipped with a special intensifying screen and a photographic film with low linear absorption rate, high contrast and good definition, a good breast image can be obtained by multi-directional photography of breast tissue on a special examination frame, which clearly shows glands, ducts, fibrous septa, skin, subcutaneous tissue, vascular structure, pathological masses and fine calcification of breast.
2) Breast compression device
3) Grid: Reduce scattered rays and improve breast contrast.
4) Console
3. According to the method:
1) patient position
You can stand, sit, lie on your side or lie prone when filming. Generally, standing position is adopted to facilitate projection, but the position is easy to move, which affects the image quality.
Appropriate posture can be selected according to the patient's situation and special requirements.
2) Projection position: normal position and special position: cc position, MLO position, ML position, MOL position, tangent position and point pressure are effective.
There can be axial position, lateral position, lateral oblique position, local spot film and spot film amplification photography.
Axial position (CC): also known as up-down position or head-foot position. X-ray beams are projected from top to bottom.
Lateral position: also known as internal and external position; Rotate the X-ray stand 90 degrees, put the film on the outside of the breast, and project the X-ray beam from the inside out.
MLO point of view: it can be divided into internal and external oblique position and internal and external oblique position. Internal and external oblique position means that the film is placed under the lateral side of the breast, and the X-ray beam is projected from the upper side of the medial side of the breast to the lower side of the lateral side at a 45-degree angle; The positions of the external oblique and the internal oblique are opposite. Generally speaking, oblique projection inside and outside is more common.
Local facula and local enlarged facula: As additional projection positions, they are sometimes valuable.
Generally speaking, this position can be projected under the following circumstances:
A, clinical touch hard objects or lumps, and X-ray failed to show;
B, Mo-Pd tablets are suspected to be slightly calcified and cannot be completely determined;
C, galactography, suspected small branch duct lesions.
Early signs Some women often feel breast swelling and dull pain, because there is no other discomfort, they generally do not go to see a doctor. Some people naively think that this can increase the beauty of women's lines. As everyone knows, swelling and dull pain may be the initial manifestations of breast hyperplasia. Delays in the treatment of some breast hyperplasia may even cause lesions.
The clinical manifestations of this disease are breast lump and breast pain. About 80% patients have symptoms of breast pain, mostly bilateral or unilateral. The nature of pain is divided into swelling pain, stabbing pain, amenorrhea pain, dull pain or tenderness. The manifestations of breast pain are often unstable, which can be aggravated before menstruation, and often aggravated when mood changes, fatigue and weather changes. Breast mass is the main basis for diagnosis of breast diseases. Most of them are multiple, with different sizes, hard or tough texture, no adhesion with the skin, and the surface of the tumor is often not smooth and has a granular feeling. In addition to the above symptoms, some patients also have systemic symptoms such as nipple itching, pus discharge, bitter taste, chest tightness, anorexia and menstrual disorder.
Breast hyperplasia is a common gynecological disease. It is common in middle-aged women around the age of 29-39, because this period is the most vigorous period of female sexual function. It is characterized by single or multiple growth of some lumps in different parts of the breast, soft texture, unclear boundary, mobility, and often accompanied by different degrees of pain. Especially before menstruation, after fatigue, or when mood fluctuates, such as anger (called qi stagnation in Chinese medicine), the lump increases and the pain increases, but after menstruation, the lump is obviously reduced and the pain is alleviated. Pain is generally swelling pain, and there is little tingling. However, the lump of breast cancer has a hard texture and unclear boundary, and the skin often turns into orange peel, which has nothing to do with menstruation. Generally, the lump only increases. B-ultrasound, X-ray and near infrared scanning can be used for early and effective diagnosis. It should be reminded that breast hyperplasia may develop into breast cancer, so people with breast hyperplasia for a long time should go to the hospital for examination so as to make timely diagnosis and treatment.
Generally speaking, when women are sentimental and unsatisfied, heart fire will break out, and the liver meridian will follow the breast, leading to qi stagnation and phlegm coagulation in the breast. Therefore, Chinese medicine generally adopts the methods of soothing the liver and relieving depression, promoting qi circulation and resolving phlegm, such as the mixture of "five-in-one comprehensive therapy", in addition, it can also be combined with the application of some "qi-invigorating drugs" such as antler glue to treat qi and blood, so that the effect of treating breast diseases is the best.
Treatment should be carried out under the guidance of a doctor. Western medicine contains 5% potassium iodide. Those with severe pain can try methyltestosterone and take it orally within one week before menstruation to avoid further disturbing the delicate balance between human hormones.
You can also choose Chinese patent medicine or prescription under the guidance of TCM syndrome differentiation and treatment.
