This sentence is written like this, "Wei Wu is good at magic, but his criminal name is expensive in the world". It means that Cao Cao, Emperor Wu of Wei advocated legalism and ruling the country by art, so the study of the name of punishment is also expensive in the world.
Magic does not mean the magic of ghosts and gods, but refers to the idea of legalists governing the country by law and politics. Criminal name refers to the study of criminal name, that is, criminal law.
Question 2: What do you mean by hanging ancient prose?
I love you
1. Pay homage to the dead or express condolences to the mourners and the unfortunate.
"Yili? The scholar's funeral: "The monarch made people hang and open the curtain, and the master greeted him outside the bedroom door. "
Han Jiayi's Diaoqu Wenyuan: "Creator, respect Mr. Diao."
Tang Hanyu's "Sacrifice to Twelve Lang": "Today, Jianzhong is dedicated to you, mourning your orphans and your wet nurse."
Song Weitai's A Record of Dong Xuan (Volume 1): "Han has been demoted for a long time, and I want to see it."
2. refers to the memorial ceremony.
"Flower and Moon Scar" returns to May 1st: "On the first day of the first year, I spent a day in Xuanxuan Caotang."
3. pain; Hold on.
"Poetry? Hurricane? Bandit wind: "Take care of the knife and hang it right in the middle. "
Mao Chuan: "Hanging, it hurts."
Zuozhuan? Twenty-four-year-old Duke: "It was not salty for Duke Zhou to hang his uncle, so the feudal relatives used the model." "
Historical records? "Biography of Zhang Yi": "The ministers congratulated him, and Chen Yi hung it alone."
Sun Song Guangxu's "Yang Liuzhi" said: "Ten thousand plants withered and died in Sui Dynasty, like hanging on Wu Tai."
Song Shi? Biography of Hu Quan: "If today's discussion is successful, ten people will be hanged. If not, ten people can congratulate. Please speak for your majesty. "
Zhao Qingyi's poem "Wumu Town is the place where General Song died": "Wumutang roadside, followed by sunset."
4. Stylistic name.
"Once"? Hu Guangchuan: "I have written the first title and explained it. It's called "Proverbs of Hundred Officials", article 48. The rest of the poems, Fu, Ming, Fu, admonition, hanging and various explanations, total 22. "
Nan Xie, Wen Xin Diao Long? Mourning and hanging: "Kill with pride, obey with anger, never tire of ambition, or be tired of beauty: chasing and comforting it is called hanging."
5. Fishing. See "front name".
6. hook up; Tease.
The poem "Smelling Apes under Huangteng Mountain" in Weizhuang, the former Shu Dynasty: "Huangteng Mountain is on the way home, and the ape hangs on the journey all night."
Ming Gu Yiyuan "Hakka language? Interpretation of custom: "If you leave, you will leave. If you leave, you will leave. It seems that there are still people related to it, or there is no need to be endless with it. "such as: suspense.
7. seduce, seduce. See "Hanging arm".
8. hanging.
Huang Qing Liu Hong's Fu Hui Quan Shu? Criminal's name? Imprisonment: "Lift the prisoner's feet and lie down on his head."
9. Care about others.
Chapter 18 of Li Yingru's Wildfire and Spring Breeze Fighting the Ancient City: "I have raised Xiaodong for twenty-eight years, and my heart has been hanging for twenty-eight years, and I haven't put it down for a moment."
10. Falling; Fall down.
Yuan anonymous "Feng Yulan" the fourth fold: "Because the water army was ordered to the bow, it was accidentally hung in the river."
Ancient and modern novels? Xian Yun 'an paid three wrongs: "My daughter bowed her head in tears."
A Stone by Qingjiang Shiquan? Grave-sweeping: "The queen who composed music that day was hanged in the river and drowned!" "
Chapter 5 of the Scholars: "It turns out that the cat of plague jumped on a board on the top of the bed and hung a big basket on it."
1 1. exchange; Tease.
The third and second time of "Jin Ping Mei Hua Ci": "Turn it over, hang it in the past, and these two sets are left and right."
