Liu Xiu (former 6-57), Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty, was born in Caiyang County, Nanyang County (now Zaoyang County, Hubei Province).
Baishui Township (Fuling) is the sixth grandson of Liu Fa, the son of Emperor Han Jing. His father, Liu Qin, served as the county magistrate of Nantun (now the west of Xiangcheng County, Henan Province). "The married daughter was born in the same county, giving birth to three men and three women, the eldest son Bo Sheng (), the second son Zhong, the second son Guang Wu, the eldest daughter Huang, the second son Yuan, the second son" (2).
When Liu Xiu was nine years old, his father died and he was raised by his uncle Liu Liang. When Liu Liang was appointed magistrate of Xiaoxian County (now northwest of Xiaoxian County, Jiangsu Province), Liu Xiu "entered Xiaoxian Primary School with his uncle". After Liu Liang dismissed from office, Liu Xiu returned to his hometown and took farming as his career. During the reign of Wang Mang Tianfeng, Liu Xiu went to Chang 'an to study. "Gao is eager to learn, but he also likes to be a ranger, fighting cocks, knowing the evil, and managing gains and losses." His talent and knowledge are highly praised by Nanyang literati. Soon, Liu Xiu finished her studies and returned to her hometown from Chang 'an. At that time, it was facing the moment when Wang Mang's rule was about to collapse.
Participate in the greenwood hero.
Liu Xiu started by taking part in the hero of the Greenwood. In the second year of Emperor Huang (AD 2 1 year), the outlaw hero uprising intensified. The following year, it was divided into Xiajiang Army, Xinshi Army and Equality Team. Nanyang Hao landlords also took the opportunity to rebel. In particular, Liu, a noble family, "spontaneously got seven or eight thousand children". They joined the rebel army with the aim of "reviving the ancestors' career and setting the autumn for all generations". Liu Xiu's elder brother Liu Xuan joined the rebel army, and Liu Xiu's elder brother Ada made Chen Deng and his younger brother Liu Xiu arise and respond. At that time, Liu Xiu was selling grain in Wancheng, so he colluded with the local tycoons Li Tong and Li Yi, "it was the crossbow of the city soldiers". In October of the third year of Emperor Huang (AD 22), at the age of 28, he started his army in Wancheng.
1 1 month, Liu Xiu led his troops to the mausoleum to meet Ada. This landlord's armed forces, headed by Ada brothers, are called Fuling soldiers. So, Ada sent Rebekah to persuade Wang Kuang, the leader of the new army, to "join the army" together. Since then, Liu's representative figures,, have participated in the outlaw.
(1) This section is mainly based on Ye Fan's A Brief History of Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty, and there are no other comments on the text quoted in this section.
(2) The History of the Later Han Dynasty and the Biography of King Wu of Qi.
(3) "Dongguan Han Jiguang Wu Di Ji".
(1) "Dongguan Han Jiguang Wu Ji".
(2) The History of the Later Han Dynasty and the Biography of King Wu of Qi.
Liu Xuan proclaimed himself emperor.
In January, the fourth year of Emperor Huang (AD 23), Qi Xin, an outlaw hero, joined forces and won a great victory. Liu Xuan was named as a general to turn over a new leaf. At the same time, he defeated Chen Mao and Yan Youjun of Wang Mang in Qingyang (now Nanyang South, Henan Province) and entered Wancheng. The strength of each part of the outlaw hero has developed to more than100000. In February this year, "Liu will always look at people." The hero belongs to Bo Sheng, while the generals in Xinshi and Lin Ping indulge themselves, fearing that Bo Sheng wins Wei Ming, while the greedy sage (Liu Xuan) is cowardly. First, * * * decided to do it, and then the rider asked Bo Sheng to make his point. "(1) Ada set out to win the mausoleum, originally wanted to stand on his own feet, but of course he opposed Liu Xuan's peanuts. He put forward the idea of putting it off again and again, saying, it's not too late to wait until "the foolish man is broken and the red eyebrow is lowered, and then the title is raised." However, Zhang Qiong, the general of the peasant army, and others all advocated maintaining the original proposal, "All people do it." So in February of the first year of restart (AD 23), in the south of Wancheng, the emperor was declared and this year was named the year of restart. Liu Xiu was appointed general.
