Ban Gu (32-92)
Historians of the Eastern Han Dynasty. The word Meng Jian. Fufeng Anling (now northeast of Xianyang, Shaanxi) was born. Ban Biao's son. In the 30th year of Jianwu (AD 54), his father died and Ban Gu returned to his village from imperial academy. Worried, he began to write Hanshu on the basis of Ban Biao's Biography of Historical Records, which was basically completed by Zhang Di's junior high school. At that time, he was a historian of Lantai in Ming Di, and was written into "Ancestral Family" together with Chen Zong, Yin Min and Meng Yi. He was promoted to lang, in charge of calibrating the secretary. During the Zhang period, Ban Gu was the first Langguan. In the third year of the founding of the People's Republic of China (AD 78), he was promoted to Xuanwu Sima, and Emperor Zhang called him to the DPRK many times. Emperor Zhang went on patrol and often served around. He also participated in the discussion on the policies of the Western Regions and Xiongnu. In four years, Emperor Zhang convened famous contemporary Confucian scholars in Baihuguan to discuss the similarities and differences of the Five Classics and personally ruled. Ban Gu, also a historian, was ordered to organize the results of the discussion into White Tiger Yi Tong, also known as "White Tiger with Tongde Theory". In the first year of Yongyuan (AD 89), Dou Xian, the general, was ordered to make an expedition to the Xiongnu, and Ban Gu was appointed as the guard of the China Guards to participate in the premeditated peace talks. In four years, Dou Xian failed to commit suicide in a political struggle. Luo Yang made an enemy with Ban Gu, took the opportunity to accuse Luo Zhi and arrested Ban Gu. Died in prison the same year. Ban Gu is also good at composing Fu, including Fu of Two Capitals and Fu of Friends.
Rolling (78- 139)
Scientists in the Eastern Han Dynasty. The word Ping Zi. Xi people from Nanyang (now Shiqiao, Nanyang County, Henan Province). In his early years, he studied hard at home. /kloc-When he was 0/7 years old, he traveled to Chang 'an and Luoyang, visited imperial academy, and sought teachers and friends. In the twelfth year of Yongyuan (100), he served as the main book of Nanyang House. In the fifth year of Yongchuan (1 1 1), he went to Beijing as Langzhong assistant minister and minister, and served as an official twice. In his later years, he served as Hejian Xiang and Shangshu. He has high attainments in astronomy, seismology, machinery manufacturing, mathematics, literature and painting. In astronomy, the representative works are Notes on the Armageddon and Lingxian. Advocating the theory that the sky is like an egg, the earth is at the center like the yolk in the egg, and the sky and the earth stand by and watch the air float with the water. Although it advocates that the sky has a hard shell, it also advocates that "the surface of the universe is infinite and the end of the universe is infinite", and that there is a sky outside the sky and the universe is infinite. Put forward the origin theory of heaven and earth with naive dialectical thought, and think that before heaven and earth are divided, there is chaos first, then there is separation of vitality, heaven and earth are produced, and everything nourishes. The reason of the eclipse is correctly explained, and it is considered that the eclipse is caused by the moon entering the shadow of the earth. It is put forward that "the near sky is late and the far sky is fast", and the speed of five-star movement is explained by the difference of distance. He estimated that the number of stars visible to the naked eye in the Central Plains is about 2,500, and determined that the viewing angle diameter of the sun and the moon on Sunday is 1/736 (about 0.49), which is very close to the actual situation. He designed and manufactured the first aquatic elephant, which was powered by hydraulic pressure and driven by a gear system to rotate once a day. The appearance of the stars displayed on the elephant is completely consistent with the actual astronomical phenomenon. In seismology, he created the first seismograph in the world-Hou Feng seismograph in the seventh year of Yongjian (132). This instrument is very sensitive. There was an earthquake in Gansu thousands of miles away. Luoyang, Kyoto could not feel the earthquake, but it was still monitored. The representative work of mathematics is Arithmetic, in which two approximate values, pi = 730/232 ≈ 3. 1466 and pi = ≈ 3. 1623, are given. In the ideological field, he resolutely opposed the divination theology advocated by the feudal rulers at that time, and at the risk of being killed, he remonstrated with the emperor, "gather divination and ban it once." In literature, his works such as Tokyo Fu, Xijing Fu, Yingxian Fu and Thinking of Fu Xuan are all very famous. He also painted topographic maps and was good at painting. He was listed as one of the six famous painters at that time. 1956, Nanyang County, Henan Province rebuilt his tomb and erected a monument in front of it. Guo Moruo wrote an inscription on the tablet: "Such an all-round developed figure is also rare in world history. It is admirable to live for thousands of years. "