"Wake up the world?" Du Zichun visited Chang 'an three times: "I thought again:' This old official is willing to give me money, and it is always ordinary in the morning and evening. What's the story? " "
12. Old monetary unit. At first, it was 1000 yuan as a crane, but later the algorithm was different everywhere.
Beijing takes a hundred coins or ten copper coins as cranes.
Zhai Cong, four friends of He Ming Liang Jun, said? Shi Ba: "It's thirteen Taoist priests in Japan, and everyone wants money at once." A clothes hanger is also 1000 yuan. "
The third time in Jin Ping Mei Ci Hua: "Xue Neixiang was overjoyed and asked for two pendants of money to give to the musicians."
The 13th time of The Story of Awakening Marriage: "I'll give you thirty taels of ice lantern filaments, ten pieces of big shuttle cloth, two pieces of silk and six pieces of yellow money."
13. Dress up.
Chen Ming's "Drunk Flowers"? Enjoying lanterns "divertimento:" A snowy fishing stream in Jiang Ziya; Hang Adu Zimei who was drunk on a donkey. "
14. Sew the leather bucket with surface or lining into the clothes. See "vermicelli".
15. Transfer; Excerpts
"Wake up the world?" Wang set fire to Baolian Temple: "The king hanged an outstanding criminal the next day and asked why there were many weapons hidden in the prison."
The third and fifth chapters of Legend of Heroes of Children: "The examiner hangs the ink roll according to the number and prints it."
Strange situations witnessed in the past twenty years, Chapters IV and III ... >>
Question 3: Talking about Wei and Jin Dynasties During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the wind of "harmony but difference" prevailed in society. "Talking clearly" is relative to talking about common things, also known as "talking clearly". When the gentry and celebrities meet, they don't talk about state affairs and people's livelihood. Anyone who wants to talk about how to govern the country, how to enrich the people, and who has made remarkable achievements, etc. Be sneered at and satirized for talking about worldly things. Therefore, talking about Laozi, Zhuangzi and Zhouyi instead of worldly matters is called "making it clear". This kind of "talking clearly" was very popular at that time, especially for the ruling class and educated people, and it was regarded as a noble thing and a romantic move. They discuss and debate together, express their different opinions, put forward their own opinions and support their arguments, thus refuting others. Because of the universal participation of the upper class, "making it clear" has become a fashion. The way to "make it clear" is mostly oral. As far as spoken English is concerned, there are several ways. One is the dialogue between two people, which is the so-called subject-object answer. A person who puts forward his own views on a problem is called a "master"; People who raise different opinions and questions are called "guests". The main form of "making it clear" is that the subject and object ask and answer each other, so it is difficult to go back and forth. Second, one host has many guests or one guest has many guests. However, the subject and object are all dominated by one person, and the rest can be interrupted. The third is "both subject and object". When others have no superior opinions to express, someone can set their own doubts and answer them to express their superior opinions. Once, everyone argued about a problem, and in the end they were all inarticulate. Xie An, the prime minister at that time, "narrated his meaning and wrote more than 10,000 words", which Kan Kan talked about very insightful. After that, I was full of self-satisfaction, and there was nothing to admire about four seats. At that time, people regarded * * * as a good opportunity to express their feelings, and many celebrities and idlers were keen on it. But its purpose is not to discuss politics, but to entertain and show their lofty, officials and literati do not talk about secular things. "Preface to the Lanting Pavilion" said, "In the ninth year of Yonghe, at the end of spring, I will repair things in the Lanting Pavilion in Huiji Mountain. When a group of wise men arrive, few people are salty ... ""Showing Hair "was originally an activity of taking a bath to remove dirt, splashing water and picking orchids and praying for good luck on March 3, but" When a group of wise men arrive, few people are salty "is obviously more than the general" Showing Hair "; It is a large-scale talk show of scholars in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. "Make it clear" is a debate speech, which is similar to modern speech in that it requires a new and different point of view and needs to "see what people have not seen, say what people have not said, and explore the subtleties of justice in order to reach the realm of beauty". If you follow in others' footsteps and learn from others' wisdom, and there is nothing new, it will be very annoying. Sun Sheng went to Yin Hao's house to "make it clear" and refused to leave until he forgot to eat and sleep. If they all talk about the same old story, they won't be attracted to each other. A good "talk" certainly requires unconventional theoretical ideas and superb language expression skills. On one occasion, Wang Meng's family in Liu Qu "made it clear". After Liu left, Wang Meng's son asked his father, "Who won, you or Liu?" Wang Meng said, "Rhyme is not as good as mine, but it beats me when it comes to breaking." Rhyme and rhyme are very beautiful, very pleasant to listen to, "to break" is theoretically, an instant hit. The former includes intonation, harmony and accurate and sharp words, which is the form of "speaking clearly"; The latter is the content of the conversation. It can be seen that Wang Meng keeps pace with the content and form of "making it clear". In a "conversation", the atmosphere is generally casual. When excited, it is usually assisted by gestures, body movements and even dancing. When I get drunk, I have no scruples and some rude words. "Speak clearly" also has sophists. Of course, sophists need to have quick thinking and eloquence. Wang Gouzi and argued that Wang Gouzi could not win, but on the other hand, "Xu Fu holds, Wang Peng Xu Li" (actually exchanging propositions), Wang Gouzi still lost. This shows how clever Xu Xun's sophistry is.
