Chapter One: Prose on Honesty-Love and Say "Honesty"

Princess Litchi of Qi has no artistic cells since she was a child. She can't write a good hand, a poem or a masterpiece, but she only loves a pair of lotus flowers in grandpa's study. When she is free, she will splash ink on it and pretend to be a scholar. "The flowers of land and water plants are very lovely." When I am bored, I will also visit the garden and enjoy the flowers and plants. In the world of flowers and flowers, I will still prefer lotus flowers, but that's just arty. Looking back carefully, it's really hard to remember which master's masterpiece my grandfather's Lotus came from. I vaguely remember sneaking into grandpa's study and staring at the lotus when I was a child. Simple lines outline a lotus flower blooming in the mire. The big lotus leaf is firmly supported below, and the faint ink also faintly has a gentle feeling swaying in the wind. Although it is not clear water, it does produce "hibiscus" and "nature" to "carve". It seems ridiculous to think about it now. What can four or five-year-old children understand? Can they really understand painting? But as if I were a child, I really felt the noble quality of "Lotus", dignified and elegant, calm and sincere. At this time, my grandfather strolled to my side after lunch break, and did not blame me for breaking into the study, nor did he ask me if I could understand the profound meaning expressed in the painting.

The warm sunshine in the afternoon shone on us and cast a long shadow on the thick mahogany floor, so our grandparents and grandchildren stood quietly in front of this ink painting and quietly felt the baptism of the soul from the lotus. Naughty, I also learned my grandfather's appearance with dignity, put my dirty little hands on my back, raised my head slightly, and admired the lotus flower carefully. It seems that the elegant fragrance, quiet and far-reaching, can really invade my young mind and instantly appease my impetuous mood and anxiety. Standing for a long time, the slender short legs really can't support the huge body. I finally couldn't help asking my grandfather, "Grandpa, grandpa, why do you want to hang this lotus in the study?" I think the "rooster flower" outside is colorful, and it must look good when painted! "Childish voice stopped, grandpa was amused by my wonderful thinking and laughed. He bent down and picked me up, held me high above my head and said to me face to face, "Although this ink painting has no dazzling colors, it has a sense of integrity and integrity. Sophia Kao will understand when he grows up! Come on, let's eat ice cream! "

I really didn't understand at that time. I even heard the word "incorruptible" for the first time. It was not until I learned classical Chinese in junior high school that Zhou Dunyi's "Ailian Shuo" really made me understand what "incorruptibility" is. "Lotus mud never touches, but it is clear and not demon. Straight outside, not squatting, Qing Xiang, graceful, but not ridiculous from a distance. "

Starting with "getting out of the mud without staining", the article depicts the bearing and style of the lotus flower with strong colors, which places the author's affirmation and pursuit of ideal personality, and also reflects the author's secular psychology of despising wealth, pursuing fame and fortune and pursuing a clean and honest life. This series of narratives has effectively rendered the lotus's tall and beautiful posture, elegant and superior virtue, especially its respectable but unobtrusive demeanor. I also remember that uncles and aunts often visit official grandfathers with things. However, the result is the same every time, drinking tea and chatting, fighting at chess, and returning everything you brought after the chat. Don't be surprised, it is ok to receive some gifts! This is a big mistake. As the saying goes: take someone's hand short and eat someone's mouth soft. You have to pay it back sooner or later! Officialdom is dark, and it is as difficult for you to maintain a noble character in officialdom as it is for lotus flowers to emerge from the mud without being stained. Don't go with the flow, and the spirit of honesty is unforgettable. Now the social atmosphere is too bad and there are too many temptations. It is very rare to keep an honest heart. We should learn from Mo Lian. The seemingly weak pole diameter is straight and upright, and the clanking iron bone exudes the fragrance of incorruptibility. She painted a picture of truth, goodness and beauty for us by dedicating the essence of beauty, beautiful bones and muscles, self-cleaning skin and loving beauty. As human beings, we must also give them "cleanliness and integrity"

Written on May 25th, 2065438 17.

(This article is pure fiction. If there are similarities, it is purely coincidental. )

Chapter Two: Classical Prose

Ailian said that the works of Zhou Dunyi, a scholar in the Northern Song Dynasty, were selected from the Collected Works of Zhou Dunyi, which was an essay.