Battle of Kunyang
After Liu Xuan proclaimed himself emperor, he sent Ada to capture Wancheng as the capital, and Wang Feng, Wang Chang and Liu Xiu to the north to capture Kunyang (now Ye County, Henan Province), Dingling (now Wuyang County, Henan Province) and Yancheng (now Yancheng, Henan Province). There was a big battle with loyalists in Kunyang. Liu Xiu took the lead and won a great victory. Liu Xiu showed his military talent in this battle, which greatly improved his reputation and status.
After the Kunyang War, the contradiction between Ada and Liu Xuan intensified. Liu Xuan was afraid of Ada's potential, so he managed to murder him.
After Ada was killed, Liu Xiu was afraid of being suspected by Liu Xuan, so he kept a low profile. When Ada officially sent a message of condolences, he was silent and said, "It's hard to whisper, it's just a quotation. I don't have the merit of Kunyang, and I dare not mourn for Bo Sheng, but eat and laugh as usual"; But "if you live alone, you don't make wine, and you have a place to cry" (1). Seeing that he was respectful and suspicious, he was ordered to defeat General Lu, seal the marquis of Wuyang and reward him for his meritorious service in the battle of Kunyang.
The Victory of Greenwood Heroes and the Death of Liu Xuan
After the battle of Kunyang, the main force of Wang Mang's army was wiped out. The outlaws marched into Chang 'an in two ways: one led by Wang Kuang and others to capture Luoyang in the north; The other route, led by Shen Tujian and others, went west to Chang 'an. In September of the first year of restarting (AD 23), outlaws conquered Chang 'an and Wang Mang was killed. In the second year after the overthrow of Wang Mang's rule, that is, the second year of turning over a new leaf (AD 24), Liu Xuan moved from Luoyang to Chang 'an. After Liu Xuan entered Chang 'an, his life became increasingly corrupt. He made great contributions to the imperial clan, entrusted politics to Zhao Meng, a close confidant, and rejected the heroic generals of the outlaw forest, thus gradually intensifying the contradiction with the heroic generals of the outlaw forest and the vast number of insurgents.
When Liu Xuan was the capital of Luoyang, Fan Chong, the leader of the Red Eyebrow Army, accompanied the envoy of Liu Xuan to Luoyang. Liu Xuan only used official titles to win over Fan Chong and others, which aroused the indignation of the generals of the Red Eyebrow Army. The Red Eyebrow Army immediately attacked Liu Xuan in two ways, and the army went straight to Chang 'an, winning Lien Chan. However, on the way to Chang 'an, Fan Chong and other generals of the Red Eyebrow Army mistakenly followed the advice of Yang Fang, a native of Ping Ling, and made Liu Penzi, the son of the imperial clan of the Han Dynasty, emperor. In September, three years after the resumption (AD 25, the first year of Emperor Guangwu of Jianwu), the Red Eyebrow Army conquered Chang 'an and surrendered, and was soon killed by Xie Lu, the general of the Red Eyebrow Army.
(1) "were" and "qi featuring biography.
(2) The History of the Later Han Dynasty and the Biography of King Wu of Qi.
(1) "Dongguan Han Jiguang Wu Ji".
The Development of Liu Xiu's Power
The day when Liu Xuan's regime fell, it was the time when Liu Xiu's power developed. When Liu Xuanchu was in Luoyang, he appointed Liu Xiu as the official minister and went to Luoyang to rectify the official documents first. After Liu Xiuxing, Fu held the festival of crossing the river and appealed to all counties in Hebei. In October of the first year of a new starting point, Liu Xiu "held a festival to cross Jin Meng, soothe Hebei and gather people". Wherever he went, "except Wang Mang's tyranny, officials were happy to restore the official name of the Han Dynasty." Deng Yu advised Liu Xiu to recruit talents, win the hearts of the people, and "establish a high-impedance career". Liu thinks so, "and decides to discuss it."