Question 4: What exactly does Shang's criminal name mean? What do you mean? Jian 'an Qizi
The seven sons of Jian 'an refer to seven famous poets except Cao Shi and his son during the Jian 'an period in the late Eastern Han Dynasty.
They are Kong Rong, Chen Lin, RoyceWong, Xu Gan, Ruan, Ying and Liu Zhen.
The name of "seven sons" began with Cao Pi's Dian Lun? Papers: "Today's literati, Lu Youkong Ju, Guangling Chen Zhang, Wang Can, Beihai Xu Gan Weichang, Ruan, Runan Ying Delian, Dongping Serina Liu Shang. People who have given birth to seven children have no studies, no words, and a thousand miles of salt. " Except Kong Rong and Cao Cao, the other six ethnic groups had different experiences, but they all suffered from the rebellion at the end of Han Dynasty. Later, when he defected to Cao Cao, his position changed and he lived a stable and prosperous life. They regard Cao Cao as their self-knowledge and want to do something with him. Therefore, their poems have many similarities with Cao Shi's father and son. Because the seven sons of Jian 'an once lived together in Nakano, Weidu, they are also called "the seven sons of Nakano". Song Yu Yan's Poems on Canglang: "Jian 'an Style, the poem of seven sons of Cao Zijian and his son in Nakano at the end of Han Dynasty. "During this period, Sancao, Qizi, Cai Yan and others came out together, and the poetic style was" bold and arrogant, open and aboveboard, giving ideas, not seeking subtlety and cleverness, driving words by appearance, but taking the ability of understanding. " ("Wen Xin Diao Long? Later generations called this style "Jian 'an Style", "Han and Wei Style", also known as "Jian 'an Style". Inscription by Xing Shao, King of Guangping in Northern Qi Dynasty: "See Jian 'an's style, and then you can reuse it. "In Seven Sons, everyone has the same name. Cao Zhi, RoyceWong and Serina Liu are also called "Wang Cao" and "Cao Liu". Xiao Gang's Book with the King of Xiangdong in the Southern Dynasties: "Yangma and Wang Cao are far away, and Pan Lu and Xie Yan are near. Zhong Rong's poem: "The article of Saint Cao Liu is in the past. Wang Rong and Serina Liu are also called "Liu Wang". Hu Qi Ying, "Poetry? Inside: "Liu Wang surrendered, perfunctory."
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Jian 'an literature
Cao Cao advocated "respecting the name of punishment" and "being proficient in detachment", being good at literature and loving the scribes.
In the ninth year of Jian 'an (204), after Cao Cao occupied Yecheng, he created a relatively stable political situation centered on Yecheng in northern China. After suffering from the war, many scribes rushed to Yecheng to join Cao Shi. Here, a huge group under Yemen, led by "Three Caos" and represented by "Seven Sons", has been formed. Most of them joined the army in wartime and returned to China to study literature, write poems, discuss literature, sing praises, express their feelings, describe social chaos, criticize each other and consult. * * jointly improved their writing level, developed and prospered Jian 'an literature, and left a precious spiritual wealth of "Jian 'an Style" to future generations. Jian 'an literature occupies a very important position in the history of China literature development.