In the eighth year of Renzong in the Northern Song Dynasty (1063), Zhou Dunyi, Shen Xiyan and Qian Tuo * * * traveled to Luo Yan, Yudu County, Jiangxi Province and carved stones with poems. Later, Shen Xiyan built a lotus pavilion in Lushan Mountain, Du Yu, and asked Zhou Dunyi to write an inscription. Zhou Dunyi wrote Love Lotus as a gift, which shows his interest in Lotus. Mud does not stick, clear but not demon, straight outside, not crawling; Aromatic and clear, graceful and pure; Can you watch from a distance without being ridiculous? Appreciate Through the description of the image and quality of lotus, this paper praises the faithful character of lotus, thus showing the author's noble personality and generous mind.

Creation background

In the fourth year of Song Xining (A.D. 107 1), Zhou Dunyi, a famous neo-Confucian, came to Xing Zi with Nankang Army. Zhou Dunyi is honest, indifferent, not in cahoots with the secular, and loves lotus all his life. After Zhou Dunyi came to Xing Zi, he dug a pond on the east side of Junya and planted all the lotus flowers. When Zhou Dunyi came to Yukiko, he was old (55 years old) and ill, so every time after dinner, he was alone, or invited friends from three or five staff members to enjoy flowers and tea in Chi Pan, where the lotus was white and the sensory sea was chaotic, and he wrote a well-known essay "Love Lotus Falls". Although The Story of Ailian is short, it has been told by people all the time.

A year later, Zhou Dunyi resigned due to old age and infirmity, and settled in a church at the northwest foot of Lushan Mountain to give lectures. He left behind the lotus pond and the article "Love Lotus", which has always been cherished by future generations. In the sixth year of Xichun (AD 1 179), Zhu was transferred to Nankang Zhijun. With admiration for Zhou Dunyi, he rebuilt the lotus pond and established the Lotus Hall. He got the ink of Zhou Dunyi's "Ailian Shuo" from Zhi Qing Zhou, Zhou's great grandson, and asked someone to carve it on a stone and by the pool. Zhu wrote a poem: I heard that bloom has ten miles of jade wells; The bright moon is high and cold, and no one sees it, only for the husband to grow up. What are the main points of appreciating Ailian? Out of the mud and not stained, Qing Lian has no demon? This is the central topic of this article. The ancients generally used things to express their feelings. The same sentence has two meanings, one is metaphor and the other is expression. The same,? Out of the mud and not stained, Qing Lian has no demon? There is also a second expression. What does the metaphorical author have? Out of the mud and not stained, Qing Lian has no demon? Noble character. In fact, what he means is that officialdom is dark, so it is as difficult for you to maintain a noble character in officialdom as it is for a lotus to emerge from the mud without being defiled.

This is also a summary of his experience as an official, because he doesn't want to go along with it. And then what? Qing Lian has no demon? It's just a good wish of the author. Walking by the river often, how can you not wet your shoes? Therefore, it is commendable to be able to stand alone in a hundred flowers. This is also the author's sigh, because he can't be immune to the big environment, except to escape and stay away. Or, like him, guard one of his festivals conscientiously. Where did Zhou Dunyi's Ailian Theory come from? Flowers of land and water, lovely people are sweet? At the beginning, it was this exclamation.

Zhou Dunyi is the founder of China's Neo-Confucianism, and his Neo-Confucianism plays a connecting role in the history of China's philosophy. Zhou Dunyi loved reading since childhood and was quite famous in his hometown. People say he is? Ambitious, knowledgeable and pragmatic, with the wind of the ancients? . His knowledge and tolerance also moved many people to follow him, the most famous of which were two brothers, Cheng Yi and Cheng Hao, who later became famous Neo-Confucianism in the Southern Song Dynasty.

