Today, Shandong is listed as an ancient city in the pre-Qin period and is protected by cultural relics and historic sites. The famous ancient cities are Qi, Lu, Xue, Ji and Ju, among which Qi and Lu are the most famous.
Qi Ancient City is located in Qidu Town, Linzi District, Zibo City, near the river. It is the political, economic and cultural center of Qi. From the 9th century BC, Qi Xiangong moved its capital from Bo Gu to this place. After the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it became the capital of Qi in 22 1 BC. During the Qin and Han dynasties, the Qi county government and the capital of the kingdom were also located here, and it was not abandoned until the Wei and Jin Dynasties. Nowadays, although we can't see the luxurious buildings of that year, the lifelike sites and unearthed cultural relics dotted with ancient tombs still show the majestic scale of this ancient capital.
Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, from 65438 to 0964, the ancient city of Qi has been excavated and inspected many times. It has been found that the capital consists of two parts: a big city and a small town. This town is located in the southwest corner of this big city. Cities of all sizes are built with large rammed earth walls. The two cities have a circumference of 22 kilometers and an area of about 16 square kilometers. "Guan Zi Du Di" said: "The city is the city, and the city is the country outside." The plane layout of small towns and big cities in the old city of Linzi reflects the relationship between the capital and the city at that time.
According to records, there are thirteen gates in the ancient city of Qi, including zhanghua Gate, Deer Gate, Yangmen Gate and Jiyen Gate, and eleven of them have been proved. The door is more than ten meters wide. Urban roads and drainage systems are well distributed. Roads crisscross, and it has been proved that ten main roads are connected with the city gate. There are three drainage systems in this city. The waste water and accumulated water in the city can pass through the stone culvert of the city wall along the drainage channel, and then be discharged into the moat and flow to the natural river. The engineering design of drainage system is very grand and exquisite.
The big cities of Qi are places where officials and people live, and the streets are lined with houses or shops that collect and distribute goods. The palaces in the small town are an important part of the capital, mainly distributed in the area of "Huangongtai" in the north and "Jindian" in the northeast corner. Huangongtai is an oval platform made of rammed earth, with a length of 86m from north to south, a width of 70m from east to west and a height of14m. With Huan Gong Tai as the center, a palace complex is formed, surrounded by rivers in the east and north. There are many high-rise buildings in Qi Jun, and those high-rise buildings called "Huan Gong Tai", "Wutai", "Gong Xue Tai", "Tan Tai" and "Ma Xie Tai" still stand inside and outside the city. There are also many handicraft workshops in the old city, including 6 iron smelting sites, 2 copper smelting sites, 2 coin-making sites and 4 bone-making sites.
Qi was a big country in the pre-Qin period, and many wise men and heroes emerged successively. After his death, he was buried inside and outside Qi City. According to statistics, there are more than 50 tombs/kloc-0 in Qi, mainly Linzi Tomb and Tianqi Tomb. Most of the tombs in Linzi are owned by princes, ministers, nobles and celebrities. A few tombs can be known through literature records and folk circulation, but most of them have no textual research. There are Tai Cemetery, Tomb, Guanzhong Cemetery, Zhuang Cemetery, Tomb, Banquet Baby Tomb, Tomb, Gongye Chang Tomb, Qi Liang Tomb, Tian Dan Tomb, Tomb, etc. In the area of Niu Shan in the south of the old city, there are six tall tombs, namely Tianqi Tomb, which are composed of "Tomb of Two Kings" and "Tomb of Four Kings". The tomb is built according to the mountain, and the square base is round. Although it has been washed away by rain for thousands of years, it still looks like a hill. The largest tomb is 245 meters long and 155 meters wide. According to textual research, the "Tomb of the Two Kings" is the tomb of Tian Ji Hou Jie and Tian Wu; The tombs of the four kings are the tombs of Wei, Xuan, Gui and Xiang.
After the death of the rulers of Qi State, not only huge tombs were built, but also a large number of sacrificial supplies were provided. An Eastern Zhou tomb in the northeast corner of Dacheng covers an area of nearly 800 square meters. On the east, west and north sides, there are large sacrificial pits 215m long and 5m wide. 84 meters have been excavated and 228 martyrdom horses have been unearthed. According to this calculation, all martyrdom Kyle not less than 600 horses. There are as many as 40 people buried in the tomb of the Eastern Zhou Martyrs in Langjiazhuang. These people not only have coffins, coffins, but also complete sets of imitation bronze pottery ritual vessels or exquisite crystal bracelets, and some have their own martyrs. According to identification, all the people buried with the tomb are young women, who may be the concubines or handmaids of the tomb owner.