"Jian 'an" was a title of Xian Di Liu Xie at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, after Dong Zhuo's rebellion, warlords became independent and wars were frequent. Chang 'an and Luoyang were destroyed. Xian Di went from Chang 'an to Luoyang and was greeted by Cao Cao to Xuchang. This year (196) was changed to Xingping as the first year of Jian 'an.
In 220, Cao and Zen were both located in Cao Pi. Jian 'an literature usually refers to literature from the end of Han Dynasty to Wei Chu, but it is not limited to these 25 years.
Jian 'an period is a glorious period in the history of Chinese literature, with many talents, many writers and diverse styles, and it is a golden age in the history of Chinese literature. The Eastern Han Dynasty was in the midst of great division, turmoil and warlord melee, but it radiated brilliant glory in literature. This is related to various social factors at that time.
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Brief introduction of Jian' an seven sons:
Kong Rong (153-208)
Actually, Kong Rong has a family history. He was the twentieth grandson of Confucius, a native of Lu Qufu, and was later used by Cao Cao. When he was young, he gave a big pear to his brother and took a small pear himself, so he was a fairy. This is the story of "Kong Rong gives pears". In his early years, he joined the crusade against Dong Zhuo and later worked for Cao Cao, but he was executed for discouraging Cao Cao from attacking Liu Bei. Kong Rong, the eldest son of Jian 'an, is very talented. The only existing works are prose and poetry. Prose such as recommendation > >;
Question 5: How did the literary thoughts of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties produce the social environment of Wei, Jin literature?
With the development of China literature in Wei and Jin Dynasties, its spirit and writers' creative attitude have changed. Literature in this period formed a self-study movement, attaching importance to literary value and social status and discussing literary theory.
During this transformation, literature gradually got rid of the shackles of Confucian classics and developed freely.
△ 1. Chaos and terror in the political environment
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there was a fierce political shock. Due to the decadent and arbitrary feudal ruling class, consorts and eunuchs fought for power and profit, annexed land and squeezed the people, water conservancy was not repaired, and floods and droughts continued for years, which made the broad masses of the people fall into the desperate situation of hunger and exile, and finally broke out the peasant uprising led by the Yellow Scarf. Followed by the dispatch of troops by Dong Zhuo and Cao Cao, the Three Kingdoms Rebellion was formed. Although the peasant uprising failed, in those 20 years, it hit the powerful aristocrats, traced the history of corrupt officials, waged a persistent and tenacious struggle with the feudal ruling class, and played an important role in promoting history. After the Three Kingdoms, Cao Pi and Sima Shi continued to usurp the throne, followed by the rebellion of the Eight Kings and the invasion of foreign countries in the north. As a result, Emperor Huai and Chen were captured one after another, and the Western Jin Dynasty perished. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, although it was partial for a period of time, the chaos of Wang Dun, Su Jun and Huan Xuan created the opportunity for Emperor Wu of Song to proclaim himself emperor, and the Eastern Jin Dynasty came to an end at this time. In these two hundred years, class contradictions and racial contradictions are very sharp. Internal and external troubles followed, and wars and famines continued. The sharp drop in population and people's exile can also provide us with many materials of ancient history. In the autocratic political environment where political factions are constantly opposed and usurped, literati are easily accused and lead a restless life. The party disaster massacre at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty caused an extremely horrible situation. Another example is the murder of Kong Rong, Mi Fei, Ding Yi, Ding Yi, Ji Kang, Zhang Hua, Shi Chong, Lu Ji, Lu, Liu Kun and Guo Pu, all of which were tragic. No wonder Guo Tai, Justin, Shen Tuban and others, living in caves and hiding in tree holes, have all become the legendary Gao Shi. No wonder the literati in Wei and Jin Dynasties deliberately pretended to be deaf and dumb, sending their feelings to medicinal liquor, or singing poems, or shaking their heads to talk about Hyunri, or living in seclusion in the countryside while enjoying Leshan water. This environment has a great influence on the transformation of literature.