In 1072, Zhou Dunyi came to Jiangxi and founded Lianxi Academy. From then on, I began to give lectures and educate people. He named the stream in front of the college? Tunxi? , and since the number? Mr Suixi? . Because I love lotus all my life, I built a lotus hall in the academy and carved a pool in front of it. Lianchi? With the nobleness of lotus, I place my lifelong ambition. After giving lectures and studying, Mr. Wang often walks in front of the main hall to admire the lotus. After that, I wrote an article, Ailian said, which is a good sentence? Out of the mud but not stained, clear but not demon, straight through, not crawling, fragrant far and clear, slim and graceful, far away but not ridiculous? It became an eternal swan song and is still widely circulated today. original work

The flowers of land and water plants are very fragrant. Tao Jinyuan clearly loves chrysanthemums. Since Li Tang came, peonies have been loved all over the world. Love lotus alone, dirt-free, clear but not demon. Straight outside, not crawling, fragrant and clear. It is slim and elegant, so you can look at it from a distance without looking ridiculous.

Want to call chrysanthemum, the hermit of flowers; Peony, blooming with wealth; Lotus, the gentleman of flowers. Hey! The love between chrysanthemums and flowers is rarely heard after Tao. Who gave the lotus love? Peony love is suitable for all ages! [1] Preface to Wang Teng Pavilion

Preface to Wang Tengting is the full name of Preface to Wang Tengqiu Pavilion, also known as Preface to Wang Tengting's Poems.

Wang Teng Pavilion is located on the banks of Ganjiang River in Nanchang, Jiangxi Province. Li Yuanying, the son of Tang Gaozu, was founded as the prefect of Hongzhou (AD 653). Hou Yan is a herdsman in Hongzhou, and the banquet group is in the pavilion. Wang Bo's father passed this and improvised. Through the description of the situation, scenery and banquet in Tengwangge area, this paper expresses the author's feeling that he can't be a volunteer. Creation background

Wang Teng Pavilion is named after Wang Teng Li Yuanying. Li Yuanying is the youngest son of Tang Gaozu Tang Gaozu and the younger brother of Emperor Taizong Li Shimin. He is extravagant, immoral, and his political achievements are mediocre. But he is good at singing and dancing, good at painting butterflies and very artistic. He built the Wang Teng Pavilion for the fun of singing and dancing. This famous building in the south of the Yangtze River was built in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, and it soon became famous for Wang Bo's Preface to Wang Tengting. Han Yu said in the newly-built Wang Teng Pavilion. When I am young, I will hear the beauty of Jiangnan. Wang Tengting is the first one, which can be called majestic and unique. ? The Preface to Wang Teng Pavilion is called Autumn.

Preface to Wang Teng-ting's Farewell to Sun Deng Hongfu, also known as Preface to Wang Teng-ting's Poems and Preface to Wang Teng-ting's Banquet, has two versions of its completion time. Tang Yi Yan, written by the kings of the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, said: Wang Bo wrote Preface to Wang Tengting at the age of fourteen. ? At that time, Wang Bo's father may be appointed as the order of Liuhe County (now Jiangsu Province), and Wang Bo will go to Liuhe through Hongzhou. In this preface again? What does a boy know? Bows always win. Language can also prove it. According to the new biography of Tang Caizi in Yuan Dynasty, Teng Xu was written when he went to Jiaotoe (northwest of Hanoi, Vietnam) to visit his father (then his father was Jiaotoe county magistrate), and passed by Nanchang in the second year of last year (675). Judging from the broad content and rich rhetoric of this preface, it is more like an adult work. ? Boy? It doesn't necessarily mean children, but it can also be a modest word to express your youth and ignorance. Besides, it's in the preface. There is no way to ask for it, waiting for the final army to be weak? If so,? Weak crown? It means twenty. Therefore, regarding the writing time, the annotation of the text adopts the latter statement. The Biography of New Tang Literature and Art will be written by Teng. On September 9th, the Governor held a grand banquet in Wang Teng Pavilion, and his husband was destined to write a preface of praise for the guests. Because of the relationship between paper and pen, he invited guests from all over the world, dared not take it seriously, and left without hesitation. The viceroy was furious, got up and changed clothes, and sent officials to wait on him. Repeated reports, strange language, but suddenly said:' genius!' Please write it down and enjoy it very much. ? It can be seen that Wang Bo was young and vigorous at that time, and his words were shocking.

