The earliest development of foreign pharmaceutics was in Egypt and the Kingdom of Babylon (now Iraq). Heber's Paper Herb is a work about l552 BC, which records various dosage forms such as powder, plaster, pill and ointment. And the prescription and preparation method of the medicine. Galen (13 1 ~ 20 1), regarded by western countries as the originator of pharmacy, was a Roman Greek (at the same time as Zhang Zhongjing in Han Dynasty in China). In Green's works, various dosage forms, such as powder, pill, infusion, solution and wine, are described, which are called "Green's preparation". Modern pharmacy developed on the basis of Green's preparation has a history of more than 50 years: 1843, Brockden prepared molded tablets, 1847, Murdoch invented hard capsules, and Remington invented tablet press in l876, which made tablet pressing develop rapidly. In l886, Limousin invented ampoules, which made injections develop rapidly.
Since the 20th century, with the rapid development of basic disciplines, the division of disciplines has become more and more detailed, thus making pharmacy gradually become an independent discipline. For example, 1947, someone developed a sustained-release preparation, which was applied to clinic after 1970s. With the development of various basic theoretical sciences related to medicine, the development of pharmacy is first manifested in the great improvement of basic theoretical research. Since 1950s, the basic principles of physical chemistry have been combined with pharmaceutical dosage forms, resulting in basic pharmaceutical theories such as drug stability, dissolution theory, rheology and powder science, which promoted the development of pharmacy. From 1960s to 1980s, pharmaceutics developed into a new stage, namely biopharmaceutics. People got a new understanding of the biological effects of pharmaceutical preparations in vivo, thus changing the one-sided view that only the chemical structure of the drug itself determines the curative effect, and realizing that the dosage form factor has a decisive influence on the curative effect of drugs under certain conditions, thus making the determination of the bioavailability of pharmaceutical preparations an indispensable and important content in the research of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of drugs in vivo, such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion process and influencing factors, has been widely concerned.
As a result, clinical pharmacy and social pharmacy emerged abroad in the 1980s, which attracted great attention from the scientific community.
The appearance of new excipients, new processes and new equipment also laid a very important foundation for the development of pharmaceutics. The appearance of high-speed tablet press makes the production of tablets automatic, which greatly improves the production efficiency and product quality of tablets, and also puts forward higher requirements for excipients and granulation methods of tablets. The development of transdermal absorption preparations is also very rapid, and the use of new penetration enhancers greatly improves the transdermal absorption effect of drugs. The transdermal absorption of iontophoresis has become one of the key research topics. Sustained and controlled release preparation is a preparation that releases drugs slowly or at a constant speed according to a certain law and maintains the effective drug concentration in the body for a long time. It has developed rapidly in recent years and has achieved the purpose of improving drug efficacy, prolonging drug action time and reducing side effects in clinic. Mucosal preparations have attracted much attention in recent years because of their convenient administration, rapid absorption, no first-pass effect and high bioavailability, including nasal mucosa, eye mucosa, oral mucosa (sublingual and oral), vaginal mucosa and uterine mucosa. Targeted drug delivery preparations have also made important achievements, such as intravenous emulsion, composite emulsion, microsphere preparation, nanoparticle preparation and liposome preparation, among which three kinds of liposomes, such as adriamycin liposome, have been listed.
(B) the development of domestic pharmacies
China has a long history and made great contributions to world civilization, including medicine. As early as the Xia Dynasty, it was made into medicinal liquor, which has been used ever since. According to historical records, decoction appeared in l766 BC, which is one of the earliest forms of Chinese medicine. There are records of decoction, pill, powder, ointment and medicinal liquor in Huangdi Neijing. Suppositories, lotions, ointments and syrups were added to Treatise on Febrile Diseases (L42 ~ 2 19 AD) and Synopsis of the Golden Chamber by Zhang Zhongjing in Han Dynasty, and it was recorded that animal glue, refined honey and starch paste could be used as binders to make pills. /kloc-In the 5th century, Li Shizhen, a pharmacologist in China, compiled Compendium of Materia Medica, which included l892 drugs and more than 40 dosage forms, fully reflecting the great contribution made by the Chinese nation in the long process of pharmacy development.
/kloc-from the beginning of the 9th century to the beginning of l949, foreign pharmaceutical technology had a certain influence on the development of pharmacy in China, such as introducing some technologies and establishing some pharmaceutical factories (mainly imported raw materials to process and produce injections, tablets and other preparations), but the scale was small, the level was low and the product quality was poor. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), China's pharmaceutical industry developed rapidly. 1950 the national pharmaceutical industry congress decided to develop the pharmaceutical industry on the basis of giving priority to the development of raw materials and solve the problem of "cooking without rice". In order to adapt to the development of pharmaceutical industry, 1956 established the pharmaceutical preparation laboratory of Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, and held many national exchange meetings on the production experience of injections and tablets, which promoted the rapid development of pharmaceutical preparation industry in China.
Since the reform and opening up, a number of new materials have been developed in the research of pharmaceutical excipients. For example, thinner microcrystalline cellulose, compressible starch and binder povidone have been developed successively; Disintegrator includes sodium carboxymethyl starch and low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose, and film coating materials include acrylic resin series products, excellent surfactant poloxamer, sucrose fatty acid ester, suppository base semi-synthetic fatty acid ester, etc.
Production technology and equipment have also made great progress. For example, the microporous filter membrane and its supporting polycarbonate filter were successfully developed, which controlled the particulate foreign bodies in the injection and significantly improved the quality of the injection; Multi-effect distilled water production equipment was designed and manufactured, which saved energy and improved the quality of water for injection. The production and application of more advanced sterilization equipment and technology make the sterilization effect more reliable. In the production of oral solid preparations, new excipients are widely used, and micronization technology and other new technologies to improve drug dissolution are adopted to improve product quality. In tablet production, fluidized spray granulation and high-speed stirring granulation technology are adopted to improve product quality. Using film coating technology can not only save man-hours and materials, but also improve product quality. In terms of sustained and controlled release preparations, some varieties have obtained new drug certificates and production approvals; Several products of transdermal absorption drug delivery system have been approved for production; Great progress has also been made in the research of targeted and localized drug delivery systems, such as liposomes, microspheres and nanoparticles.