△ Second, the decline of Confucianism and the prosperity of metaphysics
Although Confucianism flourished in the Han Dynasty, it was extremely weak in the Wei and Jin Dynasties. The reason is:
On the one hand, it is because of its own depravity that it is impossible to maintain people's beliefs; Secondly, influenced by the turmoil of the times, it lost the support of the feudal ruling forces. It is neither the door of wealth nor the way of keeping in good health, so it is impossible to maintain people's hearts. As soon as Cao Cao came to power, he adopted the policy of rule of law, but he was still punished. The talents he needs are Machiavellians who have the skills of governing the country and using troops, and look down on those Confucian scholars who stress virtue, knowledge, propriety, righteousness and honesty. Are the embodiment of this idea. "doers may not be able to make progress; An enterprising person may not be able to do anything "(give a decree); In addition, Cao Pi and Wu Zhishuyun said: "Looking at ancient and modern literati, it is difficult for us to stand on our own feet by virtue of fame and honor." An enterprising person does not necessarily know nothing, and a scholar must know nothing, which is not in line with Confucianism. Fu Xuan said in "Qingyuan Shu": "Wei Wu, who is close, is good at magic, and the world is more expensive than punishment; Wei Wen is eager to understand, but this day is a feast. Later, there were more theories about not taking the outline dimension, but not putting anything, than the ruling and opposition parties. Yu Qian said in Preface to the Scholars: "From the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty to the end of Jian 'an, the world fell apart, people were at odds, and law and discipline declined, especially Confucianism and Taoism. ..... At the beginning, there were more than twenty thousand people, namely Lang Guan and Situ Li Ling, who proposed to discuss Yuanshan and Puyi's bachelor. Although it has been reissued, there are still 10 thousand people in Beijing, but only a few people should write and discuss it. At that time, there were more than 400 court officials, and less than 10 people might be operators, most of whom were retired. Ha ha! Academic sinking, and this. "In these remarks, it reflects the changing reality of contemporary ideological circles. Due to the decline of Confucianism, the original Confucian Taoist and Jing Zong's literary views have lost their guiding role in literature. Cao Cao's writing style is simple and clear, and Cao Pi's and Cao Zhi's poems are more and more gorgeous. Lu Ji's exposition on the law of creation and rhetorical skills, as well as Ge Hong's essays, which are not based on morality and oppose attaching importance to the past and neglecting the present, are different from Confucian literary concepts. Because of this, literature can get rid of the shackles of Confucianism and enter the road of consciousness.
The decline of Confucianism was followed by the thoughts of Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi. At that time, the privileged intellectuals, faced with the political environment of frequent usurpation and killing each other, all wanted to seek the sustenance of their souls in Laozi and Zhuangzi's thought and the theory of settling down ... >>
Question 6: What is the story of Cao Pi and Cao Zhi fighting for the heir? In Jian 'an 16, Cao Zhi was appointed commander of the five senses, and Cao Pi was appointed deputy prime minister. At that time, Cao Cao did not regard Cao Zhi as his successor. He named Cao Zhi Hou, not Cao Pi. Obviously, he is going to make xelloss heir and deputy prime minister. Obviously, he has the intention of cultivating Cao Pi. Shortly thereafter, "Emperor Wen and the theory of being accurate in the plain" began to have a contest about the heir between them.
According to records, Cao Pi received the support of Jia Xu, Cui Yan, Mao, Xing and Huan Jie, and Chen Qun, Sima Yi, Wu Zhi and Zhu Shuo were his wings. As the defeated party in the struggle, Cao Zhi has few records, and only Yang Xiu, Rockett, Ding Bing and Yang Jun can meet.
Jia Xu didn't teach xelloss management, but taught him not to disobey the key. Cui Yan is very good. Look at the scholar. Mao is honest and clean, killing pests for the people. Xing's name is Xing Ziang, and he is a virtuous man. On the other hand, Rockett and others stood on Cao Zhi's side and framed Cui Yan, Mao and He Kui. Although the two parties are bound to criticize each other, because of Cao Zhi's failure, history books will naturally have songs, but Ding Yi and others should have nothing to praise in character. What's more, all kinds of gossiping and framing ministers like Rockett will only be disgusted, despised and opposed by more ministers. Moreover, as the spiritual center of Cao Zhi, did what rockett did refer to himself or Cao Zhi? And Yang Xiu speculated about Cao Cao, but he didn't know how to be restrained and careless. What can Cao Cao do except increase his resentment?