There are vivid records about the origin of Wang in the preface to Tang Ting. It turned out that his original intention was to let his husband Meng preface his name, but when he pretended to be modest, he began to write. Where is Yan? Change clothes?

Chapter Three: Prose Appreciation

I. Overview of Prose Appreciation-Characteristics of Prose

Prose may be a vague concept with relatively empty connotation and extremely broad extension. As far as the tradition of literary genre classification is concerned, poetry, novel and drama literature all have distinct characteristics and clear territory. Only prose covers everything. It seems that what does not belong to the first three genres should be classified as prose.

In the way of expression, prose is free and independent, remembering people and narrating, imitating scenery and lyrical reasoning, all as long as it means; In the choice of theme, there is no limit, the world is locked in the cage of form, and everything is gathered at the end of the pen, which is a great atmosphere (reproduced at wWw. HnnsCY.cOM: Lotus Prose). Informal form and condensed spirit have always been regarded as the essential characteristics of prose. Of course, it refers to the endless theme, as well as the unconstrained style of structure, composition and brushwork. In this regard, a generation of literati Su Shi has many wonderful metaphors:

My words are like fountains, spouting out at random and gurgling on the flat ground, although it is difficult to travel thousands of miles a day.

My writing is like running water, and there is no definite quality at first. I always do what I have to do and then stop there.

Prose advocates sincerity. Only sincerity can be natural. It remembers real people, depicts real scenery and shows real temperament; Therefore, such as springs, waterfalls and romantic Yun Qi, there is no intention to construct and write at will; If it's feasible, stop. Appreciating prose, of course, we should cherish this feature, seriously understand the author's mood and intention, and feel his joys and sorrows.

Prose is the soul's talk and a symphony of heartstrings. Strong spiritual personality and real life experience, through the spiritual perspective of natural scenery and the contemplation of the world, can be exposed and volatilized, becoming an irresistible lyric impulse. This is the essence of the blood relationship between prose and poetry. In prose, those works that express ambition and cherish mountains and rivers are closest to poetry because of their rich images, harmonious scenes and poetic feelings. Such prose can be called "prose poetry" with a little rhyme modification.

In classical Chinese, prose belongs to applied style, and the formation of its literary value depends more on the expression of emotion. Zhuge Liang's model is official writing, which can overflow the painstaking management of the country and politics and the loyalty of "doing my best until I die". Cao Cao's "Let the County Duke Know His Story" is also an official document, but it pours into the author's magnanimity with an unpretentious style. Sima Qian's "To Ren An" conveys humiliating grief and anger at the cause with a deep and desolate style, and shows the author's lofty personality realm. This kind of prose is practical, not for published literary creation. The author's mood and feelings are more frank, and the emotional meaning of poetry is also generated in the stylistic characteristics. Prose is also colorful and unique: implicit and concise, with both form and spirit, beautiful sound and rhyme everywhere; Simple truth, natural colors and eloquent daily spoken English are also common. Because there are few restrictions on subject matter, structure, composition and language, the aesthetic space of prose is broader. The essence of poetry has been expanded in prose. Only in this way can the appreciation methods and ideas of poetry be transferred to prose.

Second, an overview of prose appreciation-the classification of prose

Prose classification standards are not too strict, generally can be divided into three types:

1. Lyric prose

Lyric prose refers to prose that mainly expresses thoughts, feelings and inner experiences. They either express their feelings in the scene of chanting things or convey their feelings in the narrative. This kind of prose often looks at the big from the small, pursuing the unity of poetry and painting and the essence of language in order to obtain a strong artistic appeal. Generally speaking, the most popular essays, such as Love Lotus by Zhou Dunyi and Moonlight on the Lotus Pond by Zhu Ziqing, mostly belong to this category.

Lyric prose mainly expresses the author's feelings, which integrates the feathery description, the finishing point discussion and the fleeting narrative of Xiangrui films, so it is called tangible distraction. Lyric prose, like poetry, pays attention to the expression of images and artistic conception. Poetic elements such as images and artistic conception are relatively "diluted" because they are dissolved and diluted into a larger language system.