RoyceWong (177-2 17)
Han and Wei poets. One of the seven sons of Jian 'an. The word Zhong Xuan. Yang Shan Gaoping (now Jinxiang County, Shandong Province) was born. Born in a big bureaucratic family, he is brilliant and has few talents. 17 years old, called as assistant minister of Huangmen, but refused to answer because of avoiding chaos. He left Chang 'an and went to Jingzhou to work for Liu Biao, but he was not taken seriously in 16. When Liu Biao died, he persuaded his son Liu Cong to join Cao Cao. Cao Cao appointed Guan as prime minister, and later became an official to serve Wei. RoyceWong's literary creation is good at poetry and fu. Due to troubled times and long-term residence, his poems and poems are very homesick and have a sad mood. Poetry has four and five forms, among which five-character poems have made great achievements, including three poems of seven injuries and five poems of joining the army. The first poem "Nothing in Xijing" of the Seven Wounded Poems is about the tragic scene of refugees abandoning their children in the suburbs when the poet first left Chang 'an. It specifically describes the deep suffering brought to the people of the whole country by the war at the end of the Han Dynasty. "Going out without anything, white bones cover the plain" and "starving women on the road, hugging children and abandoning grass" depict the extreme sadness of the tragedy of this era. There are more than 20 pieces of Wang Canfu today, mostly in Sao style. Among them, Loutai Fu is the most famous. It is lyrical with scenery, concise and lively, which constitutes its distinctive artistic characteristics and occupies a place in the development of lyric small Fu. RoyceWong's poems and poems are mainly lyrical, with sincere feelings and beautiful words. In the Ming Dynasty, Zhang Qian collected the Collection of Wang Shizhong 1 volume, and included 103 volumes of records of the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties.
Chae Yeon
Han and Wei poets. The word Wenxi, also known as Evonne. Chen was born in (now Qixian County, Henan Province). Cai Yong's daughter. The year of birth and death is unknown. She is well-read, good at writing and proficient in melody. Newly married Hedong Wei Zhongdao, widowed. Dong Zhuo was taken to Chang 'an by the Ministry during the uprising, and was taken to Zuo by the southern Xiongnu in the second year of Xingping (195), where he lived for 12 years and gave birth to two sons. In the 12th year of Jian 'an (207), Cao Cao missed Cai Yong, so he sent envoys to redeem Cai Yong and Jinbi, and then married Dongsi, a captain of wasteland. There are now five words in Cai Yan's works, namely, a sorrowful poem, a sorrowful poem in Sao style and eighteen beats by Hu Jian. In her five-character poems of grief and indignation, she described her tragic experience, and there was a strong feeling of grief and indignation between the lines, which was a true portrayal of the social unrest in the late Han Dynasty.
Zhong you,
Zi Chang, a native of Yingchuan Changshe (now Changge, Henan), was born in the first year of Yuan Jia, Huandi of the Eastern Han Dynasty (15 1) and died in the fourth year of Taihe (230). Gong's calligraphy is unique, especially represented by Li and Kai. If books fly in the sea, cranes jump in the sky. Later generations commented that he was fascinated by his official career, which was very exciting. He and the great calligrapher Zhao Hu called him "Hu Fei Zhongshou". Also known as "Zhong Wang" with the King of Jinxi. On my deathbed, the teacher will say, "I think hard and learn to use a pen." Every time I see 10 thousand kinds, I paint, and I paint so intently. "
Cai Lun (? - 12 1)
Inventor of papermaking in the Eastern Han Dynasty. This word is respectful. Guiyang (now Chenzhou City, Hunan Province) people. In the 18th year of Ming Di Yongping (75), he entered the palace as an official. In the first year of Zhanghe in the Eastern Han Dynasty (87), he was appointed. In the first year of Yuanxing (105), papermaking was invented. Summarizing the experience of predecessors, he began to use bark, hemp head, rags, old fishing nets and other raw materials to make paper through beating, ramming, papermaking and baking, which was called Cai Hou paper, which made great contributions to the reform and popularization of papermaking and was later passed down as the inventor of papermaking.