Cao Zhi is not Cao Pi. Ding Yi calls him a genius, while Ding Zezan is clever and knowledgeable, but almost ignorant. As far as knowledge is concerned, this article is unparalleled. However, Cao Zhi and Han Danchun discussed articles, being an official, using force and other things, which made Han Danchun marvel that he was called heaven and man, and even Cao Cao himself was Cao Zhi's "most important thing in his life". It can be seen from Cao Zhi's contribution to Cao Rui that he is quite confident in his talents. Because of Cao Zhi's talent, the balance is tilting towards Cao Zhi. This biography says that "a few are princes."
Cao Zhi has a problem, is willful, has no ambition, and drinking is not appropriate. For example, Xingchuan said, "If you have nothing to do, you should not be polite." This biography said, "Zhichang rode in the equator and opened Sima Gate." Fu Xuan said that "Wei Wu was a good wizard at first, but the name of the world was expensive". How can Cao be satisfied with what Cao Zhi has done, even though he is brilliant? Naturally, xelloss was made a prince. In the twenty-fourth year of Jian 'an, Cao Cao wanted to save Cao Ren with Cao Zhinan, but Cao Zhi failed to be ordered because of drunkenness, which disappointed Cao Cao again. Waste Cao Cao's last chance to pay attention to him again. How can such a person shoulder the heavy responsibility?
Perhaps, as Wei Weiwei said, although Cao Cao had already made Cao Pi a prince, he still intended to make Cao Zhi before he died. But what rockett did before, when Cao Cao died, would officials prefer Cao Pi or Cao Zhi? It is also possible that Cao Zhang just helped Xelloss to test Cao Zhi, and Cao Zhi, who "didn't see yuan brothers", was not as eager to stand up as he was at that time.
As the saying goes, those who are near Zhu Zhechi are black. Xelloss though narrow-minded, but at least there are a group of virtuous people to deal with, and's confidant rockett Yang Xiu? It is absolutely impossible to bring positive influence to Cao Zhi in moral integrity. Sima Fu called him a "negative talent". Only when he has talent can he be virtuous. Cao Cao can endure, but Cao Cao is strict with himself and attaches great importance to magic. Plus Cao Zhi's wayward character, how can he fight Cao Pi?
Question 7: How did the theory of "talking about the wrong country" come into being in Wei and Jin Dynasties? As far as Wei and Jin Dynasties are concerned, it is usually regarded as synonymous with metaphysics in Wei and Jin Dynasties, also known as "talking about metaphysics", "talking about metaphysics" and "speaking clearly". Peace talks are not debates organized by the government to solve a practical or theoretical problem, but spontaneous academic discussions among scholars. As early as before the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the wind of argument existed for a long time. The "contention of a hundred schools of thought" in the Warring States period and the "talking about classics in the right place" in the Eastern Han Dynasty are both ideological and academic disputes among scholars. Talking about capital in Wei and Jin Dynasties obviously directly inherited the debate movement of "one man suppresses anger and Chu Shi argues" at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. However, celebrities in Wei and Jin Dynasties no longer took it as their duty to teach the world right and wrong, but creatively reinterpreted the classics through free and equal debates, used the academic method of "forgetting words with pride" and put the cart before the horse, thus creating a new academic trend of thought.