2. Narrative prose

Narrative prose is either based on remembering people, or is good at narration, and there is also a comprehensive type that pays equal attention to both and is difficult to distinguish between primary and secondary. In addition to classic literary prose, reportage, biography, memoir and travel notes also belong to narrative prose.

3. Discuss prose.

Argumentative papers are different from political and scientific papers. Rich in emotion and eloquent in argument, it is a kind of momentum and rhyme with a blend of reason and reason, with distinctive literary and aesthetic characteristics. Although he is good at discussing, he pays attention to selecting typical phenomena or words and deeds in life, and analyzes and discusses them from the outside to the inside with vivid language, which has a strong artistic impact and appeal under the guidance of rational spirit.

Essays and essays have a great influence on argumentative essays.

Random thoughts on rewriting essays. Excellent miscellaneous style is short and pithy, with pungent and sharp writing style, which is very infectious and persuasive by using satirical and humorous style. Lu Xun's essays are the pinnacle. His broad vision of concern, sharp criticism, incisive philosophical discussion, profound cultural background and pure and perfect language expression are rare in the history of literature.

Essay is a short and pithy argumentative essay with strong lyrical meaning. The so-called knowledge sketches, popular science sketches, essays and reading notes all belong to this category. Although the essay system is short, it is concentrated in conception, free in writing, humorous or elegant in language, and integrates ideological interest with knowledge and leisure. Although its social significance and spirit of the times are limited, it can broaden horizons, cultivate temperament and meet people's cultural needs for knowledge, aesthetics and leisure, so it also has a large number of readers.

Third, prose appreciation.

1, understand the creative background:

Understanding the creative background is a general method of literary appreciation, which can be traced back to Mencius' theory of "knowing people and discussing the world", but it has different significance for prose appreciation. Prose creation pursues truth and avoids fiction, and its background is more important for content interpretation. For example, in ancient Chinese, style is often used, and its content often involves some specific people, events and historical environment. Whether it is an argumentative essay or a narrative, we should always make the background clear first.

Understand the creative background. Another task is to be familiar with the writer's life experience and creative overview. That is to understand the background from the writer's point of view. Prose is short, so it is not difficult to concentrate on reading one writer's works. In this way, it is even more necessary to understand the background from the writer's life. The main way to understand the creative background is to consult relevant materials. Fortunately, the selected essays are accompanied by notes or tips, so it is not difficult to get a general understanding. The important problem is to expand the reading range in the usual study, accumulate a lot of knowledge of literature and history, and upgrade the general understanding to profound understanding.

2. Analyze the structure of the work:

Structural analysis should be the focus of prose appreciation. This is because prose has different styles and flexible structures. It seems that we should grasp the charm of cohesion through complex and diverse forms. The prose mentioned above can be roughly divided into three categories: lyricism, narration and discussion, that is to say, their performance objects, contents and methods are different. These differences will inevitably lead to structural differences and form certain pattern trends and stylistic features. No matter what the object is, as long as its structure shows regularity, it is more convenient to start to understand it.

The structure of modern prose can be divided into two parts: ideological connotation structure and artistic form structure. Classical Chinese often has extra stylistic structure. China's ancient compositions attached great importance to stylistic features. His thoughts, notes and reasoning should be standardized by style. The stylistic structure of modern prose is relatively free, and the trend of patterning is not obvious.

For example, "Lu" in ancient Chinese is based on narration. It is necessary to record the place first, then the scenery and legends, then the characteristics of events or things, and finally explain the reasons for composition. This way of writing "Ji" shows that stylistic structure is essentially a way of expression. As early as the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Cao Pi once pointed out: "Reciting should be elegant, books should be rational, topics should be realistic, and poems should be beautiful." It can be seen that the stylistic structure will also have a direct impact on the content and style of the article. Familiarity with stylistic structure plays an obvious role in improving the appreciation effect.

3. Feel the aesthetic connotation:

Art wants to express the interest and true charm of life, how to avoid calling for philosophy? Prose has also made numerous successful attempts in this respect. Yu Xiansheng believes that the essence of artistic philosophy lies in the overall development of the inner meaning of the world and life.