For more than 630 years, Linzi has been the capital of the State of Qi, and the relics in the city are layered with rich connotations. A large number of cultural relics have been unearthed, such as large bronze pots, humanoid ding, Gao Zige, Long Gewen, Zhong Shilong, bronze sacrificial rites, Qi Dao coins, chimes, stone chimes and painted pottery pots, which are all representative artifacts. Here is the center of Qi culture research, and there is the "Qi Ancient City Ruins Museum", which provides convenience for studying Qi history, appreciating Qi cultural relics and understanding Qi cultural relics.
Located in Qufu City, Shandong Province, the ancient city of Lu was the capital of Lu from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Warring States Period. It is said that this used to be a market, where businessmen elected the old capital. After the demise of the Zhou Dynasty merchants, the capital of Lu was established here again. It was an important cultural center in the eastern region at that time, and also the political, economic and cultural center of Shandong. From March 1977 to May 1978, Shandong Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology and other units conducted a comprehensive drilling and trial excavation of the ancient city of Lu, initially identified some underground mineral deposits, and achieved important gains. It is found that during the seven or eight hundred years from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Warring States Period, the position of the ancient city of Lu remained unchanged, and Lu in the Han Dynasty was also its capital.
The whole old city of Shandong is an irregular rectangle, with the widest point of 3.7 kilometers from east to west and the strongest point of 2.7 kilometers from north to south, covering an area of about 10 square kilometers. Many sections can also see the continuous broken walls, and some places are as high as ten meters, which is a well-preserved city wall in the ancient city of pre-Qin.
Lucheng is surrounded by moats. The distance between the moat and the city wall ranges from10m to 30m. The moat is about 30 meters wide and 4 meters deep. The moats on both sides of the northwest are made of our water. According to ancient books, there are twelve gates around Lucheng: Chunmen in the east, Lumen in the southeast and Mingmen in the northeast; Zhengxi Shimen, southwest Guide Gate, northwest Maimen; Jimen is due south, southeast Zhangmen, southwest Yumen; Due north of Guimen, northeast of Longmen, north of Qimen. 1 1 doors have been found, but the southeast door has yet to be investigated, and the door opening is generally about seven to fifteen meters wide. There is a main road connecting the city gate. There are ten main traffic arteries, five east-west transverse arteries and five north-south longitudinal arteries in the city. Most of these main roads connect the city gates and lead to large buildings. The drainage system in the city is located in the north of Lucheng, connecting the Dongcheng moat in the east, winding through the north of the northeast gate in the west, passing through the city wall about 40 meters north of the west middle gate, and then pouring into the Xicheng moat (that is, our water).
According to exploration, there is a large-scale palace building site on the highland near the temple in the east of the central part of the ancient city of Lu, covering an area of about one square mile. The temple was built on rocks above the ground, forming a high platform much higher than the ground. This may be the middle city where the Lu Palace is located. Lu's aristocratic residential area is located near the midtown of Lucheng. Ji Sun's family lives in Erli, northwest of Zhongcheng, adjacent to Lang's family. Sun Mengshi lives in the southeast of Jishi, and Uncle Sun Shi lives in the northwest of Jishi, both of which are not far from Jishi. Xiangzhong (Gongzi Sui) in Ludongmen is called Dongmen's because he lives in Ludongmen, and his residence should be between Ludongmen and Zhongcheng. Now many rammed earth foundation sites and residential sites have been found around Midtown, which proves that it really belongs to aristocratic residential sites.
Handicraft workshops and burial areas were also found in archaeological exploration. Nine workshops were discovered, including two iron smelting sites, two copper smelting sites, three bone making sites and two pottery making sites. Except for an iron smelting site and a copper smelting site, these workshops are located in the western half of the ancient city of Lu, or connected with or located in the residential area of the western half, indicating that the western half of Lu is a gathering place for handicraft workers or lower-class people. The burial area of the ancient city of Lu is basically distributed in more than one third of the west of the city. Four of the five or six tombs found were excavated, and a total of 28 Western Zhou tombs/kloc-0 were cleared. Judging from the tomb shape, burial custom, pottery combination and object modeling, these four tombs obviously belong to two types. According to the analysis, one of them is the cemetery of Zhou surnamed Lu, and the other is the tomb of local residents, which is of great value to the study of the early ethnic relations in Lu.
The ancient city of Qufu Lu is located in the middle of the river basin, with moderate terrain, surrounded by mountains and waters, and no worries about droughts and floods. After Qin and Han Dynasties, the ancient city of Lu was a local government. In the Ming Dynasty, in order to defend the Confucius Temple, a new city was built in the southwest corner of the old city, which is now the ancient city of Qufu.