Talking in peace is not only a way of academic exchange for scholars in Wei and Jin Dynasties, but also a way of life for scholars. Scholars practice a philosophical life in endless debates, which is what people usually call Wei-Jin demeanor. Celebrities in Wei and Jin Dynasties were open-minded, personable, informal, and did not stick to appearances. They thought highly of themselves. "The more noble they were, the more they taught them, the more they let nature take its course." They were taciturn, turned their eyes away, ate meat, played the piano, and indulged in drinking and debauchery. It is the bold lifestyle of celebrities and the spiritual realm of nature, true feelings, detachment and freedom that makes the talk in the Wei and Jin Dynasties seem a bit "different" in ancient China society, and this "different" just happened in the special historical era of "sinking" and "capsizing between China and North Korea". Then, people will naturally establish some kind of logical relationship between them, and this historical logical relationship is manifested as "wrong talk"
The theory of "saying the wrong country" sprouted at the beginning of Liang Wudi's succession, and Fu Xuan was the first to make trouble. In "Lifting the Clear Source", Fu Xuan said: "Wei Wu, who is close, is good at illusion and expensive in the world; Wei Wen is eager to understand, but this day is a feast. Later, the outline dimension was not taken, but it was mostly for the ruling and opposition parties, so that there was no reconsideration in the world, and Qin died of illness and relapsed. " Fu Xuan's theory of "making something out of nothing" refers to the conversation activities of celebrities represented by Yanhe, Wang Bi and the Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest since the beginning. In his view, these conversations made the spirit of "clean and honest discussion" in the Han Dynasty disappear, and there was no "Qingyuan polite minister" in the court, which was a sign of national subjugation, that is, the "disease of Qin Dynasty" in a fog. This passage has been quoted many times, and it is usually regarded as the origin of the theory of "talking about the wrong country". As far as its political position is concerned, Fu Xuan belongs to the "people of etiquette and law". Most of these people were in power who attached themselves to and took refuge in Sima's regime during the Wei, Jin and Zen Dynasties, but as far as their academic thoughts are concerned, they are the continuation of Confucian classics in the Han Dynasty, and they usually pretend to be orthodox Confucianism. Fu Xuan's criticism of Qingtan is a continuation of the contest between two political forces, namely, "Celebrities in Qingtan" and "People with Etiquette and Law", in the political arena in the late Cao Wei period. Therefore, his so-called "Qin's illness and death" is not a historical truth, but a criticism from one side based on the differences in academic thoughts and political positions.
Unfortunately, Fu Xuan's "Qin's illness and death" became a prophecy, and the demise of the Western Jin Dynasty seemed to verify his assertion of "talking about the wrong country". In addition, Wang Yan, then known as the founder of Qingtan, said when he was "killed": "Although I am not as good as the ancients, if I have no ancestors, I will still be open-minded and dedicated to the world." "People are dying, and their words are good." Rebecca's reflection further confirms "talking about the wrong country".
The regret of historical parties is undoubtedly the most important and direct historical evidence. After the Western Jin Dynasty, Wang Yan was gradually regarded as the chief culprit of "talking about the wrong country". Wang Yan himself was born in the famous Wang family in Langya, and lived in the Western Jin Dynasty when the aristocratic society began to emerge. As the son of a noble family, he is famous for his official career. History calls him "a person who is tired of being famous, a backward person, and a person who is eager to make a difference." Wang Yan's "Miao Shan Xuan Yan only pays attention to Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi", "Yi Li was uneasy, then changed, and the world name was" loose lips and orpiment ",which was known as" Longmen's life ". On the occasion of Xianning and Taikang in the Western Jin Dynasty, the ideological circle, which had been silent for nearly 20 years after Gao Ping Ling's coup, became active again, and the wind of discussion revived. The younger generation of metaphysical celebrities stepped onto the political stage and gained an unprecedented relaxed political environment, resulting in celebrity groups such as "four friends" and "eight big ones". Wang Yan is the spiritual leader of these groups. Although these celebrities pretend to be the inheritors of Zhengshi and Bamboo Forest thoughts, they lack the sense of hardship and social responsibility of Zhengshi and Bamboo Forest celebrities. They are similar in appearance, but different in spirit. They no longer have the profound ideological content of the seven sages of the bamboo forest, but just pursue an open form and negotiate ... >>
Question 8: Metaphysics in Wei and Jin Dynasties: How did China Metaphysics come into being and develop? During the Three Kingdoms period, war and politics seriously interfered with the development of literature, which led to the formation of two completely different literary periods before and after the Three Kingdoms literature. One is the literary period when Confucianism advocates self-cultivation, governing the country and leveling the world, and the other is the literary period when Taoism advocates false victory and natural metaphysics. The early Jian 'an period has the longest year number, which is called "Jian 'an Literature" and the later period has the longest year number, which is called "Zhengshi Literature". In fact, in the later period, literary talents withered, and few people really engaged in literary creation, but the philosophical atmosphere good at qualitative reasoning was in the ascendant, so the most important thing in Zhengshi culture was the emergence and development of metaphysics.