Of course, there are many more, but I think the cultural achievements are led by Ban Gu, Cai Lun, Zhang Heng and RoyceWong, and their contributions are obvious to all. There are several other successful ones. See for yourself.
Hua Tuo
Pronunciation: huà tuó Hua Tuo, also known as Fang, was born in Bo County, Anhui Province, and was a famous doctor in the Three Kingdoms period. When I was young, I studied in Huatuo.
[1] Studying medicine does not require a career. He has a comprehensive medical skill, especially good at surgery. Later generations called him "the master of surgery" and "the originator of surgery". He is proficient in internal medicine, gynecology, pediatrics and acupuncture, especially in surgery, and his medical footprint covers Anhui, Shandong, Henan, Jiangsu and other places. He used "Mafeisan" to make the patient undergo laparotomy after anesthesia, which is the earliest record of general anesthesia surgery in the history of world medicine. And imitating the dynamic creation of tigers, deer, bears, apes, birds and other animals is called "five-bird play" to teach people to keep fit. Later, he was killed because he refused to accept Cao Cao's call-up, and the medical book Qingnangshu was lost. Today, there are relics such as "Huatuo Temple" in Bozhou City.
Zhang Zhongjing
Doctors in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. Born on the 18th day of the first month of 150, died in 2 19 at the age of 69. He was born in a declining bureaucratic family, and his father Zhang was an official in North Korea. Due to the special family conditions, he has been exposed to many classics since he was a child. He saw the story of Bian Que's visit to Qi Huangong from the history books, and he admired Bian Que, which laid the foundation for him to become a generation of famous doctors.
He likes medicine since he was a child. "Read a lot of books and concentrate on Taoism." When he was ten years old, he had read many books, especially books about medicine. He Qing, a fellow countryman, admired his cleverness and specialty. He once said to him, "You will be a good doctor if you use your heart and don't rhyme well" (Biography of He Qing). Later, Zhang Zhongjing really became a good doctor, and was called "the sage of medicine and the ancestor of prescription science". Of course, this is related to his "using the essence of thinking", but it is mainly the result of his love for the medical profession and his good at "assiduous pursuit of ancient methods and learning from others". When I was young, I studied medicine in the same county town as Zhang Bozu. After years of hard study and clinical practice, he became an outstanding doctor in the medical history of China.
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, he was in turmoil, fighting for years, "the people abandoned agriculture", and most of the urban granges became wilderness, and the people were displaced and hungry. Plague broke out in various places, especially in Luoyang, Nanyang and Huiji (Shaoxing). "Every family has the pain of zombies, and every family has the sorrow of wailing;" Zhang Zhongjing's family is no exception. Zhang Zhongjing witnessed this sad scene. According to records, since the first year of Jian 'an of Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty (AD 196), two-thirds of people died of infectious diseases in ten years, of which typhoid accounted for 70%. "The loss before feeling is hopeless" (Preface to Treatise on Febrile Diseases). Therefore, he worked hard to study medicine and determined to be a doctor who can relieve people's suffering. "In order to cure the diseases of your relatives, to save the poor, to protect your health, and to support your life" (Preface to Treatise on Febrile Diseases). At that time, there was a man in his family named Zhang Bozu, a famous doctor. Zhang Zhongjing went to worship him as a teacher in order to study medicine. Seeing that he was smart and eager to learn, Zhang Bozu taught him his medical knowledge and skills without reservation, but Zhang Zhongjing actually passed it on. He Qing once praised in the book Xiangyang Fu Zhi: "Zhongjing's skill is better than Bozu's". There is a passage in the preface of Treatise on Febrile Diseases: "From the top, we can cure the diseases of our loved ones, from the bottom, we can save the poor and humble, and from this, we can maintain the overall growth and health", which shows that Zhongjing's benevolence as a medical saint is respected as a "medical sage" by later generations. Zhang Zhongjing's hometown is Nieyang, Nanyang County (now Gedong Town, dengzhou city City, Henan Province). He is clever and diligent. When I was a teenager, I studied medicine in Zhangbozu, the same county, and I was very famous.