As early as the pre-Qin period, there was a relatively perfect pension system, and different pension measures were taken for retired officials, ordinary old people and widowed old people. It is precisely because of these old-age care and respect systems that they have played a vital role in the stable development of society and the establishment of good social customs.
In the Han Dynasty, filial piety received special attention. Liu Heng, the Emperor of the Han Dynasty, was the only one among the "Twenty-four Filial Pieties", and the upward trend was followed by a downward trend. Respecting the elderly gradually became a social fashion at that time, and the story of "filial piety moving heaven" appeared. Today, the author takes you to discuss the pension system in Han Dynasty. In addition to raising children to prevent old age, what other measures do people take to support the elderly?
Schematic diagram of the elderly
The origin and formation of the old-age care system: "All those who care for the elderly have to treat them with courtesy, treat them with banquet, treat them with food and courtesy, and cultivate them in the Zhou Dynasty." . Fifty in the country, sixty in the country, and seventy in the school, reaching the vassal level. "-"The Book of Rites Wang Zhi "
The custom of providing for the aged originated from the end of primitive society and gradually improved in the Western Zhou Dynasty, but the old people at that time were supported by the central government and local governors.
During the Warring States period, in order to compete for hegemony, the governors advocated "rule of law" and advocated martial arts, which led to the collapse of rites and music, the gradual destruction of the custom of providing for the aged, and even the crisis of the elderly appeared in society.
After Shang Yang's political reform, the Qin dynasty stipulated that father and son should not cover up the criminal facts for each other, otherwise they would sit together, which led to the increasingly alienated relationship between father and son in the Qin dynasty. In addition, the continuous wars have forced a large number of young and middle-aged laborers to perform military service, thus further aggravating No Country for Old Men's social problems.
1975 12 A large number of bamboo slips were found in the tomb of A Qin, Hubei Province, and two cases of fathers reporting their sons' unfilial behavior were recorded, which let us know the social problems of providing for the aged in Qin Dynasty from one side.
After the establishment of the Han Dynasty, the monarch and his subjects almost reached a consensus. They believe that the abandonment of etiquette and benevolence in the Qin Dynasty is the main reason for its demise. Therefore, if they want to govern the country and make the people happy, they must restore the etiquette, carry out the policy of providing for the aged, and educate their people to provide for the aged and respect the elderly.
Filial piety diagram
In the second year of Hanwang (the first 205 years), Liu Bang wrote that anyone who is over 50 years old and has high moral character can be appointed as a township official, and each township can elect one person. Then choose one of these township officials as the "three elders of the county." The three elders in the county are mainly responsible for the education in the county. Township officials can avoid corvee, and the court gives wine and meat every October.
In fact, Liu Bang chose people with high qualifications and high moral cultivation to be township officials, mainly to restore the ancient etiquette system and tell the people that they are old and young and orderly.
At the beginning of Emperor Wendi's accession to the throne, Jia Yi believed that the Han Dynasty inherited the immorality of the Qin Dynasty, abandoned the etiquette, and even killed his father and brother. In order to change this bad social atmosphere, we must restore the ceremony of etiquette and law, implement the policy of providing for the aged, and let the people all over the world change their ideas.
After decades of rest and recuperation, the social economy of the Han Dynasty recovered to a certain extent, which provided a material basis for providing for the aged. The emperor of Han dynasty improved the disadvantages of the previous pension policy and established a relatively perfect pension system.
Portrait of Wendi Deng
The pension system in the Western Han Dynasty Many emperors in the Han Dynasty tried their best to carry out the pension policy and formed a relatively perfect pension system. However, there is no uniform regulation on the retirement age and salary of officials. Most officials asked the court to retire to their hometown because of old age and health problems. Sometimes the emperor will give them some economic compensation, and sometimes they will enjoy official salaries.
There are not many records about the specific pension system in the Han Dynasty in the history books, and most of them are some provisions about pension. Recently, many imperial edicts about providing for the aged and respecting the aged in the Han Dynasty were unearthed from the Eastern Han Tomb in Wuwei, Gansu Province, showing a relatively comprehensive pension system.
(1) Cloth, silk, wine and meat, and distribution of pension grain.
Nowadays, all the old and the weak are born without learning fu, those who are not twenty-three are weak, and those who are fifty-six are old. -"Han Shu"
In the Zhou dynasty, rice porridge was distributed to the elderly, while in the Han dynasty, rice porridge was food. During the reign of Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang, the age of compulsory pension was set at 56, and the old people had wine and meat. Later, other emperors followed suit, but the number was different.
During Lv Hou's administration, it was stipulated that doctors (five-level titles) were over 90 years old, few (four-level titles) were over 9 1 year old, over 92 years old (three-level titles), over 93 years old in Shanghai (two-level titles), over 90 years old in male scholars and over 95 years old in ordinary farmers were entitled to receive one stone meter per month. It can be seen that Lv Hou provides pensions.
In the first year of Emperor Wendi (BC 179), Emperor Wendi Liu Heng promulgated the Imperial Decree of Respecting the Elderly. Once you get old, you won't feel full without meat, and you won't feel warm without silk clothes. Today happens to be the first year, and they always send people to express their condolences to the elderly, giving them money, wine and meat to support their parents.
Today, the official should be the recipient, or Chen Su, which means providing for the aged! There are orders. -"Hanshu Moon Hee"
Emperor Wen also stipulated that anyone who reached the age of 80 could receive one stone of rice, 20 Jin of meat and five glasses of wine every month. Old people over 90 can enjoy three catties and two silks. In the Zhou dynasty, they were given clothes (undyed silk clothes), and Wendi changed them into cloth, which shows that the living standards of the elderly in the Han dynasty have improved obviously.
Emperor Wendi also said in the imperial edict that some officials gave old rice to the elderly as pension food, which made it difficult to implement pension measures. Therefore, Emperor Wendi stipulated that when providing old-age food to the elderly under 90, it should be distributed by the magistrate and inspected by senior officials. When it is distributed to the elderly over 90 years old, it must be inspected by the county magistrate himself and distributed by the county magistrate, so it is necessary to do a good job of supervision.
At that time, the food intake of adults was about one stone and five buckets a month, so one stone of rice a month was enough for more than 80 elderly people.
After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ascended the throne, he sent many letters to the elderly in their sixties and seventies. He sent five silks to the elders and filial relatives in the county, three silks to the elders and the elderly in the countryside, two silks to the widowed elderly over 90 years old, three catties of wadding and three stones of rice to the elderly over 80 years old.
In the first year of Yuanfeng, Liang Wudi, Liang Wudi ordered ten cows for every hundred households, and two silks for the widowed over 80 years old.
As can be seen from the above, Liu Bang defined the pension age as 56 years old, 90 years old in Lv Hou's period and 80 years old in Wendi's period. There was not much fluctuation during the Wu period. After becoming emperor, the pension age was relaxed to 70, indicating that the pension age was constantly relaxed.