In recent years, the incidence of breast diseases is getting higher and higher, and the age is getting younger and younger. Generally, oral drugs need to be absorbed by a drug, and the effective components reaching the focus are limited. Professor Ding Rupi's Zhitong Rukang ointment is introduced into breast tissue through water-soluble polymer compounds, which can eliminate breast toxin factors, soften lumps and dissipate inflammation. Through biomagnetic waves and non-thermal effects, local blood microcirculation can be improved, so as to achieve smooth conditioning, endocrine regulation, promote the activity of breast cells, and repair and rebuild breast tissue. At the same time, patients can also prepare some oral drugs to achieve the best results in a short time. Look: after taking a shower, stand in front of the mirror and check, with your hands akimbo and your body rotating left and right. Observe from the mirror whether the bilateral breasts are symmetrical, whether the breast skin is abnormal and whether the nipples are invaginated. If the nipple is naturally invaginated, there is no need to be overly nervous.
Touch: when touching, the palm of your hand should be stretched horizontally and the four fingers should be close together. Touch the inner upper, inner lower, outer lower, outer upper, axillary and caudal regions of the breast gently with the most sensitive fingertips of the index finger, middle finger and ring finger, and finally check the nipple and areola region in the middle of the breast.
Do not squeeze by hand, so as not to mistake normal breast tissue for a lump. Check with your other hand. If the deep mass can't be pressed down, you can also take the front bow and waist position to prevent breast diseases.
Eating kelp reduces breast diseases
Kelp is a large edible algae, with wide leaves, dark green color and no yellow leaves as the top grade. It is found that kelp can relieve hyperplasia of mammary glands because it contains a lot of iodine, which can promote luteinization of follicles, thus reducing the estrogen level in the body, regulating endocrine disorders, and finally eliminating the hidden dangers of hyperplasia of mammary glands.
Foreign experts found that kelp not only has health care functions such as beauty, hairdressing and slimming, but also can assist in the treatment of mammary gland hyperplasia. Excessive intake of stimulating drinks such as coffee and cola can easily aggravate breast swelling; Fried food and sugar are extremely high in calories, which will accelerate the production of estrogen in the body and make breast hyperplasia more serious.
Kelp, also known as nylon cloth and kelp, is a large edible algae. In order to protect breast, women should eat more beans, wheat, corn, dairy products, fruits and vegetables with high fiber and low calorie, as well as soft-shelled turtle, loach, yellow croaker, oyster, sea cucumber and squid.
early discovery
Clinically, according to statistics, 80% of breast patients were accidentally discovered while taking a bath or changing clothes. 95% of breast cancer can be found by self-examination. By the time the symptoms appear, most of them are stage II and III, and some breast cancer patients have lost the hope of radical cure. Therefore, it is advocated that women should learn breast self-examination in order to find and treat breast diseases at an early stage.
The best time for breast self-examination is 3-5 days after menstruation is clean or 9- 1 1 day after menstruation begins.
A, due to the influence of ovarian hormones before menstruation, breast tissue hyperplasia and hypertrophy, in a state of congestion, accompanied by tenderness and swelling pain, at this time the examination is not easy to be accurate, and it is easy to be misdiagnosed or missed;
B, 9 ~ 1 1 day after menstruation or 3 ~ 5 days after cleaning is the period when the breast is least affected by hormones, and the gland tissue is the thinnest and softest, easy to touch, which is the best time for examination.
The methods of breast self-examination mainly include looking and touching, but we must pay attention to skills to get twice the result with half the effort:
The first step is to observe:
It depends on whether your breasts are symmetrical, whether your skin color has changed, and whether your nipples are invaginated or overflowed.
Step 2: Touch: Check whether there is a lump in the breast.
A fingering: when touching, the palm of your hand should be stretched horizontally and the four fingers should be close together. Gently touch the breast with the fingertips of the most sensitive index finger, middle finger and ring finger in turn;
B. Examination scope: upper outer area, lower outer area, lower inner area and upper inner area, and finally nipple and areola area in the middle of breast;
C, error-prone: do not grasp the breast tissue with your fingers during the examination, otherwise you will mistake the caught breast tissue for a lump;
D, easily overlooked parts: Because the outer upper part of the breast can extend to the armpit, it cannot be ignored during the examination;
E, hands cooperation: small lumps are not easy to be touched. You can hold the breast with your left hand and check it with your right hand. Masses in the lower part of the breast are often covered by drooping breasts. You can lift your breast or raise your arm horizontally and check with your other hand.
F, posture coordination: if the deep mass can't be pressed down, you can do a front bow and waist check.