Philosophical and literary works do not pay attention to the narrative of stories, the shaping of characters, or the praise of good deeds. They generally express their feelings of love and hate, reveal the general truth of life and praise the general character, but have a general understanding of society and the general development of the meaning of life. For example, a sparrow chick with wet feathers was shaken down from the tree nest by the strong wind and squatted on the ground in despair. Then a hunting dog slowly approached it. Suddenly, an old sparrow with a black chest rushed down from a nearby tree and landed in front of the dog's nose. Furry and frightened, it pounced on the dog's mouth with ferocious fangs, trying to cover its young with its soft and small body. If you just write down the story of "the old bird cares for the young" and don't break through the story frame to make more ideas, then the content of this essay is trivial, with limited significance and little aesthetic value; Or, like some people who are used to making the finishing point and opening up the atmosphere, use the following paragraph to discuss the actions of the old finch and implement the dauntless courage of the female finch. Although this writing breaks through the original story frame and enhances the ideological significance, the viciousness it reveals is limited to the universal truth, not the overall development of the meaning of life; Moreover, this isolated drama, which is divorced from the story and lacks image meaning, cannot give people aesthetic enjoyment and is far from artistic philosophy. The famous Russian writer Turgenev's essay Sparrow (see Turgenev's Selected Prose) is written in a different way, which breaks through the above-mentioned story framework and makes it show extraordinary significance under the bright light of reason. After describing the old bird rushing down from the tree and "screaming in despair and sadness" at the fierce dog, the article wrote:

It swooped down to rescue. It covered its young with its body, but its thin body trembled with fear, and its little cry became wild and dumb. It is dying. It's ready to sacrifice itself! What a monster the hound is to him! But it can't sit firmly on the safe high branch, and a force stronger than its will throws it from there. Trevor, my hound, stopped and stepped back. Obviously, he also admitted this strength. In my opinion, love is stronger than death and the fear of death. Only it, only love, can maintain and push life forward.

The author has neither pure narrative nor simple narrative and discussion methods to highlight the connotation of the event, but compares and describes two animals with different strengths in order to obtain special significance outside the story. There are two groups of artistic comparisons: fierce and huge hounds are compared with thin, frightened and rude sparrows; The sparrow trembled, squeaked and groaned, bravely rushed to the dog's mouth and fought to the death. Compared with the fierce hound, it stopped for a while and took a step back. This sharp contrast has an unusually vivid and moving aesthetic effect; At the same time, it is natural to infiltrate trivial stories with universal significance with universal life truths: "Love is stronger than death and fear of death" and "Only love can maintain and promote life". This is Turgenev's philosophical understanding of social love.

The philosophical pursuit of prose is often realized through the author's spiritual activities. Japanese essayist Dev Lu Hua watched the sunset at Sagami Beach, watching, watching, and for a moment, the author felt an extraordinary experience:

Watching the sunset in a calm evening is a great feeling to protect the saints from dying. Extremely solemn and extremely peaceful. Even an ordinary person will feel that he has wrapped his body in the aura, and his body has melted, leaving only Lin's soul standing on the eternal seaside. The setting sun splashed down and approached the top of the mountain. Finally, there was one last point left, and it suddenly sank. ...

Looking up, there is no sun in the world. The light disappears, the seamounts are vast and everything is sad. The sun sank to rest behind the hill. Suddenly, the horizon came and shot thousands of arrows. Looking at the western heaven, it is golden. That's how great men die. (Sagami Beach Sunset)

The essays we see about the sunset generally focus on the objective description of mountains, water and colors, the reflection of a corner of light, or the mixed feelings of sadness and joy, while Sunset on Sagami Beach is different. The author does not describe the wonders of the beach in the afterglow of the sunset purely and objectively, but puts himself in the "most solemn and peaceful" atmosphere on the beach in the calm evening, describing the unique feeling born from the heart-"the feeling of keeping the holy" and "the great man died like this"-a "grand and incomparable emotional experience with mixed sadness and joy". This experience is of course an emotion, but it is not a personal feeling of sadness and joy. Therefore, the author said, "If you have something, you will be immersed in your heart; if you say' happiness', you will surpass it; if you say' sadness', it will be insufficient." This feeling of transcending "happiness" and "sadness" after rational purification is undoubtedly a philosophical feeling.