When Liu Xiubei arrived in Zhengding (now Zhengding South, Hebei Province), there was a fortune teller Wang Lang who claimed to be the son of Emperor Hancheng, and Li Yu, a strongman of Zhao. Make him the son of heaven. While sending troops to attack the city, they issued a campaign appeal to all counties, and all parts of Youzhou and Jizhou were "waiting for the wind to respond". In the second year of a fresh start, Liu Xiu decided to go north to Ji Cheng (now Beijing), south to Raoyang (now northeast of Raoyang County, Hebei Province) and cross the Tuohe River to reach Xindu (now Jixian County, Hebei Province). He was supported by Ren Guang, the prefect of Xindu, and was sent to various counties to conquer Tangyang (now northwest of Xinhe County, Hebei Province) and other places. Jizhou Hao Herry Liu, Geng Chun and other clan children followed closely, with tens of thousands of people; Officers and knights in the county were recruited as soldiers. They started from Lunu, Zhongshan (now Dingxian County, Hebei Province) in the north, went to Ding, Changshan Town, Yuanshi County (now Northwest Yuanshi County, Hebei Province) in the south, and defeated the army of Wang Lang General Li Yu (now Northeast Neiqiu County, Hebei Province), and then concentrated their elite to besiege Handan. Shanggu (county name, Youzhou, now Huailai, Hebei Province) and Yuyang (county name, Youzhou, now Miyun, Hebei Province), the magistrate of Chong Peng, sent haing s ngor and Kou Xun to help. In May of the following year, he began to conquer Handan again and beheaded Wang Lang.
After Wang Lang was pacified, Liu Xuan named Liu Xiu as Xiao Wang and returned home with his family. Liu Xiu refused to accept the imperial edict of returning to the south on the pretext that Hebei had not been completely pacified. At this time, the renewed regime collapsed and the separatist forces fought for their independence. Liuyong is based in Suiyang (now Shangqiu, Henan), Gongsun Shu in Bashu, Li Xian in Huainan (now Shouxian, Anhui), Qin Feng in Liqiu (now Xiangfan, Hubei), Zhang Bu in Beihai (now Yidu, Shandong), Dong Xian in Donghai (now Lianyungang, Jiangsu) and Yancen in Hanzhong (now Shaanxi). In addition to the Red Eyebrow Army, there are dozens of insurgents in Hebei, including Tongma, with millions of people.
Hebei pingding everywhere
After Liu Xiu defeated Wang Lang, he actively took the strategy of divide and conquer to attack the Hebei Rebels. First of all, general haing s ngor was dispatched to dispatch troops from Youzhou and Jizhou counties, and defeated the bronze horse army this autumn. Gao Hujun and the heavy company army came to help, but they were also defeated, and the rest were forced to join Liu Xiu. After Liu Xiu incorporated the copper horse and other rebel forces, his power increased greatly, reaching hundreds of thousands, so people called it "the copper horse emperor" at that time. In the first month of the first year of Jianwu (AD 25), Liu Xiu led an army to attack and annihilate the peasant rebels in Youlai, Daban and Wuyan. As a result, the main force of the rebel army in Hebei Province was destroyed by Liu Xiu, and Hebei Province was also owned by him.
When Liu Xiu proclaimed himself emperor, Ada and Liu Xiu's brothers began to compete for the throne. They had the heart of the imperial system, so there was a conflict between them and Liu Xuan for the throne. Later, Ada was killed. Although Liu Xiu is full of sadness and anger, she has to keep silent because of loneliness. After the annexation of Hebei Rebel Army, he openly broke with the Rebel Army. In June of the first year of Jianwu, he proclaimed himself emperor in Zhu (now Gaoyi, Hebei Province), changed to Jianwu, and established the Eastern Han regime. In July of the same year, the Red Eyebrow Army marched into Guanzhong and made Liu Penzi emperor. In September, Chang 'an was breached, and the regime was declared dead when it was restarted.