1, the emergence of metaphysics
The so-called metaphysics, as we all know, quoted from Laozi's "Mysterious Mystery, the Gate of Wan Qi", as its name implies, is a theory dominated by discussing some contents that are far less mysterious than current politics. Although it originated from Taoism, it is not only a branch of Taoism. It is a product of the times, a mixture of various philosophical thoughts, and a way of thinking aimed at distinguishing names and reasoning. It has cultivated a group of elites who are good at boasting for the society, and also cultivated a group of idiots who pretend to be lofty. Their tongues are neatly under the banner of "the more truth is argued, the more clear it is", and the surrounding scenery is everywhere; Pretending to be lofty and forget what you said, advocating "quality is fundamental, words are final", it is not easy to argue. In a word, metaphysics is a comprehensive product of multiple thoughts. There is only one purpose, to turn the eyes of the world from complicated politics to irrelevant theoretical research.
Let's talk about the emergence of this theory first. It may be traced back to the contention of hundred schools of thought in the pre-Qin period, that is, Confucianism, Mohism and Taoism, which everyone is familiar with. Regardless of their social positive significance, only their essence, you may find a strange phenomenon. Legalism is actually a theory that restricts "beast" to "man" through harsh system; Confucianism and Mohism, on the other hand, standardized "man" into a hierarchical "slave" theory by emphasizing benevolence and righteousness. "Tao" is a theory that "slaves" are reduced to "animals" by liberating shackles. In the endless debate about people, beasts and slaves. Later scholars gradually discovered that this problem is the same as the question of "which came first, the egg or the chicken". The result of the argument is impossible, and thinking can only swing with the wind as the ruler likes. Regardless of respecting Laozi and Zhuangzi, or respecting Confucianism and valuing punishment, there is always a way to follow the trend. Later, it was found that the legalist theory was harsh and difficult to achieve, so even Hanwu and Wei Wu had to do things under the banner of Confucianism. Therefore, according to the sage's own formulation, Taoism and Mohism are one family, and the thoughts of Confucianism and Taoism are on the table, which the people like. Keep their names and continue to argue. Later generations are more and more confused, and Confucianism and Taoism themselves can't tell. The chaotic political environment at the end of the Han Dynasty made Confucianism, which advocated self-cultivation and governing the country, also passively avoid the world and all embarked on the road of talking about seclusion. A Confucian sage in the Eastern Han Dynasty said: "A tree must fall, but it is not a rope. What is a peaceful place to live? " It marks that Confucian celebrities began to live in seclusion. In the period of Huanling, the dispute between the two parties led to more Confucian celebrities chasing the "Hermit Mountain". To say that the obscurity of Confucianism is definitely not hidden behind Taoism, but pigeons occupy Nestle and hide on the right path of Taoism. Can the side of the sofa make others sleep soundly? Taoist celebrities also rose up and rebelled. Since then, the two men have been arguing endlessly about who is the most reasonable and whose idea is the most suitable to occupy the Hermit Mountain, driving each other away. Through a long-term war of words, they gradually formed a unique theory of struggle, which is the origin of metaphysics. Next, let's talk about the development of metaphysics.
The development of metaphysics?
In Yi Zhongtian's words, Taoism is a hermit's philosophy, and it is only natural that "hidden mountain" is king. How can Confucianism join in this excitement? Let's take a closer look.
The main research works of metaphysics, Laozi, Zhuangzi and Yijing, are all based on the study of Taoism. They are often called Taoist metaphysics in later generations, and almost no one calls him Confucian metaphysics. Why is this happening? Mainly because in Confucianism, there are many utilitarianism involved, such as the meaning of monarch and minister, the love between father and son, the harmony between husband and wife, the order of the elders and the trust of friends, which will inevitably involve politics. Therefore, if Confucianism wants to settle down, it is necessary to avoid directly talking about Confucianism in metaphysical research, and adopt a circuitous strategy of taking its own path and returning its own path to confront Taoism, that is, to refute Taoism from the perspective of Taoist works. On the basis of Taoism, Confucian scholars >>
Question 9: I owe my son a debt. What does it mean to be expensive all your life? It is difficult to support my spouse and children. Life is hard, but life is noble.